Altera Stratix IV GX User manual

101 Innovation Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
www.altera.com
Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool for Stratix IV Devices
User Guide
Document Version: 1.0
Document Date: March 2009

Copyright © 2009 Altera Corporation. All rights reserved. Altera, The Programmable Solutions Company, the stylized Altera logo, specific device designations, and all other
words and logos that are identified as trademarks and/or service marks are, unless noted otherwise, the trademarks and service marks of Altera Corporation in the U.S. and other
countries. All other product or service names are the property of their respective holders. Altera products are protected under numerous U.S. and foreign patents and pending ap-
plications, maskwork rights, and copyrights. Altera warrants performance of its semiconductor products to current specifications in accordance with Altera's standard warranty,
but reserves the right to make changes to any products and services at any time without notice. Altera assumes no responsibility or liability arising out of the application or use of
any information, product, or service described herein except as expressly agreed to in writing by Altera Corporation. Altera customers are advised to obtain the latest version of
device specifications before relying on any published information and before placing orders for products or services.
UG-01060

© March 2009 Altera Corporation Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool for Stratix IV Devices User Guide
Contents
Chapter 1. Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool User Guide for Stratix IV Devices
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Application of the Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
PDN Decoupling Methodology Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
PDN Circuit Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Major Tabs of the PDN Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
BGA Via . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Plane Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Cap Mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
X2Y Mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Decap Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
BOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
Design PCB Decoupling Using the PDN Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18
Pre-Layout Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18
Derive Decoupling in a Single-Rail Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19
Derive Decoupling in the Power-Sharing Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24
Document Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
How to Contact Altera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Typographic Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2
Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool for Stratix IV Devices User Guide © March 2009 Altera Corporation

© March 2009 Altera Corporation Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool for Stratix IV Devices User Guide
1. Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool
User Guide for Stratix IV Devices
Introduction
PCB designers must estimate the number, value, and type of decoupling capacitors
needed to develop an efficient PCB decoupling strategy during the early design
phase, without going through extensive pre-layout simulations. Altera’s Power
Delivery Network (PDN) tool provides these critical pieces of information. This
release of the PDN tool is specific to Stratix®IV GX devices.
fFor general purpose PDN tool information, refer to the Power Delivery Network (PDN)
Tool User Guide.
The PDN tool is a Microsoft Excel-based spreadsheet tool used to calculate an
impedance profile based on user inputs. For a given power supply, the spreadsheet
requires only basic design information, such as the board stackup, transient current
information, and ripple specifications to calculate the impedance profile and the
optimum number of capacitors to meet the desired impedance target (ZTARGET). The
tool also provides device- and power rail-specific PCB decoupling cut-off frequency
(FEFFECTIVE). The results obtained through the spreadsheet tool are intended only as a
preliminary estimate and not as a specification. For an accurate impedance profile,
Altera recommends a post-layout simulation approach using any of the available
EDA tools, such as Sigrity PowerSI, Ansoft SIWave, Cadence Allegro PCB PI, etc.
Application of the Tool
The purpose of the PDN tool is to help the design of a robust power delivery network
for Stratix IV GX devices by determining an optimum number, type, and value of
decoupling capacitors needed for selected device/power rail to meet the desired
ZTARGET up to FEFFECTIVE. This spreadsheet tool is useful for exploring the various what-if
scenarios during the early design phase, without extensive and time consuming
pre-layout analysis.
PDN Decoupling Methodology Review
This section describes general PCB decoupling methodology and explains in detail
the two parameters (ZTARGET and FEFFECTIVE) provided by the PDN tool for guiding PCB
decoupling design.
PDN Circuit Topology
The PDN tool is based on a lumped equivalent model representation of the power
delivery network topology. Figure 1–1 shows a schematic representation of the circuit
topology, modeled as part of the tool. The PDN impedance profile is the
impedance-over-frequency looking from the device side.

