Acoustic control systems A1214 EXPERT User manual

OKP 42 7612
ULTRASONIC FLAW DETECTOR
А1214 EXPERT
USERS GUIDE
APYAS.412231.012 RE
Acoustic Control Systems
Moscow 2010

Ultrasonic aw detector А1214 EXPERT
Users guide 19.08.2010 3
Table of Contents
1 APPARATUS DESCRIPTION AND WORK .......................................... 6
1.1 DEVICE APPOINTMENT....................................................................... 6
1.1.1 Appointmentoftheawdetector ........................................................... 6
1.1.2 Serviceconditions................................................................................. 6
1.2 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS ....................................................... 6
1.2.1 Thekeyparametersofthedevice ........................................................ 6
1.2.2 Instrumentalcharacteristicsofthedevice.............................................. 7
1.2.3 Characteristicsoftheprobepulsegenerator......................................... 7
1.2.4 Characteristicsofareceptionpath ....................................................... 8
1.2.5 Powersupplyandpowerconsumptioncharacteristics......................... 8
1.2.6 Constructivecharacteristicsandreliabilityparameters.......................... 9
1.3 APPARATUS ARRANGEMENT AND WORK ...................................... 10
1.3.1 Flawdetector’sarrangement ............................................................... 10
1.3.2 Maininterfaceprinciples...................................................................... 15
1.3.3 Flawdetector’soperatingmodesandtheirinterrelation..................... 15
1.3.4 Informationrepresentationonthescreen........................................... 16
1.3.5 Flawdetector’skeyboard.................................................................... 17
1.3.6 Usingofpictographs............................................................................ 20
2 PROPER USE .................................................................................... 22
2.1 OPERATIONAL RESTRICTIONS ....................................................... 22
2.2 APPARATUS PREPARATION FOR USE ........................................... 22
2.2.1 Flawdetectorswitchingonandoff ...................................................... 22
2.2.2 Choosingoftheconverter................................................................... 22
2.2.3 Installationofparameters ................................................................... 24
2.2.4 Calibrationoftheinclinedpiezoelectricconverter(PEC)..................... 25
2.2.5 Adjustmentofsensitivity ...................................................................... 28
2.3 APPARATUS OPERATING MODES ................................................... 29
2.3.1 MENUmode ........................................................................................ 29
2.3.2 SEARCHmode.................................................................................... 33
2.3.3 REVIEWmode..................................................................................... 38
2.3.4 MAGNIFIERmode.............................................................................. 39
2.3.5 B-SCANmode .................................................................................... 40
2.3.6 Auxiliarymodesandfunctions............................................................ 42
2.4 MEASURING ....................................................................................... 51
2.4.1 Measuringoftimeandcoordinates...................................................... 52
2.4.2 Measuringofthesignalamplitudes ..................................................... 54
2.5 USE OF SETTINGS DEPOSITORY.................................................... 55
2.5.1 Readingofcongurationfromdepository............................................ 56
2.5.2 Creatingandsavingnewcongurations.............................................. 57

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3 MAINTENANCE .................................................................................. 58
3.1 UTILITY POWER AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION ............................ 58
3.1.1 Powersupplyenergycontrol ............................................................... 58
3.1.2 Accumulatorpreburning....................................................................... 58
3.2 PERIODIC MAINTENANCE ................................................................ 59
3.3 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS.................................................................... 59
4 STORAGE ........................................................................................... 60
5 TRANSPORTATION ............................................................................ 61
ATTACHMENT А ............................................................................................ 62

Ultrasonic aw detector А1214 EXPERT
Users guide 19.08.2010 5
The present users guide (further in the text - a manual) contains
technicalcharacteristics,descriptionofthedeviceanditsactionprinciple.
Italsoincludesthedatanecessaryforcorrectoperationoftheultrasonic
awdetectorА1214EXPERT(furtherinthetext–awdetectorordevice).
Beforethebeginningofdeviceoperationpleaseattentivelystudythe
presentmanual.
Manufacturer’spermanentjobinthesphereofperfectingthedevice
possibilities, increasing of reliability and convenience of operation can
sometimes lead to some unprincipled changes which have not been
reectedinthepresenteditionofamanualandnotworseningdevice’s
technicalcharacteristics.
Thedeviceisissuedbythemanufacturer:
«Acoustic Control Systems» Ltd (“ACS” Ltd)
Russia, 115598, Moscow, street Zagoryevskaya, hultrasonic 10, building 4
Phone/fax: [phone] (multichannel)
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.acsys.ru

