Albedo xGenius User manual

User’s Manual
Ethernet & IP Testing Guide
xGenius
UM-XGENIUS-ETH-09-05-19

i
Copyright
The information contained in this document is the property of ALBEDO Telecom S.L.
and is supplied without liability for errors and omissions.
No part of this document may be reproduced or used except as authorised by contract
or other written permission from ALBEDO Telecom S.L. The copyright and all
restrictions on reproduction and use apply to all media in which this information may be
placed.
ALBEDO Telecom S.L. pursues a policy of continual product improvement and
reserves the right to alter without notice the specification, design, price or conditions of
supply of any product or service.
© ALBEDO Telecom S.L. 2019
All rights reserved
Issue 2, 05/19
For any query or requirement regarding the Gigabit Ethernet Generator & Analyser
product line, contact with ALBEDO Telecom using the following contact details:
ALBEDO Telecom S.L.
C/ Joan d’Àustria 112
08018 Barcelona - Spain
E-mail: [e-mail]
Telephone: [phone]

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iii
Table Of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................. 1
Important Notice ............................................................................................. 2
Warranty................................................................................................ 2
Safety.................................................................................................... 3
WEEE Notice ........................................................................................ 3
The Tester ....................................................................................................... 3
Test Connector Panel ........................................................................... 4
Platform Connector Panel ..................................................................... 6
The Graphical User Interface......................................................................... 6
The Home Panel ................................................................................... 6
The Menu Structure .............................................................................. 9
The Summary and LEDs Tabs............................................................ 11
Recently Used Panel and Menu Tree ................................................. 12
Predefined Tests................................................................................. 13
Running Tests............................................................................................... 13
Upgrading the Unit ....................................................................................... 14
Chapter 2: Connection to the Network .................................................................. 17
Setting the Operation Mode......................................................................... 17
Connecting the Tester to the Network........................................................ 20
Configuring the Connector .................................................................. 21
Using the SFP / SFP+ Ports................................................................ 22
Configuring Port A and Port B Auto-negotiation Parameters .............. 24
Entering the Port Local Settings................................................................. 27
Using Pluggable Hardware Modules (PHMs) ............................................. 30
Using the Traffic Reflector........................................................................... 30
Testing with an External Clock Reference................................................. 32
Using PPS / ToD and Frequency References..................................... 38
Configuring the Built in GNSS Receiver.............................................. 41
Using the Holdover Mode.................................................................... 45
Using the Clock Reference Output ............................................................. 48

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Chapter 3: Cable Tests ............................................................................................53
Electrical Test................................................................................................53
Basic Principles of Ethernet Cable Wiring ...........................................53
Connecting the Tester .........................................................................55
Running the Test .................................................................................56
Measuring Optical Power .............................................................................60
Measuring PoE / PoE+ Electrical Parameters ............................................60
Chapter 4: Traffic Generation..................................................................................65
Generation of Ethernet Traffic .....................................................................65
Physical Layer Settings .......................................................................66
Frame Settings ....................................................................................66
Configuring the Bandwith Profile .........................................................73
Choosing the Test Payload for Ethernet..............................................77
Generation of IPv4 Traffic ............................................................................80
Configuring the Physical and MAC Layers ..........................................81
Configuring MPLS ...............................................................................82
Configuring the Port Local Network Profile..........................................85
Configuring the IPv4 Datagram ...........................................................86
Setting the Bandwidth Profile ..............................................................90
Choosing the Test Payload for IPv4 ....................................................90
Event Insertion ..............................................................................................90
Chapter 5: Basic Frame Analysis ...........................................................................95
Global Counts and Statistics .......................................................................96
Frame Counts......................................................................................96
Error Counts ........................................................................................98
Network Counts ...................................................................................99
Bandwidth Statistics ..........................................................................101
Frame Size Distribution .....................................................................103
MPLS Statistics .................................................................................103
Using the Network Search Capability .......................................................104
The LEDs Panel...........................................................................................105
The Event Logger........................................................................................109
Configuring the Event Logger............................................................110
Displaying Logs .................................................................................111
Exporting Logs...................................................................................113
BER Testing.................................................................................................113

