Voltik II User manual

Guide for construction kit
Guidelines for construction
of 50 electronic models
from a honker to a radio

Safety
This symbol on the product means that used electrical product must not be disposed of with
household waste. To ensure proper disposal of the product hand it in at the designated collection
points, where it will be accepted free of charge. By disposing of this product you will help save
valuable natural resources and prevent potential negative effects on the environment and human
health, which could otherwise arise from inappropriate waste handling. For more details, please contact your
local authorities or the nearest collection point. The improper disposal of this type of waste may fall subject to
national regulations for fines.
2
Principles for the safe handling of batteries:
- Use only the recommended type of batteries.
- Insert the batteries in the correct polarity.
- Do not mix rechargeable and normal batteries.
- Do not use new and used batteries together.
- Do not recharge batteries that are not intended for charging!
- Remove dead batteries from the toy and hand over for recycling.
- Batteries must only be charged under the supervision of an adult
- Batteries must be removed before charging from the toy.
- The power terminals must not be short-circuited.
- This information should be retained for future reference!

Introduction
3
After the favorable acceptance of our electronic construction kit VOLTÍK I designed especially for children with no
experience with electronics, we bring you a construction kit VOLTÍK II. - Electronic laboratory, which will open wide the
doors to the colorful world of hobby - electronics, some principles which you will learn with this kit, are also used in industry.
The kit contains the working panel on which are soldered on the back of the sockets the electronic components,
interconnecting electrical wires and rubber plugs for wires fastening. Sockets (and thus the electronic components) are
connected using electrical wires according to the instructions in this guide, then the result is always one of the 50 models
with a variety of features. For example you can build 4 different sirens, alarm responsive to light, sensitive noise detector
and "color music", non-contact metal detector, electronic metronome, field telephone, electronic device for "Head-Tails" or
even a crystal or simple AM radio. For model no. 51 - "Something extra" kit contains everything you need for making your
own source of electricity from a lemon and use it to light the light emitter in your kit. Kits enables you to build different
variant of the circuits or a completely new electronic circuit boards. To create entirely new schemes you will need some
experience and theoretical knowledge that this guide does not contain and which must be obtained in the literature.
VOLTIK II. is designed as VOLTIK I., for a broad range of children, including those that have little to no experience with
electronics. It contains wiring diagrams of the exact procedure of wiring of mechanical. VOLTIK II. requires greater
accuracy of wiring, since the schemes are, in contrast to VOLTIK I., complex and error in wiring can cause damage to
some of the semiconductor devices. Components used in the kit are easy to come by in every major city, so it can be easily
replaced. List of components is at the page XX. If you want some models to construct permanently as a standalone device,
it is possible to buy components according to the wiring diagram and solder these to the universal printed circuit board. If
you have no experience with soldering, you will certainly find someone in your area, who will consult with soldering or
borrow a book for young radio fans.

For your satisfaction, please accept a few principles that reduce the risk of disappointment from the failing model or
destroyed components:
- Put 4 AA batteries (R6-AA-1.5V) in the right direction to the housing on the side of the working panel according to
Fig. 1
- Do not use differently discharged batteries.
-Attach the stripped wire ends into the sockets as shown in Fig. 2 using the rubber pins so as to be in reliable
contact. Only then can electric current go through and models can not function properly. If the wire only lightly touches
the socket and is not properly secured with a rubber plug, while current can flow, but this poor connection acts as an
unwanted electric resistance, which can in some models affect their performance.
-Work according to "Wiring guides". These are made so the circuit can be constructed systematically and with
minimal risk of wrong or omitted connection. Some more complex schemes (particularly with amplifier) would not work
correctly even when right, but connedted in wrong order.
- Insert the batteries into the case only after checking of wiring. When connecting the circuit you just need to pull
out of the housing only ona battery - power is interrupted to the sockets 1 and 2 and during the wiring, when the wires on the
panel can touch the sockets without a risk that a component could be accidentally destroyed. Always check the wiring and
the quality of the wires in the terminal (whether loose or tucked in too deep - see Fig.1D) before inserting the battery. For
more complex models perform even the recommended partial checks after the partial construction of the model ("Check
Connections"), which significantly reduces the risk of error in the overall connection.
- Unplug malfunctioning model from power supply. A model that does not work as directed, indicated a mistake in
wiring and also the likely possibility that some component is electrically overloaded. Shut off power supply immediatelly by
taking out the battery from the case on the side panel or switching the slide switch down (when the model involved has a
switch) and try to detect and remove the error. We recommend to check the quality of wiring on all sockets and tighten the
loose wires. If model still doesn't work, check connections according to "Wiring guide". If there are more errors in wiring, it
is faster and more reliable to remove all wires from model and wire them again.
4