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1 APPARATUS DESCRIPTION AND WORK
1.1 DEVICE APPOINTMENT
1.1.1 Appointmentoftheawdetector
The aw detector А1214 EXPERT is related to ultrasonic general-
purposeawdetectorsformanualcontrol.
Theawdetectorisdesignedforsearch,denitionofcoordinatesand
estimationofvariousinfringementssizesincontinuityanduniformityofa
materialinproductsmadefrommetalsandplastic.
The aw detector allows to form, register and keep in non-volatile
memorytimerealizationsofechosignals.Theelectroluminescentdisplay
oftheelectronicblockprovidesdisplayingofechosignalsintheformof
A-involute, and also the images of control objects sections in the form
ofB-scan.Manualandautomaticmeasurementoftimeintervals,signals
amplitudesandautomaticcalculationofdefectscoordinatesareprovided.
ThesoftwareAdvancedDataManager(ADM),includedintotheset
ofdevicedeliveryallowstotransferthedatafromthedevice’smemoryto
theexternalpersonalcomputer(personalcomputer)fortheirsubsequent
analysis and documenting. Also there is a possibility to make device
adjustmentthroughthecomputer,toobserveonthecomputerscreenecho
signalsinrealtimeandscale,toprocessthem(computerawdetector
mode).Herewithcommunicationwiththecomputeriscarriedoutthrough
USBport.
1.1.2 Serviceconditions
Thedeviceisdesignedforoperationunderthefollowingenvironment
conditions:
– temperaturefromminus30toplus45centigradedegree;
– relativeairhumidityupto98%withthemaximumtemperature
35centigradedegree.
1.2 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1.2.1 Thekeyparametersofthedevice
Thekeyparametersofthedevicearedisplayedinthetable1.

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Table1
Parameter’sname Value
Nominalworkingultrasoundfrequencies,MHz 0,5-15,0(±10%)
Dynamicrange,dB,notless 100
Rangeoftimeintervalschanges,mcs 1 - 1200
Rangeofultrasoundspeedinmaterialtuning,m/s 1000 - 15000
1.2.2Instrumentalcharacteristicsofthedevice
Instrumentalcharacteristicsofthedevicearedisplayedinthetable2.
Table2
Characteristic’sname Value
Limitofassumptivevalueofbasicabsoluteerror
inthicknessXmeasurements,mm,nomore ±(0,01X+0,1)
Limitofassumptivevalueofbasicabsoluteerror
intimeintervalmeasurementst,mcs,nomore ±(0,01t+0,1)
Nonlinearityofdevelopmentonavertical,%,no
more ±1
Limitsof adjustmentofadelayin development,
mcs 0,0-99,9
1.2.3Characteristicsoftheprobepulsegenerator
Characteristicsoftheprobepulsegeneratoraredisplayedinthetable3.

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Table3
Characteristic’sname Value
Theprobepulseform Meander
Numberofperiods 0,5-5,0
Theprobepulseparameters:
Amplitude(halfofswing),V
Durationoffronts,nomore,ns
20;100;200(±5%)
20
Frequencyoftheprobepulserepetitions,Hz 10;25;50;100;200
1.2.4Characteristicsofareceptionpath
Characteristicsofareceptionpatharedisplayedinthetable4.
Table4
Characteristic’sname Value
Frequenciesstripofareceptionpath,MHz 0,14-21,00
Effective value of the own noise, resulted in
toinput,mkV,nomore 20
Reorganizationrangeoftheattenuator,dB 0 - 90
Absolute error of the attenuator steps, dB, no
more ±0,2
Dynamicrangeoftimevariablegain,dB,notless 30
1.2.5Powersupplyandpowerconsumptioncharacteristics
Powersupplyandpowerconsumptioncharacteristicsaredisplayed
inthetable5.