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Framed BER Tests............................................................................ 114
Physical Layer BER Tests................................................................. 115
Service Disruption Time ............................................................................ 121
Chapter 6: Multi-Stream Analysis......................................................................... 123
Enabling and Disabling Filters.................................................................. 123
Configuring Filters ..................................................................................... 125
MAC Selection .................................................................................. 126
C-VLAN and S-VLAN Selection ........................................................ 128
MPLS Selection................................................................................. 129
IPv4 Selection ................................................................................... 131
IPv6 Selection ................................................................................... 134
UDP Selection................................................................................... 136
Fixed Offset Selection ....................................................................... 137
Per-Stream Counts and Statistics............................................................. 139
Bandwidth Statistics .......................................................................... 140
SLA Statistics .................................................................................... 141
Chapter 7: Automatic Performance Tests ........................................................... 145
Performance Assessment with the RFC 2544 Test ................................. 146
Throughput........................................................................................ 147
Latency.............................................................................................. 149
Frame Loss ....................................................................................... 150
Back-to-Back Frames........................................................................ 151
System Recovery .............................................................................. 152
Configuration Pass / Fail Thresholds ................................................ 153
Getting Test Results.......................................................................... 154
Generation of RFC 2544 Result Reports .......................................... 158
Performance Assessment with the eSAM Test ....................................... 161
Bandwidth Profiles for Ethernet Services.......................................... 163
Test Configuration............................................................................. 167
CIR Configuration Test...................................................................... 173
EIR Configuration Test...................................................................... 174
Policing Configuration Test ............................................................... 174
Performance Test.............................................................................. 176
Generation of eSAM Result Reports................................................. 177
Performance Assessment with the RFC 6349 ......................................... 180
Configuring the RFC 6349 Test ........................................................ 183
Setting the Performance Objectives.................................................. 187
Retrieving the Results ....................................................................... 188

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Configuring the Test Method .....................................................................192
Using the Responder Function..................................................................196
Chapter 8: Ping and Traceroute Tools .................................................................199
Ping ..............................................................................................................199
Internet Control Message Protocol ....................................................199
Test Configuration .............................................................................200
Result verification ..............................................................................202
Traceroute ...................................................................................................204
Test Configuration .............................................................................204
Result verification ..............................................................................206
Chapter 9: IEEE 1588 Analysis..............................................................................209
Ethernet Synchronization with IEEE 1588 ................................................209
Precedents: IP Synchronization with NTP.........................................210
PTP Protocol Details .........................................................................210
The Synchronization Mechanism ......................................................211
Protocol Encapsulation......................................................................212
Unicast Addressing Mode..................................................................213
IEEE 1588 Grandmaster and Slave Emulation .........................................213
Configuration of the IEEE 1588 Master and Slave ............................215
Protocol State ....................................................................................226
Message Statistics.............................................................................231
Delay Statistics ..................................................................................233
Clock Status ......................................................................................238
Unicast Negotiation Results ..............................................................240
The Pseudo-slave Emulation Mode...........................................................241
TE Test ..............................................................................................242
Wander (MTIE / TDEV) Test .............................................................243
Floor Delay Population Test ..............................................................249
Passive Monitoring .....................................................................................252
Chapter 10: Synchronous Ethernet Analysis ......................................................255
Introduction to Synchronous Ethernet .....................................................255
Ethernet Synchronization Messaging Channel..................................257
Synchronous Ethernet for the 1000BASE-T Interface.......................257
Frequency Measurement............................................................................260
MTIE / TDEV Analysis .................................................................................260

