Atten AT5010 User manual

SHENZHEN ATTEN ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.
ADD: 5/F, BUILDING 123, JINDI INDUSTRIAL ZONE,
FUTIAN, SHENZHEN, 518048, P. R. CHINA
http: //www.atten.com.cn
E-mail: [email protected]
SHENZHEN ATTEN ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.
Spectrum Analyzer Series
RF Signal Generator
High-Accuracy Regulated DC Power Supply
850 SMD Rework Station
936 Soldering Station
Frequency Counter
Telecommunication Tester
Coaxial Components & Waveguide Components
Microwave Amplifier, Filter
Franchiser
Atten Instruments
AT5010/ 5011/ 5000

(AT5010/5011/5000)
AT5010
Near Field Sniffer Probes AZ530 17
Frequency Expander AT5000F Series 18
AT808 GSM Servicing RF Signal Generator 18
Symbols 19
Tilt handle 19
Operating conditions 21
Warranty 21
Maintenance 21
Switching over the mains/line voltage 21
Operating Instructions 23
Control Elements 23
Vertical Calibration 25
Horizontal Calibration 26
Types of Spectrum Analyzers 27
Spectrum Analyzer Requirements 28
Frequency Measurements 28
Resolution 29
Sensitivity 29
Video Filtering 30
Spectrum Analyzer Sensitivity 30
Frequency Response 31
Tracking Generators 31

AZ530-H
AZ530-M
AZ530-E

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Frequency Range: 0.15MHz to 1050MHz
4 Digit Display (Center & Marker Frequency,
0.1MHz resolution)
100 to +13dBm Amplitude Range, 20KHz,
400KHz and Video-Filter
Tracking-Generator (AT5011 only)
Frequency range: 0.15MHz to 1050MHz
Output Voltage: +1dBm to to 50dBm(50 )
Accessories: Users Manual, Power Cord 1pcs
-
Evolution of the original AT5005/AT5006 has led to
the new AT5010/5011 Spectrum Analyzer/Tracking
Generator which now extends operation over 1GHz
(frequency range 0.15 to 1050MHz). Both fine and
coarse center frequency controls, combined with a
scan width selector provide simple frequency
domain measurements from 100KHz/Div. To
100 MHz/Div. Both models include a 4 digit
numeric LED readout that can selectively display
either the center or marker frequency. TheAt5011
includes a tracking generator. The AT5010/5011
offer the same operation modes as the AT5005/5006.
The instruments are suitable for pre-compliance
testing during develop. prior to third party testing. A
near-field sniffer probe set, AZ530, can be used to
locate cable and PC board emission hot spots
and evaluate EMC problems at the breadboard and
prototype level. The combination of AT5010/5011
with the AZ530 is an excellent solution for
leakage/radiation detection, CATV/MATV system
troubleshooting,cellular telephone/pocket pager test,
and EMC diagnostics. There is an optional
measurement output for a PC which makes
documentation of results easy and affordable with
the AO500 lnterface.
Spectrum Analyzer
AT5010/5011/5000
12
12
AT5010
Frequency range: 0.15MHz to 1050MHz
Center frequency display accuracy: 100KHz
Marker accuracy: (0.1% span+100KHz)
Frequency display res.: 100KHz (4 digit LED)
Frequency scan width accuracy: 10%
Frequency stability: better than 150KHz/hour
Resolution: 400KHz and 20KHz
Video-Filter on: 4KHz
Sweep rate: 43Hz
Amplitude range: -100dBm to +13dBm
Screen display range: 80dB (10dB/div)
Reference level: -27dBm to +13dBm (in 10dB
steps)
Reference level accuracy: 2dB
Average noise level: -99dBm (20KHz BW)
Distortion: < -55dBc: 2nd and 3rd harmonic
3rd order intermod: -70dBc
Specifications
12
Applications
AT spectrum analyzer can carry out good
inspection to the faults of cable system and wireless
system including remote control, cordless phone,
cable TV and communication equipment, as well as
good comparison and analysis to frequency of
signals.