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Table5
Characteristic’sname Value
Thepowersource Demountable
accumulator
Nominal value of the aw detector’s source
voltage,V 12
The electrical current consumed by the aw
detector under nominal value of the source
voltage:
Minimumlevelofthescreenluminescence,
mA,nomore
Maximumlevelofthescreenluminescence,
mA,nomore
300
500
Durationofacontinuouswork:
Minimumlevelofthescreenluminescence,h
Maximumlevelofthescreenluminescence,h
12
7
1.2.6Constructivecharacteristicsandreliabilityparameters
Constructivecharacteristicsandreliabilityparametersaredisplayed
inthetable6.
Table6
Characteristic’sname Value
Overalldimensionsoftheelectronicblock,mm 250x160x80
Weightwithpowerelements,kg 1,9
Screenresolution 320x240
Thesizesofadisplayingeldofthescreen,mm 115x86
Admissible range of temperatures under the
storageandtransportation,ºC -40-+50

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Characteristic’sname Value
Workingatmosphericpressurerange,kPa 84,0-106,7
Averagetimebetweenfailures,h,notless 32000
Targetdateofservice,years 5
1.3 APPARATUS ARRANGEMENT AND WORK
1.3.1 Flawdetector’sarrangement
Theawdetectorincludestheelectronicblockwiththereplaceable
storagebattery,asetofcablesforultrasonicconvertersofthevarioustype
connections,thechargingdeviceandvariousaccessories.
1.3.1.1 Theawdetector’selectronicblock
Theawdetector’selectronicblockprovideselectricimpulsesformation
forexcitationofthepiezoelectricconverter,strengtheningreceivedfromthe
piezoelectricconvertersignals,theirprocessing,visualization,formation
andrepresentationofmeasurementsresults,preservationofthedatain
non-volatilememory,datatransmissiontotheexternalcomputer.
Appearance of the electronic block is displayed on the picture 1.
Flawdetectormanagementiscarriedoutbymeansofthelmkeyboard.
Indications of signals, measurements results, aw detector conditions,
etc.arecarriedoutonthedisplayandbymeansoflight-emittingdiode
indicatorsonthedevicecase.

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The button for
handle position
adjustment
ASD Indicators
Sockets for
converters
connection
Picture1
Piezoelectric converter connection is carried out by means of the
coaxialcableswhichpresentinthesetofdelivery,throughsocketsLEMO
whicharelocatedinanicheoftherightwallofthecase.
Device’s power supply is carried out with the help of replaceable
accumulator,orfromtheexternalpowersourcewhichincludesintheset
ofdelivery,connectedtoLEMOsocket.Thesocketislocatedonaback
wallofthedevice(picture2).
Picture2
1.3.1.2 Chargingdevice
For the aw detector’s maintenance from external energy sources
andchargingofthereplaceableaccumulatorestablishedintheelectronic
blockthechargingdeviceisused.Itconsistsofthenetworkadapterand
chargerVS121.
The network adapter provides transformation of the network main
alternatingcurrentvoltage(100-240volt)andfrequency50-60Hzinto
constantvoltage12VnecessaryforchargerVS121work.
Theadapterisexecutedundertheschemewithpulsetransformation
ofvoltage.Itallowsconnectionwithnetworksofvariousvoltagevaluesand

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alsoreducesvoltageinstabilityinuenceswhicharepresentinindustrial
andhouseholdnetworks.
ChargingdeviceVS121transformsthedirectcurrentvoltage of12
V into necessary for aw detector’s work voltage and also carries out
accumulatorchargingandtrainingthatincreasesitsservicelife.
Dependingontheawdetector’sbatterydischargetheaccumulator
chargingcanlasttill6hours.Intheaccumulatorchargingprocesstheaw
detectorcancarryoutitsfunctionsinfullvolume(exceptacommunication
withcomputermode).
Toavoiddevicedamageunderwrongconnection,itisrecommended
toconnectdevicesinthefollowingsequence:connectthechargingdevice
cable to the electronic block; connect the charging device cable to the
charger;connecttheoutputcordofthenetworkadaptertothecharging
device; connect the network cable to the network adapter; connect the
networkcablewiththenetwork(picture3).
The electronic block
Charging device cable
Network cable
The network
adapter
Output cord of the network adapter
Charging device VS121
Picture3