1.
2.
3.
4.
5
fig. 2: Fixing of conductors in contact sockets fig. 1 Inserting the batteries
A
C
B
D
a total of 4 pieces of
the R6 - AA - 1,5V
battery
Push in and twist
rubber plug
Right Wrong

Wiring guides
Wires:
1 pc -
1 pc - -
2 pcs - - -
Wiring
guide:
1 - 4
3 - - - 19
20 - - 45
46 - - - 2
6
- Conductors:
VOLTÍK II. includes 49 pcs of connection wires in these numbers and lengths: 15 pcs -5 cm, 20
pcs -12,5 cm, 10 pcs -25 cm and 4 pcs -100 cm.
Cable lengthts is in this text indicated by number of dashes, 5 cm long conductors (size no.1) are
designated "-", 12,5 cm long conductors (size no.2) has symbol "- -", 25 cm long conductors (size
no.3) are designated "- - -"and 100 cm long conductors (size no.4) are designated "- - - -" According
to EXAMPLE (at this page on the right side) you need 1 wire no.1, 1 wire no.2 and 2 wires no.3
(conductor no.4 is not used in this model). -
Wiring guide:
is a list of connections, to be carried out by electric wire between the sockets on the work panel so
that model would work according to instructions. In our example, therefore, take one wire no.1 and
connect one of the stripped ends to the socket no.1 on the work panel using rubber plug (shown in
Fig. 1) and attach the other end in the same way into the socket no.4. Next, attach the wire no.3 to
sockets 3 and 19, then wire no.2 to sockets 20 and 45 and finally wire no.3 ti sockets 46 and 2. When
connecting, follow lines of "Wiring guide" top to bottom. Great is sliding for example a piece of paper
and covering wiring still not done, so you don't forget anything.
That's all you need to know, and now you can start work. Have fun!.
WARNING!!!
NEVER CONNECT VOLTÍK TO WALL SOCKET OR ANY OTHER ELECTRICAL DEVICE !!!
YOU CAN INJURE YOURSELF (EVEN DEADLY) AND CAUSE EXTENSIVE DAMAGE !!!
EXAMPLE

MODELS

Wires
1pc -
3pcs - - -
Wiring
guide:
1 - - - 9
10 - 45
46 - - -21
22 - - - 2
8
Let's begin with the simplest. Circuit in accordance with the circuit diagram in Fig. 1.1 contains
the power supply (battery, AA batteries, 4), appliance - light emitting diode (LED), a resistor that
limits the current through the LED diode, switch button and connecting wires. Connect the sockets
on the panel as indicated or according the "Wiring guide", insert the battery into the enclosure on the
side panel of Voltik and after pressing the button light will start to shine. By pressing the button
contacts touch and closes the electrical circuit. Electric current flows after button press from the plus
(+) terminal of the battery through the connected components to minus (-) terminal of the battery.
LED diode is connected in the forward direction, so it conducts current, and lights up. After releasing
the button, the circuit is interrupted, the current ceases to pass through, and LED goes off.
Now try to connect the light reversely (swap each wire ends mounted in sockets 21 and 22). The
diode is now connected in the reverse direction, does not pass current, and thus does not light after
pressing of button. You have confirmed the fundamental function of semiconductor diodes -lets
current flow in only one direction. Using this simple connection you can whenever you are in doubt
confirm whether the individual light is fine. In the diagram is connected yellow LED but by switching
the ends of the wires from the sockets 21 and 22 into the sockets 19 and 20, where 23 and 24 can
light up red or green LED. WARNING! It is necessary that the LED diode circuit always includes
limiting resistor. If you connect the LED diode in the forward direction directly to the power supply -
the battery, surely it will be destroyed.
fig.1.1
1. Electrical circuit with button, resistor and light
yellow