AT5010 spectrum analyzer can test mobile
phone, RF circuits, for example, control signal of
logic circuit, baseband signal; local oscillator signal
of RF circuit, IF signal and transmission signal, It is
very quick and accurate to use AT5010 spectrum
analyzer to overhaul the fault of mobile phone
which can not enter the network, and determine the
fault point.
Electromagnetic Compatible (EMC) Testing:
measure the function of harmful electromagnetic
wave to be transmitted by various electronic
equipments. In addition, it can output AM/FM
demodulation signal from socket PHONE, identify
the broadcast signal affected by noise. From
authorization aspect, it is very effective
measurement function for the evaluation and
research in advance to carry out the measurement of
radioactive noise.
Widely used for production, development,
education and scientific research. True form of
signal (such as RF pulse signal) can be observed
from ATTEN spectrum analyzer clearly, where
figures are expanded by Fourier series, good for
apprehend in education and research.

The H-Field Near-Field probe
The H-Field probe provides a voltage
to the connected measurement system which is
proportionalto the
magnetic radio
frequency (RF) field
strength existing at the
probe location, With this
probe, circuit RF sources
may be localized in close proximity of each other.
The H-Field will decrease as the cube of the
distance from the source, A doubling of the distance
3
will reduce the H-field by a factor of eight (H=1/d ).
where d is the distance.
In the actual use of the H-field sensor one observes
therefore a rapid increase of the probe's output
voltage as the interference source is approached.
While investigating a circuit board, the sources are
AZ530-M
The High-Impedance probe
The High-impedance probe (Hi-Z) permits the
determination of the radio frequency interference
(RFI) on individual contacts or printed circuit traces.
It is a direct-contact probe. The probe is of very
high impedance (near the insulation resistance of
the printed circuit
material) and is
loading the test
point with only
2pF (80 at 1GHz).
Thereby one can
measure directly in a
circuit without significantly influencing the
AZ530-H
The AZ530 is the ideal toolkit for the investigation
of RF electromagnetic fields. Lt is indispensable of
EMI pre-compliance testing during product
development, prior to third party testing. The set
includes 3 hand-held probes with a built-in
pre-amplifier covering the frequency range from
100KHz to over 1000MHz.
The probes-ove magnetic field probe, one electric
field probe, and one high impedance probe are all
matched to the 50 inputs of Spectrum analyzers
or RF-receivers. The power can be supplied either
Near Field Sniffer Probes AZ530 (Optional)
Output Frequency: 0.15 MHz to 1050 MHz
Output attenuator: 0 to 40dB (4 10dB steps)
Output attenuator accuracy: 1dB
Frequency response: 1.5dB
Output impedance: 50 (BNC)
Radio Frequency Interference(RFI): <20dBc
Output level range: -50dBm to +1dBm
(in 10dB steps and var.)
Tracking Generator
General Specifications
Display: 6 inch, 8 10 division graticule
Trace rotation: adjustment from front panel
Power: 220V 10%, 50Hz to 60Hz
Power consumption: approx. 20W
Operation Ambient: 0 to +40
Safety: Grade I (IEC 1010-1)
Weight: approx. 7kg
Dimensions: 380 285 125 (L W H) mm
Input impedance: 50
Socket: BNC
Load resistance: > 8
AM/FM demodulation output
(two signals >3MHz apart)
Sensitivity: Better than -90dBm
Log scale fidelity: 2dB(without attn.)