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ATTENTION! DURING THE CONNECTION OF THE CHARGER AND
THE DEVICE WITH THE CABLE IT IS NECESSARY TO OBSERVE THE
SOCKETS KEYS AS IT IS SHOWN ON PICTURE 4. ARROWS SPECIFY
THE SOCKETS KEYS.
Picture4
Foroperatingmodeindicationontheforwardpanelofchargingdevice
VS121light-emittingdiodeindicatorsofthreevariouscolorsareplaced:
red, yellow and green. The red light-emitting diode designates voltage
presenceonchargingdeviceVS121input.Theyellowlight-emittingdiode
displaysaconditionofchargingprocess.AftertheconnectionofVS121to
thedeviceandswitchingitonaccumulatortestingbegins,theyellowlight-
emittingdiodeherewithblinks.Iftheaccumulatorwasnearlydischarged
thenthisprocesscantakeupto30minutes.Afterthatchargingprocess
begins,theyellowlight-emittingdiodeconstantlylights.Thegreenlight-
emitting diode signals about the termination of accumulator charging
process.
Asthereplaceableaccumulatortheassemblageof10nickel-metal-
hydride elements is used. In assemblage for short circuit and heating
preventionprotectionelementsareestablished.
ATTENTION:ITISFORBIDDENTODEMOUNTANDREPAIRTHE
DEMOUNTABLE ACCUMULATOR ON ONES OWN ACCOUNT!
1.3.1.3 Converters
Theawdetectorismadeforworkingwithcombinedandseparately-
combinedpiezoelectricconvertersofworkingfrequenciesfrom0,5to15,0
MHz
Inthedevicethegeneratorofbipolarprobingimpulseswithregulated
durationandnumberofperiodsisused.Thisprovidescompatibilitywith
piezoelectric converters which have integral interfacial inductances, or
don’thavethem,i.e.theawdetectoriscompatiblewiththemajorityof
piezoelectricconvertertypespresentedinthemarket.

14 Users guide 19.08.2010
Ultrasonic aw detector А1214 EXPERT
Dependingontheconvertertypetwotypesofcablesandaccordingly,
twowaysofconnectionwiththepiezoelectricconverterareused:
– Thecombinedconverters(typeS)areconnectedbymeansof
unarycableLEMO-LEMOtoasocketindicatedasIN(picture5).
Picture5
– Separately-combined (РС) converters (type D) are connected
bymeansofadoublecableLEMO-LEMO.ThesocketindicatedasOUT
servesforconnectionofthetransferringpiezoelectricelement,indicated
asIN-forreceivingpiezoelectricelement.UsuallyonРСconvertersthe
socketofatransferringpiezoelectricelementismarkedbyaredorawhite
point(picture6).
Picture6
1.3.1.4 Cablesandsockets
Connectingcablesofthedeviceareproducedfromthehigh-quality
coaxialcablesandsocketsofleadingworldmanufacturers(«Raychem»,
«LEMO»,etc.).
Applicationofthecableproductsdescribedaboveprovidesnecessary
exibility of cables at low temperatures (up to -30 centigrade degree),
reliablexingofconnectionsatsmalldimensionsandconnectionplaces
sockets and cables protection against fractures. This nally minimizes
refusalsinconnectingelementsandfacilitatesworkwiththedevice.

Ultrasonic aw detector А1214 EXPERT
Users guide 19.08.2010 15
1.3.2 Maininterfaceprinciples
In А1214 EXPERT there is an intuitive interface principle.
Associative menu pictographs in various modes, explanatory pictures
near the parameters, names and designations of keys allow to master
workwiththeawdetectoreasilyandsimply.
Thedataoutputonthescreenisrealizedinsuchamannerthatthe
necessaryforoperativecontrolinformationisalwaysthere.
Theawdetectorworkisaccompaniedbysoundsignalswhichcan
bedeactivated.
Theworkwith awdetectorisconsiderably facilitatedbypresence
ofsettingslibraryinwhichupto99congurationsofthedevicesettings
canbestored.Foreachcongurationusercanappointanameinlength
nomorethan14symbols.Beforeacongurationnameitsserialnumber
isautomaticallydisplayed.Thusawdetectoradjustmentundervarious
situationsandobjectsofcontrolcanbemadeinadvance.Thenyouneed
simplytochooseinthemenuthenecessaryone.
All aw detector options remain in the device’s memory after it’s
switchingoff,devicestoragewithoutthebatteryandundertheaccumulator
discharge.
1.3.3 Flawdetector’soperatingmodesandtheirinterrelation
Therearesomebasicworkmodesintheawdetectorе:theSEARCH,
theREVIEW,theMAGNIFIERandtheB-scan.Inthismodesformationof
aprobingsignal,strengtheningofacceptedsignals,theirrepresentation
on the aw detector’s screen, measurement performance and results
preservationinthedevice’smemoryarecarriedout.
IntheMENUmodechangeoftheawdetectoradjustmentparameters
is made on modes ОК or piezoelectric converter. The installation of
necessaryauxiliaryparametersisalsocarriedoutthere.
InthemodesSEARCH,REVIEWandMAGNIFIERthedeviceworkis
providedinthemodeofclassicalawdetector,allowingtovisualizesignals
intheformofA-involuteandthusmanuallyorautomaticallymeasurethe
signalsamplitudes,timeintervals,andalsodistancestakingspeedinto
account.
IntheSEARCHmodetheA-scan of a signal is displayed with the
maximumscreendisplayingofthenumericalmeasuringinformation.The
modeSEARCHisconvenientduringtheworkwithinclinedconverters.In
theREVIEWmodetheA-scanofasignalisdisplayedwiththemaximum
sizeonthescreenwhilethenumericalmeasuringinformationisminimized.