vii
Frequency Offset Generation .................................................................... 262
Wander Generation .................................................................................... 263
Operation in IP Through Mode .................................................................. 264
ESMC Generation and Analysis ................................................................ 265
Chapter 11: Test Management.............................................................................. 269
Generating Reports .................................................................................... 269
File Management ........................................................................................ 271
Saving Configurations ....................................................................... 271
Renaming Files ................................................................................. 272
Deleting Files .................................................................................... 272
Exporting Files to External Devices .................................................. 272
Importing Configurations ................................................................... 273
Verifying the Current Disk Usage...................................................... 273
Configuring What to Do When the Disk is Full .................................. 274
Using the Embedded Web Server..................................................... 274
Programming Tests.................................................................................... 275
Using the System Menu ............................................................................. 277
Using the Network............................................................................. 279
Installing Software Options ............................................................... 285
Upgrading the Power Management .................................................. 286
Using NTP and GPS/NMEA for System Clock Synchronization ....... 287
Using the Remote Control ......................................................................... 289
Appendix A: Technical Specification................................................................... 291
General ........................................................................................................ 291
Operation Modes ........................................................................................ 291
Clock............................................................................................................ 292
Rubidium Reference ......................................................................... 292
Built in GNSS .................................................................................... 292
GNSS Compact Antenna .................................................................. 292
Clock Reference Inputs..................................................................... 292
Clock Reference Outputs .................................................................. 293
Ethernet PHY............................................................................................... 293
Auto-Negotiation ............................................................................... 293
Synchronous Ethernet....................................................................... 293
Power over Ethernet ......................................................................... 294
Ethernet MAC.............................................................................................. 294

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MPLS ............................................................................................................295
IPv4...............................................................................................................295
Generic / /UDP Traffic Generator...............................................................295
Bandwidth Profiles.............................................................................296
Test Patterns and Payloads ..............................................................296
Filter .............................................................................................................296
Ethernet Selection .............................................................................297
MPLS Selection .................................................................................297
IPv4 Selection....................................................................................297
IPv6 Selection....................................................................................297
UDP Selection ...................................................................................297
PTP / IEEE 1588...........................................................................................297
PHY Results.................................................................................................298
Cable Tests .......................................................................................298
SFP....................................................................................................298
Auto-Negotiation................................................................................298
Synchronous Ethernet .......................................................................298
Frame Analysis ...........................................................................................299
Ethernet Statistics..............................................................................299
MPLS Statistics .................................................................................299
IP Statistics........................................................................................299
Bandwidth Statistics ..........................................................................299
SLA Statistics ....................................................................................299
Service Disruption Time ....................................................................300
BER ...................................................................................................300
Network Exploration ..........................................................................300
PTP / IEEE 1588 Statistics..........................................................................301
Automatic Tests ..........................................................................................301
IETF RFC 2544 Test .........................................................................301
ITU-T Y.1564 Test .............................................................................302
IETF RFC 6349 Test .........................................................................302
Port Loopback.............................................................................................302
ICMP Processor ..........................................................................................303
Protocol Processor.....................................................................................303
Platform .......................................................................................................303
Power Specifications .........................................................................303
User Interface ....................................................................................303
Results...............................................................................................304
Operational Ranges...........................................................................304

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Appendix B: Common Issues and Solutions ...................................................... 305

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1
Chapter 1
Introduction
The ALBEDO Telecom xGenius is a dual port hand-held Ethernet traffic generator and
analyser conceived to rate conformance and performance of native Ethernet networks
or Ethernet services like Ethernet Private Lines (EPLs) or Ethernet Private LANs
(EPLANs).
xGenius operates at bit rates up to 10 Gb/s. It comes with optional synchronization
testing capabilities and TDM analysis and generation features. For this reason,
Figure 1.1: xGenius front view. The tester presents results by means a colour capacitive
touch screen and the LEDs.
xGenius
Transmission & Synchronization
Designed by ALBEDO Telecom inc.
Run Event Power DC
Port 1
Summary LED
Port 2
Summary LED Test Connector
Panel
Rubber cover
Colour
Screen
Platform Connector
Panel Start / Stop
LED
Event
LED
Power
LED
DC / Battery
LED
Power
Button