2. Electrical circuit with light intensity switch
Wires:
2pcs -
1pc - -
3pcs - - -
Wiring
guide:
1 - 4
3 - - - 45
5 - - - 49
46 - 50
50 - - 21
22 - - - 2
9
On this circuit you can try the electric resistance in the circuit. After connecting the circuit diagram
from Fig. 2.1 and insertion of the battery yellow LED lights. You can change the brightness using
switch.
Switch passes a current to light through a resistor either 180Ω (Ω-OHM - the unit of electrical
resistance) in the upper position of switch or via a resistor 560Ω (switch in the down position). If
resistance has greater value - 560Ω brightness is weaker because, the current passing through it is
smaller than with resistance 180Ω. Replace the resistance R6 - 560Ω by switching of cable
connections to adjacent resistor on the panel R5 - 8,2k Ω (8200 Ω), which has almost 15 times bigger
value. Light is now very weak, because the current flowing through it is much smaller. (On the Voltik
panel you find two more resistors - 100k - 100000 Ω and 1M0 - 1 million Ω)
Electrical resistance properties that you confirmed are described by so called Ohm's law - the
relationship between electric voltage, resistance R and current I flowing through the resistor. We
commit to falsity in order to facilitate understanding and light resistance can be ignored. Then the
current flowing through your circuit is computed using the following formula:
fig. 2.1
Power supply voltage
U=4x1,5V=6V
(V - Unit of electrical
voltage) Current in circuit
(A - unit of electrical
current)
yellow

fig. 3.1
3. Electrical circuit with button and switch in serial connection
The circuit that you construct according to figure 3.1, allows you to understand the principle of the serial connection of
switches. Circuit is also model of also called logical function "AND". After connecting according to diagram or "wiring
guide" insert the battery and switch up to "ON" position and press button - light turns on. When you release the LED goes
off. When you push the switch down to the "OFF" by pressing the button the light does not start to shine. It follows that
when the light in serial wiring switches only, when both button and switch are ON. Logic function generally expresses the
relationship between the input variables - in this case the switch status (on or off) and output variable - in this connection is
that the brightness of the LED diode. The logical functions are tabulated. Our involvement assign states when the button or
switch is ON, marking LOG 1 (logical 1 - on), button or switch off is log 0 (logic 0 - off). If light is on, we take it that the output
value of the is LOG 1, when not lit, the value of the output value is LOG 0. Table of logic function "AND" that you have
modeled will take the form shown in Fig. 3.2
fig. 3.2
Button Switch Light
LOG 0 LOG 0 LOG 0
LOG 0 LOG 1 LOG 0
LOG 1 LOG 0 LOG 0
LOG 1 LOG 1 LOG 1
Wires:
2pcs -
2pcs - -
1pc - - -
Wiring
guide:
1 - 4
3 - - 9
10 - 45
46 - - 21
22 - - - 2
10
yellow

4. Electrical circuit with button and switch in parallel connection
Wires:
2pcs -
2pcs - -
2pcs - - -
Wiring
guide:
1 - 4
4 - - 9
3 - - -10
10 - 45
46 - - 21
22 - - - 2
After the assembly of the circuit in fig. 4.1 or according to the "Wiring guide" insert the battery.
Parallel wiring switches and buttons have the property that light can be switched independently
either by button or switch. Unlike connection No.3, where the current can flow only one way, and it
was only when the switch is closed and, in this connection, current can flow through closed either
button or switche or both together. These properties correspond to the logic function "OR"). If we
again mark the status buttons, switches and light with logical value, we obtain the "OR" table from
fig. 4.2 As an example of this situation: If you go to buy pastry, you can buy either a croissant or roll,
or both.
fig. 4.1 fig. 4.2
Button Switch Light
LOG 0 LOG 0 LOG 0
LOG 0 LOG 1 LOG 1
LOG 1 LOG 0 LOG 1
LOG 1 LOG 1 LOG 1
11
yellow