Ref: 250MHz
Input attenuator: 0 to 40dB (4 10dB steps)
Input attenuator accuracy: 1dB/10dB step
Max. input level: +10dBm, 25VDC (0dB
attenuation) +20dBm (40dB attenuation)
Frequency scan width: 100KHz/div. to 100MHz
/div.in 1-2-5 steps and 0Hz/div. (Zero Scan)
Frequency range: 0.1MHz to 1000MHz
(lower frequency limit depends on probe type)
Output impedance: 50
Output connector: BNC
Input capacitance: 2pF (high imped Probe)
Max. lnput Level: +10dBm
(without destruction)
1dB-compression point: -2dBm
(frequency range dependent)
DC-input voltage: 20V max
Supply Voltage: 6V DC, 4AA size batteries,
Supply-power of Analyzer
Supply Current: 8mA (H-Field Probe),
5mA (E-Fieldprobe), 24mA (High imp probe)
Probe Dimensions: 195 40 19 (L W H)mm
Housing: Plastic (electrically shielded internally)
Specifications
from batteries, Ni-Cads or through a power cord
directly connected to an AT5010/AT5011 series
spectrum analyzer.
Signal feedis via a 1.5m BNC-cable. When used in
conjuction with a spectrum analyzer or measuring
receiver, the probes canbe used to locate and qualify
EMI sources, as well as evaluate EMC problems at
the breadboard and prototype level. They enable the
user to evaluate radiated fields and perform shield
effectiveness comparisons. Mechanical screening
performance and immunity tests on cables and
components are easily performed.
AZ530-E
The E-Field Monopole Probe
The E-field monopole probe has the highest
sensitivity of the three probes. It is sensitive enough
to be used as an
antenna for radio
or TV reception.
With this probe the
entire radiation from
a circuit or an equipment
can be measured.
It is used, for example, for example, to determine
the effectiveness of shielding measures. With this
probe, the entire effectiveness of filters can be
measured by measuring the RFI which is conducted
along cables that leave the equipment and may
influence the total radiation. In addition, the E-field
probe may be used to perform relative
measurements for certification tests. This makes it
possible to apply remedial suppression measures so
that any re-qualification results will be positive. In
addition, pre-testing for certification tests may be
performed so that no surprises are encountered
during the certification tests.
immediately obvious. It is easily noticed which
compo-nent (i.e.IC)causes interference and which
does not. In addition.by use of a spectrum analyzer
the maximum a mplitued as a function of frequency
is easily identified. Therefore, one can eliminate
early in the development components which are not
suitable for EMC purposes. The effectiveness of
countermeasures can be judged easily. One can
investingate shields for "leaking" areas and cables
or wires for conducted interference.
relationships in the circuit with the probe. One can,
for example, measure the quantitative effectiveness
of filters or other or other blocking measures.
Individual pins of ICs can be identified. With this
Hi-Z probe individual test points of a circuit can be
connected to the 50W impedance of spectrum
analyzer.
Since the prices of 3GHz spectrum analyzers are all
above several ten thousands RMB, it is not
affordable for most radio fans, service men and
even medium or small sized enterprises. Meantime,
there are many signals above 1000MHz in
communication field, such as LO(local oscillator)
signals of mobile phone usually between 1GHz to
2GHz, some are exceed 2GHz, and 1800MHz,
2400MHz or more. Based on above situations,
favorable frequency expanders have been developed
by Shenzhen ATTEN Electronics Co., Ltd.
AT5000F1 operating accompany withAT5000
series spectrum analyzer of 1000MHz, frequency
can be expanded to 1050MHz to 2050MHz.
Example: connect AT5000F1 to AT5010
spectrum analyzer, if a 800MHz signal display in
spectrum analyzer, then the tested signal should
be added 100MHz, so the frequency of tested
signal must be 1800MHz.
Frequency of AT5000F2 can be expanded to
2050MHz to 3050MHz, the tested frequency is
the display frequency add 2000MHz.
Frequency of AT5000F3 can be expanded to
3050MHz to 4050MHz, the tested frequency is
the display frequency add 3000MHz.
Frequency Expander AT5000F Series (Optional)
AT 808 Mobile Phone Signal Generator analogs RF
signals of receiving frequency range for mobile
phones. The unit is mainly used in maintaining
failures of mobile receiver, it is regarded as the
spectrum analyzer's best partner.
AT808 GSM Servicing RF Signal Generator (Optional)
Since the phone's receiving signals transmit by base
Functions

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Symbols
The AT5010/5011/5000 spectrum analyzers are easy
to operate.The logical arrangement of the controls
allows anyone to quickly become familiar with the
operation of the instrument, however, experienced
users are also advised to read through these
instructions so that all functions are understood.