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xGenius is suitable for testing in environments where packet switching has not totally
replaced legacy circuit switching technology, like in some cellular networks or electrical
substations.
The test unit has an external DC input but it also has internal batteries. This makes this
tester suitable both for laboratory applications and field applications which require
versatile and reliable operation.
Within your xGenius test kit you will find the following items:
• One xGenius test unit.
• One AC/DC adapter with a power cord specific for your country.
• One Carrying bag.
• One Cat. 5e cable with RJ-45 connectors certified for operation at 1 Gb/s rates.
• SFP / SFP+ for connection to optical interfaces (if ordered).
• MMF or SMF cables to be used with the SFPs (if ordered).
• One coaxial cable with BNC male connectors.
• One or more Pluggable Hardware Modules (PHMs) (if ordered)
• One USB memory stick with user documentation.
• One printed copy of this user manual (if ordered).
Check with your distributor the availability of other optional items for your xGenius unit.
1.1.Important Notice
Operation, manipulation and disposal warnings for your xGenius unit are listed below.
1.1.1. Warranty
The ALBEDO Telecom xGenius is supplied with a warranty that includes replacement
of damaged or faulty components in the terms and period described in the ordering
information. This Warranty does not apply to:
1. Product subjected to abnormal use or conditions, accident, mishandling, neglect,
unauthorized alteration, misuse, improper installation or repair or improper stor-
age.
2. Product whose mechanical serial number or electronic serial number has been
removed, altered or defaced.
3. Damage from exposure to moisture, humidity, excessive temperatures or extreme
environmental conditions.
4. Damage resulting from connection to, or use of any accessory or other product not
approved or authorized by ALBEDO Telecom.
5. Product damaged from external causes such as fire, flooding, dirt, sand, weather
conditions, battery leakage, blown fuse, theft or improper usage of any electrical
source.

Introduction
3
1.1.2. Safety
The ALBEDO Telecom xGenius test unit contains built-in batteries, improper use of
which may result in explosion. Do not heat, open, puncture, mutilate, or dispose of the
product in fire. Do not leave the device in direct sunlight for an extended period of time,
which could cause melting or battery damage. Batteries must be replaced by ALBEDO
Telecom authorized staff only. Use only the AC power adapter supplied by ALBEDO
Telecom.
The equipment includes an active cooling mechanism. Do not block the air flow inputs
and outputs during operation. Any use of this equipment other than the specified by the
manufacturer may compromise the product electrical or mechanical safety.
The unit does not require any special maintenance. Use a soft cotton or microfibre cloth
to keep your unit clean. A dry cloth for cleaning should be normally used. Using an
aqueous product for cleaning is also allowable but it must be avoided putting liquid
directly onto the equipment.
1.1.3. WEEE Notice
This product must not be disposed of or dumped with other waste. You are liable to
dispose of all your electronic or electrical waste equipment by relocating over to the
specified collection point for recycling of such hazardous waste. For more information
about electronic and electrical waste equipment disposal, recovery, and collection
points, please contact your local city centre, waste disposal service, or manufacturer of
the equipment.
1.2.The Tester
Interaction with xGenius is based on a high resolution capacitive colour touch screen,
and different kinds of status LEDs There are six LEDs (Run, Event, Power, DC, Port A
summary, Port B summary). Their description is given below:
•Run: This is a LED that shows the current test status. The green colour is used to
display a test running status. Off, means that there is no test running. Orange is
displayed in the period of time between the action from the user to start / stop a
test and the actual test start / stop.
•Event: A green Event LED is displayed when the equipment is generating some
kind of impairment configured through the event insertion menu. The LED stays in
off status when no event is being inserted
•Power: Displays the current tester on / off status. The green colour is displayed
under normal operation conditions. Orange and red are shown to indicate a low
battery load.
•DC: This led is lit when the DC input is connected. Orange indicates a charging
batteries status and green means that the internal batteries are ready.
•Port 1 / Port 2 Summary: These LEDs provide a permanent indication of the cur-
rent input signal (or signals) status. The LEDs summarize the Port A and Port B