16 Users guide 19.08.2010
Ultrasonic aw detector А1214 EXPERT
This is convenient during the analysis of the general ultrasonic signals
formandworkwithdirectconverters.
In the MAGNIFIER mode the maximum quantity of the operative
measuringinformationispresentedonthescreenandthesizesofsignals
displaying area are limited. Herewith two A-scans are simultaneously
displayed-thegeneralandstretchedtimeintervalcorrespondingtoarea
oftherststrobe.Thefeatureofthegivenmodeusingismeasurement
withtheraisedaccuracy.
TheB-scanmodeismadeforformationofonecross-sectionsection
ОК(B-scans).
Besidesthemainthereareauxiliarymodes:STOP,COMMUNICATION,
CALIBRATIONOFTHEINPUTPIEZOELECTRICCONVERTERCORNER,
ADJUSTMENTOFTHESWEPTGAIN,DGS-DIAGRAMADJUSTMENT.
The STOP mode realizes “freezing” possibility which means
preservationandviewingofmeasurementsresultsandsinglerealizations
ofthe signalsreceivedin modesSEARCH,REVIEWandMAGNIFIER.
Thesavedlescanbetransferredtothepersonalcomputerforstorage
andusingforultrasoniccontrolprotocolsmaking.
In the COMMUNICATION mode data transmission to the personal
computeriscarriedout.Itlaunchesautomaticallyafterconnectiontheaw
detectorwithpersonalcomputer.Herewithmanagementofthedeviceis
completelytransferredtothecomputer.Duringtheconnectiontopersonal
computerthedevicecannotbeswitchedoff.
The CALIBRATION OF THE INPUT PIEZOELECTRIC CONVERTER
CORNER mode is used for semi-automatic procedure of input corner
measurementanddelayofinclinedpiezoelectricconverter.
ADJUSTMENTSWEPTGAINmodeisused for corrections of
signalsabatementwithdistanceeffect.
ADJUSTMENT DGS-DIAGRAM mode is used for adjustment of
sensitivityanddenitionoftheequivalentreectorsarea.
1.3.4 Informationrepresentationonthescreen
In the aw detector the monochrome graphic electroluminescent
displaywiththescreenresolutionof320х240pointsisusedasindicator.
Theworkingspaceofthescreenineachmodeisdividedintosome
functional areas. For example on picture 7 the screen is seen in the
REVIEWmode.

Ultrasonic aw detector А1214 EXPERT
Users guide 19.08.2010 17
3 1 2
4
5 6
7
Picture7
Thetoplineindicatesthenameofcurrentoperatingmodeandthe
serviceinformation.Intheeldoftheserviceinformationthereisacurrent
date and time , temperature inside of a device , equivalent time of
continuousdeviceworkduringaccumulator(timer)powersupplyfromthe
lastaccumulatorchargingmoment,powersupplysourcecondition.
Intherightpartofthetoplineinfunctionalmodesmeasuringinformation
canbedisplayed.
Inthebottompartofthescreentheareaofpictographsislocated.
Withtheirhelpthefollowingoperationsaremade:choiceofanoperating
mode,adjustmentofasignalsrepresentationway,adjustmentofstrobes
andthresholddevicesandsoforth.
The average part of the screen is used for results measurements
displaying,owingparametersandawdetectorsettings.
1.3.5 Flawdetector’skeyboard
Theawdetector’skeyboardisdisplayedonpicture8.