1–2 Chapter 1: Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool User Guide for Stratix IV Devices
PDN Decoupling Methodology Review
Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool for Stratix IV Devices User Guide © March 2009 Altera Corporation
For first order analysis, the voltage regulator module (VRM) can be simply modeled
as a series connected resistor and inductor, as shown in Figure 1–1. At low
frequencies, up to approximately 50 KHz, the VRM has a very low impedance and is
capable of responding to the instantaneous current requirements of the FPGA. The
equivalent series resistance (ESR) and equivalent series inductance (ESL) values can
be obtained from the VRM manufacturer. At higher frequency, the VRM impedance is
primarily inductive, making it incapable of meeting the transient current requirement.
PCB decoupling capacitors are used for reducing the PDN impedance up to tens of
MHz. The on-board discrete decoupling capacitors provides the required low
impedance depending on the capacitor intrinsic parasitics (RcN, CcN, LcN) and the
capacitor mounting inductance (LmntN). The inter-planar capacitance between the
power-ground planes typically has lower inductance than the discrete decoupling
capacitor network, making it more effective at higher frequencies (tens of MHz). As
frequency increases (tens of MHz and above), the PCB decoupling capacitors become
less effective. The limitation comes from the parasitic inductance seen with respect to
the FPGA, which consists of capacitor mounting inductance, PCB spreading
inductance, ball grid array (BGA) via inductance, and packaging parasitic inductance.
All these parasitics are modeled in this PDN tool to capture the effect of the PCB
decoupling capacitors accurately. To simplify the circuit topology, all parasitics are
represented with lumped inductors and resistors despite the distributed nature of
PCB spreading inductance.
ZTARGET
According to Ohm’s law, voltage drop across a circuit is proportional to the current
flow through the circuit and impedance of the circuit. The transient component of
PDN current gives rise to voltage fluctuation within the PDN, which may lead to logic
and timing issues. You can reduce excessive voltage fluctuation by reducing PDN
impedance. One design guide line is target impedance ZTARGET.
Figure 1–1. PDN Topology

Chapter 1: Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool User Guide for Stratix IV Devices 1–3
PDN Decoupling Methodology Review
© March 2009 Altera Corporation Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool for Stratix IV Devices User Guide
Ztarget is defined using the maximum allowable voltage ripple and transient current
and is calculated as follows:
For example, to reliably decouple a 3.3-volt power rail that allows 5% of AC ripple
and a maximum 2 A current draw, 50% of which is transient current, the desired
target impedance is:
To accurately calculate the Ztarget for any power rail, the following information must be
known:
■The maximum transient current requirements for all devices in the system that are
powered by the power rail under consideration. You can obtain this information
from manufacturers of the respective devices.
1The content of transient current is signal-pattern dependent. It changes
from rail to rail as the output signal pattern varies for drivers using the
power rail. You need to choose the value that represents the worst-case
scenario of the power rail. For the recommended settings for different
power rails, refer to Table 1–1.
1You can obtain more accurate estimations on maximum transient current
for Altera®devices using the Altera PowerPlay Early Power Estimator
(EPE) tool, a program to estimate power consumption for all its FPGA and
CPLD devices. You can download the EPE tool for your target Altera device
from the PowerPlay Early Power Estimator (EPE) and Power Analyzer.
■The maximum allowable AC ripple on the power rail as a percentage of the supply
voltage. You can obtain this information from the power supply tolerance
specifications of the devices being supplied by the power rail under consideration.
Table 1–1 lists the default power supply voltage, the recommended settings of the
transient current percentage, and the allowable voltage ripple for power rails of
Stratix IV GX devices.
Equation 1–1.
Equation 1–2.
ZTARGET VoltageRail %Ripple
100
--------------------
⎝⎠
⎛⎞
•
MaxTransientCurrent
----------------------------------------------------------
=
ZTARGET
3.3()0.05()
2 x 0.5
----------------------------0.165Ω==
Table 1–1. Settings for Some Stratix IV GX Device Power Rails (Sheet 1 of 2) (Note 1)
Rail Name Voltage (V)
Allowable Ripple
Percentage (±)
Transient Current
Percentage (%) Notes
VCC 0.9 V 5% 50% Core
VCCIO 1.2 V - 3.0 V 5% 50% I/O Bank