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information given by the event LEDs. Or depending on the operation mode they
may also summarize results from test Port C. If any event LEDs for a test port is in
‘red’ status, the port summary led will be set to ‘red’. If any event LED is ‘orange’
but there is no ‘red’ event, the summary led will be set to ‘orange. The ‘green’ col-
our is used when no events are found in the input signal. Finally, the LED is
switched off when the port is disabled.
The information supplied by the LEDs is also available in the screen so that there is not
information loss when users access to the unit remotely (See section 11.5).
Users willing to use a mouse and keyboard are allowed to do so by connecting these
devices to the USB port placed in the platform connector panel (See section 1.2.2).
There is a single button in xGenius that is used to switch the unit on and off. If the tester
is in off status, push to switch it on. If the tester is on, use this key to switch it off (long
push). The on / off button is also used for some other purposes like the test unit
software upgrade (See section 1.5).
1.2.1. Test Connector Panel
xGenius is connected to the DUT / SUT through the test connector panel. Ports and
elements included in this panel are described in the following list:
•RJ-45 Port A. This is the primary 10/100/1000BASE-T port for Ethernet transmit
and receive.
•RJ-45 Port B. This is the secondary 10/100/1000BASE-T port for Ethernet trans-
mit and receive. This port is identical to the RJ-45 Port A in appearance but it pro-
vides only a subset of the features available for Port A. Port B supports monitor
and loopback operation but it does not include traffic generation.
Figure 1.2: Test connector panel. Connection to the DUT / SUT is done in this panel.
SFP+
Port A
SFP+
Port B RJ-45
Port A
RJ-45
Port B
REF IN
GNSS REF OUT
PPS RX
Port
B Port
A
RJ-45
Port C TX/RX
RJ-45
REF IN/OUT
BNC
Port C TX
SMA
GNSS Micro SD
SMB SMB
SMB
1 PPS RX Card
ETH
1Gb/s
Port B Port
A
ETH
10Gb/s
TX/RX RX TX
REF IN/OUT
PHM SLOT
SFP
Port B
SFP
Port A
Hardware
resetREF OUT
REF IN
BNC
Port C RX
PHM
Slot

Introduction
5
•SFP Port A: This port is used to connect the tester to the network through an opti-
cal interface with the help of an SFP module.
•SFP / SFP+ Port B: This port is used to connect the tester to the network through
an optical interface with the help of an SFP module.
•SFP+ Port A: This port can be used also with SFP+ modules compatible with
10 Gb/s transmission.
•SFP+ Port B: It can be used also with SFP+ modules compatible with 10 Gb/s
transmission.
•BNC Port C RX: Unbalanced 75 input. This input is used to analyse clock (1544
kHz, 2048 kHz, 10 MHz) and TDM (E1 and T1) signals. It is used as a clock refer-
ence input port as well.
•BNC Port C TX: Unbalanced 75 output. This output is used to generate TDM
signals (E1 and T1). It is used as a clock output as well.
•RJ-45 Port C TX/RX: Balanced 120 input / output. This interface is used to ana-
lyse clock signals (1544 kHz, 2048 kHz, 5 MHz 10 MHz, 1 PPS, 1 PP2S) and gen-
erate and analyse TDM (E1 and T1) signals. This interface is used as a clock
input / output as well.
•SMA GNSS: This is a SMA connector that can be used to attach a GNSS
antenna. The purpose of the GNSS input is to provide a reliable and accurate syn-
chronization source for the test unit (See section 2.6.2). This input is available only
in units equipped with the built in GNSS receiver.
•SMB Port C PPS RX: 1 PPS 1 PP2S test input. This is the port to be used for
analysis of unbalanced 50 1 PPS signals formatted as specified in ITU-T
G.8271. This port is available only if the GNSS option is installed in the unit
•SMB REF IN: 1 PPS reference input. This port could be used as a 1 PPS clock
reference input used in some latency and synchronization tests. This is an unbal-
anced 50 interface that follows standard ITU-T G.8271. This port is available
only if the GNSS option is installed in the unit
•SMB REF OUT: 1 PPS reference output. This port could be used as a 1 PPS clock
reference output. The output is synchronized with the local oscillator. This is an
unbalanced 50 interface that follows standard ITU-T G.8271. This port is availa-
ble only if the GNSS option is installed in the unit.
• RJ 45 REF IN/OUT: Reference input / output. It generates or accepts balanced
1544 kHz, 2048 kHz, E1, T1, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 1PPS and 1PP2S clock references.
•PHMSlot:Enables connection of a Pluggable Hardware Module (PHM) to the test
unit. The currently available PHMs include the datacom module (PHM-20), the
dual port IEEE C37.94 module (PHM-21), the G.703 / E0 module (PHM-22) and
the voice frequency module (PHM-23).
•Micro SD Card: Slot for micro SD Cards. These cards can be used as external
storage devices.
•Hardware reset: Resets the hardware to recover the unit from most malfunctioning
situations.