5. Serial connection of resistors
Wires:
2pcs -
1pc - -
3pcs - - -
Wiring
guide:
1 - 4
3 - - - 50
5 - - - 49
49 - 45
46 - - 21
22 - - - 2
12
When experimenting with VOLTIK you will need to know how resistance can be combined to
obtain a total resistance with a different value than has any of the six resistors included in your kit.
There are many combinations of connections, but all are based on two basic ways of resistance
connection: serial (consecutive) and parallel (side by side).
You can test features of a serial resistors connection according to the diagram in Fig. 5.1. After
connecting and installing the battery the lights will shine. If the switch is in the up position, current
must pass through two resistors, each reduces the total current in the circuit and light shines weakly.
When you push the switch to the down position, the current does not have to flow through the
resistor 560W, but only through 180W resistor, so the current is bigger and light is stronger. In this
scheme there are two resistors in a series, but it is possible to connect more resistors. The resulting
resistance R of series combination of resistors is equal to the sum of the individual resistances, in
this case R = R6 + R4.
fig. 5.1
yellow

6. Parallel connection of resistors
Wires:
1pc -
3pcs - -
2pcs - - -
Wiring
guide:
1 - - - 49
49 - - 9
10 - - 45
46 - - 21
46 - 50
22 - - - 2
On this circuit you can try what features will have connecting each resistor in parallel (side by
side). Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 6.1 and insert the battery. Light will shine and after pressing
the button will light stronger. The explanation is as follows: if the button is open, the current goes
through a resistor 560W LED and light is somewhat weaker. After the press, the current passing
through the two resistors simultaneously and is therefore greater. This is reflected by increasing the
brightness of the LED diode. To better understand the principle imagine a situation where a crowd
flows into the cinema by a door. When you open the second door, people will start to go in through
these door too and the cinema will fill up faster. Let us return to our scheme. The serial connection
according to the instructions No.5 the resulting resistance was greater than the resistance of any
used resistor. In parallel, we can combine two or more resistors. The resulting resistance is always
smaller than the smallest resistor in parallel. The resulting resistance R in our diagram is calculated
as follows:
fig. 6.1
R6 . R4
R6 + R4
R =
13
yellow

7. Way of the smallest resistance
Wires:
3pcs - -
2pcs - - -
Wiring
guide:
1 - - - 45
46 - - 21
21 - - 9
10 - - 22
22 - - - 2
Build a simple circuit diagram in fig. 7.1 or "wiring guide", insert the battery, light will shine. After
pressing the button light goes out. One of the characteristics of electric current is that flows in an
electrically conductive path which puts less resistance. In our model, the current passes with open
button through resistance 180W and light, which shines because of the current. When you press the
button, the current begins to "circumvent" light through the button that does have unlike light almost
no resistance, and therefore light will go off.
fig. 7.1
14
yellow

8. Light circuit with color switching
Wires:
1pc -
5pcs - - -
Wiring
guide:
1 - - - 45
46 - - - 4
3 - - - 21
5 - - - 19
20 - 22
22 - - - 2
After assembling the model in Fig. 8.1 and inserting the battery turns red or yellow light,
depending on what position they happen to switch. So you can switch to alternate glow red and
yellow. The circuit comprises, in addition to the voltage source, 180Ω limiting resistor, which protects
the light against current overload and switch that forwards, depending on its position, current to one
or the other light.
fig. 8.1
15
yellow
red

9. Potentiometer as a variable resistor
16
Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 9.1 and insert the battery. Lights will shine strongly or weakly, depending on what
position is the knob of the potentiometer. By turning the knob you can continuously vary the brightness of the light. To
understand the function of the potentiometer it is good to know how it is mechanically designed. View of the potentiometer
knob is Fig 9.2 The resistance track of horseshoe shape is made of the resistive layer of lacquer and its ends are
conductively connected to the metal terminals. Between these terminals is stable resistance due to characteristics of the
resistance track. In the kit there is a potentiometer 10 kΩ. It means that the resistive track has a resistance of 10 kΩ. Up to
now it was identical electrical characteristics with firm resistance. The potentiometer has however additionally so called
slider - metal sheet that touches the resistive track at one point and the point of contact can be changed by turning the
knob. It follows that the resistance between the slider and one of the ends of the resistance track is dependent on the
position of the slider, and that the sum of the resistances between the slider and the both ends of track is always equal to
the total resistance of the resistance track. If a slider is turned completely to one end of the track, the resistance between
the slider and that end of the track is almost zero, between the slider and the other end of the track almost equal to the total
resistance of the resistive track. These properties can be verified if you change the position of the control knob and toggle
switch. If the slider is in the middle, light will shine at both positions of the switch as well (slightly). If you rotate the knob off-
center, it will change light brightness depending on what resistance is just between the slider and the end of the resistive
track. Again, the smaller the resistance of the circuit, the greater the current and light emitting brightness.