Immediately after unpacking, the instrument should
be checked for mechanical damage and loose parts
in the interior. lf there is transport damage, the
supplier must be informed immediately. The
instrument must then not be put into operation.
General Information
ATTENTION - refer to manual
Danger-High voltage
Protective ground (earth) terminal
Tilt handle
To view the screen from the best angle, there are
three different positions (C, D, E) for setting up the
instrument. If the instrument is set down on the
floor after being carried, the handle automatically
remains in the upright carrying position (A). In
order to place the instrument onto a horizontal
surface, the handle should be turned to the upper
side of the Spectrum Analyzer (C). For the D
position (10 inclination), the handle should be
station are instability, normally between -70dBm to
90dBm, and maybe weaker in some place or even
no signal. In order to make it easier to test and
analyze the RF circuit (esp. the IF signal) with
spectrum analyzer, AT808 RF Signal Generator for
mobile phones has been researched by ATTEN, its
frequency as well as the output amplitude can be
quantitatively adjusted. Therefore, receiving or no
receiving problems can be examined by using
accompany with AT5010 spectrum analyzer.
AT808 RF Signal Generator combines with
spectrum analyzer is very conveniently to repair the
receiver parts of mobile phone, if you have some
knowledge with the phone's circuit, all failures of
mobile phone can be soon repaired by both RF
signal generator and spectrum analyzer.
Features
Output adjustable RF signal between 935MHz to
960MHz, it can be set 3 fixed frequency output by
using the buttons. They are 945MHz of Channel 50,
950MHz of Channel 75, 955MHz of Channel 100.
AT808 apply advanced imported SMD to insure its
high quality and high reliability.
The signal amplitude range of the RF Signal
Generator is between -85 to -20dBm, it can be set
different amplitude of signal output by pressing the
attenuation buttons. In testing phones without signal
receiving, usually set the output of signal generator
to about -20dBm (do not press down any attenuation
button, and the output amplitude of the unit is -20dBm).
In test the phones weak in receiving, usually set the
output of signal generator to about -70dBm ( press
three attenuation buttons:20dB, 20dB and 10dB, and
the output amplitude of the unit is -70dBm ).
For Motorola and Nokia, can be set in the testing
status, set the signal of receiver to Channel 75 (950
MHz), select the Channel 75 of the unit. That is to
make the phone's operating channel matches with
the channel of AT808 generator, so that the signal
of the generator can enter into the phone.
For other phones, the RF signal can be set in any
channel, and required to use with spectrum analyzer.
When connect mobile phone to RF signal generator,
just need to connect to the phone's antenna tip via
RF cable.
turned to the opposite direction of the carrying
position until it locks in place automatically
underneath the instrument. For the E position
(20 inclination), the handle should be pulled to
release it from the D position and swing backwards
until if locks once more. The handle may also be set
to a position for horizontal carrying by turning it to
the upper side to lock in the B position. At the same
time, the instrument must be lifted, because
otherwise the handle will jump back.
This instrument has been designed and tested in
accordance with IEC Publication 1010-1, Safety
requirements for electrical equipment for
measurement, control, and laboratory use. The
CENELEC regulations EN 61010-1 correspond to
this standard. It has left the factory in a safe
condition. This instruction manual contains
important information and warnings which have to
be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and
to retain the Spectrum Analyzer in a safe condition.
The case, chassis and all measuring terminals are
connected to the protective earth contact of the
appliance inlet. The instrument operates according
to Safety Class l (three-conductor power cord with
protective earthing conductor and a plug with
earthing contact). The mains/line plug shall only be
inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective
earth contact. The protective action must not be
negated by the use of an extension cord without a
protective conductor. The mains/line plug should be
inserted before connections are made to measuring
circuits. The grounded accessible metal parts (case,
sockets, jacks) and the mains/line supply contacts
(line/live, neutral) of the instrument have been tested
against insulation breakdown with 2200V DC.