18 Users guide 19.08.2010
Ultrasonic aw detector А1214 EXPERT
CANCEL key ENTER key
The condition indicator
Device
ON/OFF
Display
brightness
settings
Block of control keys
SETTINGS key FREEZING key
Pictograph choosing keys
Monitor
Picture8
There are: tuning the power on/off key, 17 multipurpose keys and
threelight-emittingdiodeindicators.
The light-emitting diode indicator over a key  shows aw
detector’s condition. Green color means that the device is charging
from the accumulator, the blinking green species in a low charge of
theaccumulator.Yellowcolor-adevicechargingiscarriedoutfromthe
networkadapter.Tworedindicatorsunderakey showhowoperation
monitorworksfortherstandsecondstrobesaccordingly.
The symbolical designation of their basic functions is put on keys.
The English-speaking designation of keys is chosen for unication of
device’sdesignandawdetector’soperationaldocumentationwhileusing
invariousregions.
Thekeys , andalsokeysofpictographschoosingforstrobes
managementandworkwithsweptgain/DSG-diagramrealizethefollowing
principle:«TheFirstpressing-Enter,repeated-Exit».Otherkeysofa
pictographschoicecarryoutswitchingofmodesonunitarypressing.
Regulatingkeys , , Inuenceonthe
currentactiveobject.Theiractionsaresimilarforvariousoperatingmodes
of the device.They are intuitively understood by the operator, i.e. their
symbolscorrespondtocharacteroftheiraction.
Forsomekeysthereisamodeofautorepeatwithaccelerationwhen
pressingmorethan1second.

Ultrasonic aw detector А1214 EXPERT
Users guide 19.08.2010 19
Whenthesoundisonpressingthekeys are accompanied by a
shortsignal.
The short description of keys appointments for the basic device
operatingmodesisresultedintable7.
Table7
Key
Keyfunctionsindifferentmodes
Search Rewiew Loupe B-scan STOP MENU
ApparatusswitchingONandOFF.
Youneedtoholdthekeynotlessthan0,5s
Time-baserangeswitching
Moving
thecursor
inB-scan,
rewiew
of the
A-scans
written
Choosing
ofactive
pictograph
Choosing
ofsettings
menu
mode
Metriccursormoving
Active
parameter
changing
Attenuatormanagement Threshold
shift -----
Choosing
of the
active
string
in the
settings
menu
Cross-overtotheMENUmode.
Whenholdingmorethan3secondsthewindowwithcurrent
congurationparametersisopened
MENU
modeexit
Cross-overtotheSTOPmode
Exitthe
STOP
mode
-----

20 Users guide 19.08.2010
Ultrasonic aw detector А1214 EXPERT
Key
Keyfunctionsindifferentmodes
Search Rewiew Loupe B-scan STOP MENU
Displaybrightnesssetting.
Eachpressingincreasesthebrightness.
Afterthemaximunbrightnessisachievedifpressagainthenitwill
becomeminimumagain.
Pectographschoosingbuttons
BasiclevelswitchingON/OFF
Recordof
thenext
section
Record
into
memory
Function
activation
Informationalwindowwithcurrent
congurationopening
Section
clearing ----- -----
Managementoftheseparatedevicefunctionsiscarriedoutbymeans
ofakeycombination(whilethe1stkeyispresseditisnecessarytopress
2ndkey).Thekeycombinationsusedandtheirappointmentaredisplayed
intable8.
Table8
Key 1 Key 2 Appointment
Apparatusswitchingonwithdefaultvalueofall
settingsandparameters
Directchoiceofadevicecongurationoptions
fromthesettingslibraryinactivemodes;
SEARCH,VIEW,LOUPEandB-SCAN
1.3.6 Usingofpictographs
Thefeature of the device’s interface is presence of associative
pictograph menu which are located in six rectangular windows in the
bottompartofthescreen.Pictographsaresymbolicalimages,associated
with object or operation they execute. Each mode has its own set of
pictographs.