17
fig. 9.1
Resistance track terminals
Resistance track
Slider
Slider terminal
fig. 9.2 - potentiometer - schematic diagram
Wires:
3pcs -
1pc - -
2pcs - - -
Wiring
guide:
1 - 4
3 - 6
5 - 8
7 - - - 45
46 - - 19
20 - - - 2
red

10. Potentiometer as a voltage divider
Wires:
2pcs - -
3pcs - - -
Wiring
guide:
1 - - 6
7 - - - 45
46 - - 19
20 - - - 8
8 - - - 2
18
After connecting this circuit and inserting the battery you will be able to control the brightness of
light using potentiometer until it stops shining, unlike previous wiring, where even in extreme
position potentiometer slider light emitting faintly glowed. The potentiometer is in fact connected as
a voltage divider. One end of the resistance track is connected to the positive (+) terminal of the
source, the other end to the negative (-) terminal. At the slider terminal we get voltage, according to
the slider position in range from full battery voltage (slider completely at the end of the resistance
track, connected to the plus pole of the source) to zero (slider at the end of the resistive path
connected to the minus pole of the source). Thus, if there is a slider at full voltage, light shines at full
brightness (current that passes through light is limited by protective resistor 180 Ω), if there is zero
voltage at slider, light shuts off completely. If the slider is at for example one-quarter of the resistance
track, calculated from the end connected to the minus pole, the slider will also have one fourth of
voltage connected to the potentiometer, in our case the one fourth of battery voltage.
fig. 10.1
red

11. Colors changing
Wires:
1pc -
3pcs - -
2pcs - - -
Wiring
guide:
1 - - 7
6 - - 19
8 - - - 21
20 - 22
20 - - 45
46 - - - 2
19
Connect the circuit according to the diagram in fig. 11.1, insert the battery and lights will shine one
or both, depending on what position is exactly slider of potentiometer. If the slider is closer to the
extreme position "-" yellow light shines brighter, if it is closer to the "+" red light shines brighter.
Turning the knob can change the brightness of both lights so that it looks as if the light "spilled over"
from one to another.
fig. 11.1
yellow
red

12. Capacitor - energy storage
20
Connect the circuit according to the diagram in Fig. 12.1 or according to "Wiring guide", slide switch down and insert the
battery. Now move the switch up and the red LED flashes. Switch down and the yellow LED flashes. What happened in the
circuit? A capacitor is an electronic component which is able to store electrical charge. It means that if you connect the
capacitor to a voltage source (in our case the battery), the capacitor is charged and retains voltage even after
disconnection of power. Now when you connect to the capacitor, an electrical appliance (in our case LED diode), the
capacitor itself after a certain period as a voltage source and a light shines until the capacitor discharges. When charging
through the capacitor flows current until the capacitor voltage equals the source voltage - that we signaled in our model red
LED. When discharging yellow LED lights. Charging and discharging of the capacitor depends on the capacity (the greater
the capacity, the longer the time) and the amount of electric current with which the capacitor is charged or discharged (the
smaller the current is, the longer the battery is charging or discharging). In our circuit current is limited only by the
resistance of 180 Ω, so charging and discharging is quick and light shines only briefly. If we wanted to extend the duration
of shine, we would have to charge the capacitor through greater resistance, current would, however be small to lit LED to
full brightness. This problem is easily solved by using a transistor, which you can try at other models. Unit of the capacity is
1F (Farad), in practice, however, are used capacitors with a capacity much smaller than 1F, that correspond to the
commonly used units:
1mF ( microfarad) = 1/1000 000 F
1nF (nanofarad) = 1/1000 mF
1pF (pikofarad) = 1/1000 nF
In the schemes is not usually writen the letter "F" - the symbol for Farad capacitor value, as is evident from the
schematic symbols, it is a capacitor and the value is in Farad.