1–4 Chapter 1: Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool User Guide for Stratix IV Devices
Major Tabs of the PDN Tool
Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool for Stratix IV Devices User Guide © March 2009 Altera Corporation
FEFFECTIVE
As shown in Figure 1–1 on page 1–2, a capacitor reduces PDN impedance by
providing a least-impedance route between power and ground. Impedance of a
capacitor at high frequency is determined by its parasitics (ESL and ESR). For a
PCB-mount capacitor, the parasitics include not only the parasitic from the capacitors
themselves but also the parasitics associated with mounting, PCB spreading, and
packaging. Therefore, PCB capacitor parasitics are generally higher than those of
on-package decoupling capacitor and on-die-capacitance. Decoupling using PCB
capacitors becomes ineffective at high frequency. Using PCB capacitors for PDN
decoupling beyond their effective frequency range brings little improvement to PDN
performance and raises the bill of materials (BOM) cost.
To help reduce over-design of PCB decoupling, this release of the PDN tool provides a
suggested PCB decoupling design cut-off frequency (FEFFECTIVE) as another guideline. It
is calculated using the PCB, package, and die parasitics. You only need to design PCB
decoupling that keeps ZEFF under ZTARGET up to FEFFECTIVE.
Major Tabs of the PDN Tool
Figure 1–2 shows the tabs of the PDN tool spreadsheet. Table 1–2 describes the PDN
tool tabs.
VCCPD 2.5 V 5% 50% I/O Pre-Drivers
VCCA_PLL 2.5 V 3% 20% PLL (Analog)
VCCD_PLL 0.9 V 3% 20% PLL (Digital)
VCC_CLKIN 2.5 V 5% 50% Diff Clock Input
VCCR 1.1 V 3% 30% XCVR RX (Analog)
VCCT 1.1 V 3% 30% XCVR TX (Analog)
VCCA 3.0 V 5% 10% XCVR High Voltage Power
VCCH_GXB 1.5 V 3% 10% XCVR I/O Buffer Block
VCCL_GXB 1.1 V 3% 20% XCVR Clock Block
VCCHIP 0.9 V 5% 50% PCIE Hard IP (Digital)
VCCPT 1.5 V 3% 20% Programmable Power Tech
VCCAUX 2.5 V 3% 20% Programmable Power Tech
Aux
Note to Table 1–1:
(1) For more information about power rail functions, refer to the Stratix IV GX Device Family Pin Connection Guidelines.
Table 1–1. Settings for Some Stratix IV GX Device Power Rails (Sheet 2 of 2) (Note 1)
Rail Name Voltage (V)
Allowable Ripple
Percentage (±)
Transient Current
Percentage (%) Notes
Figure 1–2. Tabs in the PDN Tool

Chapter 1: Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool User Guide for Stratix IV Devices 1–5
Major Tabs of the PDN Tool
© March 2009 Altera Corporation Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool for Stratix IV Devices User Guide
You can input design-specific information in the various tabs to arrive at a very
accurate PDN profile for a given power supply. The following sections describe the
major tabs for the tool.
Table 1–2. Tabs in the PDN Tool
Tab Description
Release Notes This tab provides the legal disclaimers, the revision history of the tool, and the user agreement.
Introduction This tab shows the schematic representation of the circuit that is modeled as part of the PDN tool.
The tab also provides related information, such as a quick start instruction, recommended
settings for some power rails and a brief description of decoupling design procedures under
different power supply connection schemes.
Decap Selection This tab provides an interface to input the various parameters and observe the resultant
impedance profile. This is the main user interface to the tool.
Library This tab points to various libraries (capacitor, dielectric materials, and so on) that are called by
other tabs. You can change the default values listed as part of these libraries.
BGA Via This tab provides an interface to calculate the BGA mounting inductance based on design-specific
via parameters and the number of vias.
Plane Cap This tab provides an interface to calculate the plane capacitance based on design-specific
parameters.
Cap Mount This tab provides an interface to input design-specific parameters for calculating the capacitor
mounting inductance for two different capacitor orientations (Via on Side [VOS] and Via on End
[VOE]).
X2Y Mount This tab provides an interface to input design-specific parameters for calculating the capacitor
mounting inductance for X2Y type capacitors.
BOM This tab provides a summary of the final capacitor count needed to meet the target impedance.

1–6 Chapter 1: Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool User Guide for Stratix IV Devices
Major Tabs of the PDN Tool
Power Delivery Network (PDN) Tool for Stratix IV Devices User Guide © March 2009 Altera Corporation
BGA Via
The BGA Via tab is used to calculate the vertical via loop inductance under the BGA
pin field. Figure 1–3 is a snapshot taken from the tool.
This tab takes the layout-specific information, such as the via drill diameter, via
length, via pitch, and the number of power/ground via pairs under the BGA and
calculates an effective via loop inductance and resistance value.
Figure 1–3. BGA Via Tab