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1.2.2. Platform Connector Panel
There is a connector panel specifically devoted to the platform ports. This panel
includes capabilities like remote control and external device connection. A more
detailed description is given below:
•Power connector: The input must be 12 V DC, 4 A. A suitable external AC / DC
adapter for your country is provided with the tester.
•RJ-45 printer or console. Console connector. Currently there is no envisaged
application for this interface in the test equipment
•USB Master: Use a USB cable with a Master type connector (Type A, Host) for
this port. Currently this port is used for software upgrades and connection of exter-
nal storage devices.
•RJ-45 platform LAN connector: This is a general purpose Fast Ethernet connector
(10/100BASE-T). It is used for remote management of the test unit or to access to
the configuration, report and trace files through a web interface.
1.3.The Graphical User Interface
The xGenius graphical user interface is based in a 800 x 480 colour touch screen that
can be used to browse the different panels, configure the unit and start / stop tests.
1.3.1. The Home Panel
To display the Home panel, users must press the Home button (square icon on the top
right corner of the screen). The Home panel contains two sub-panels with
miscellaneous information. The main panel enables the user to configure a test, modify
the port settings or check results from the current or a past test, the auxiliary panel
Figure 1.3: Platform connector panel. This panel includes connectivity to USB devices,
Ethernet networks and power source.
Power
connector
RJ-45
printer or console
connector
RJ-45
general purpose
LAN connector USB
DC IN
15V Max. P/C Ethernet

Introduction
7
contains miscellaneous information. There are three buttons in the main panel to
enable the user to access to these resources:
• TEST: Contains configuration items related with general test configuration like test
scheduling, test setup, performance objectives settings, event insertion, and event
logging. Configuration of some special tests like the RFC 2544 or the eSAM or the
Ping / Traceroute is also done from this menu. Finally, setting of some special
operation modes like the PTP endpoint emulation is available in this menu as well
(only in units with the correct PTP or Synchronous Ethernet licenses installed)
•CONFIG: Provides access to the global operation mode and configures test ports
and other resources such as reference clock inputs and outputs, secondary inter-
faces, etc. The setup menu can be used to configure the test ports A and B.In
units with the correct software options installed, it may also include menus to con-
figure the E1 / T1 and other test interfaces.
Figure 1.4: xGenius home panel.
Auxiliary panel Direct access
to results
Direct access
to files
Main panel
Direct access
to configuration
Battery
charge icon
Test status
Elapsed time
Navigation tab Direct access
Battery charge
indication
DC power
indication
Summary tab
to system
Direct access
to test
LEDs tab

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•RESULTS: This item enables the user to browse test results. Most of them are not
available if a measurement has not been previously started but there are some
exceptions to this rule. The Results panel also contains access to the Event logger
browser, that enables the user to display graphically miscellaneous events and
performance metrics.
There are two additional buttons in the main panel not directly related with testing tasks
but with test unit management. These are the File and System buttons and they have
the following purpose:
•File: File management menus. Includes configuration, report and trace file man-
agement. Files can be deleted, copied, exported or imported.
•System: Provides platform management tools. For example language selection,
screensaver configuration and others.
Figure 1.5: Access to a results table from the home panel in three different steps. In this
case the test results are represented as a table, including a header (frames, bytes), a
results list (TX, RX ,...) and different counters.
Navigation
history
Home Home -> Results Home -> Results / Port A
Home -> Results / Port A / frame layer statistics
Menu
hierarchy
Home
button
Back
button
Current
panel
Run
button
Event
insertion
button