Under certain conditions, 50Hz or 60Hz hum
voltages can occur in the measuring circuit due to
the interconnection with other mains/line powered
equipment or instruments. This can be avoided by
using an isolation transformer (Safety Class ll)
between the mains/line outlet and the power plug of
the device being investigated. Most cathode-ray
tubes develop X-rays. However, the dose equivalent
rate falls far below the maximum permissible
value of 36pA/kg (0.5mR/h).
Whenever it is likely that protection has been
impaired, the instrument shall be made inoperative
and be secured against any unintended operation.
The protection is likely to be impaired if, for
example, the instrument:
shows visible damage.
fails to perform the intended measurements.
has been subjected to prolonged storage under
unfavorable conditions (e. g. in the open or in
moist environments).
has been subject to severe transport stress (e. g.
in poor packaging).
Safety

The instrument has been designed for indoor use.
The permissible ambient temperature range during
operation is + 10 (+50 F) +40 (+104 F).
It may occasionally be subjected to temperatures
between +10 (+50 F) and -10 (+14 F)
without degrading its safety. The permissible am
bient temperature range for storage or transportation
is -40 (-40 F) +70 (+158 F). The
maximum operating altitude is up to 2200m
(non-operating 1500m). The maximum relative
humidity is up to 80%.
If condensed water exists in the instrument it should
be acclimatized before switching on. In some cases
(e.g. extremely cold spectrum analyzer) two hours
should be allowed before the instrument is put into
operation. The instrument should be kept in a clean
and dry room and must not be operated in explosive,
dusty, or moist environments. The spectrum
analyzer can be operated in any position, but the
convection cooling must not be impaired. For
continuous operation the instrument should be used
in the horizontal position, preferably tilted upwards,
resting the tilt handle.
Operating conditions
The specifications stating tolerances are only
valid if the instrument has warmed up for 60
minutes at ambient temperature between +
15 (+59 F) and +30 (+86 F). Values
without tolerances are typical for an average
instrument.
ATTEN warrants to its Customers that the products
it manufactures and sells will be free from defects in
materials and workmanship for a period of 1 years.
This warranty shall not apply to any defect, failure
or damage caused by improper use or inadequate
maintenance and care. ATTEN shall not be obliged
to provide service under this warranty to repair
damage resulting from attempts by personnel other
than ATTEN representatives to install, repair,
service or modify these products.
In order to obtain service under this warranty,
Warranty
Customers must contact and notify the distributor
who has sold the product.
Each instrument is subjected to a quality test with
10 hour burn-in before leaving the production.
Practically all early failures are detected by this
method. In the case of shipments by post, rail or
carrier it is recommended that the original packing
is carefully preserved. Transport damages and
damage due to gross negligence are not cover by the
warranty.
In the case of a complaint, a label should be
attached to the housing of the instrument which
describes briefly the faults observed. If at the same
time the name and telephone number (dialing code
and telephone or direct number or department
designation) is stated for possible queries, this helps
towards speeding up the processing of warranty
claims.
The spectrum analyzer operates on mains/line
voltages of 115V AC and 230V AC. The voltage
selection switch is located on the rear of the
instrument and displays the selected voltage can
Maintenance
Various important properties of the Spectrum
Analyzer should be carefully checked at certain
intervals. Only in this it largely certain that all
signals are displayed with the accuracy on which the
technical data are based.
The exterior of the instrument should be cleaned
regularly with a dusting brush. Dirt which is
difficult to remove on the casing and handle, the
plastic and aluminum parts, can be removed with a
moistened cloth (99% water +1% mild detergent).
Spirit or washing benzine (petroleum ether) can be
used to remove greasy dirt. The screen may be
cleaned with water or washing benzene
[but not with spirit (alcohol) or solvents], it must
then be wiped with a dry clean lint-free cloth. Under
no circumstances may the cleaning fluid get into the
instrument. The use of other cleaning agents can
attack the plastic and paint surfaces.
Switching over the mains/line voltage
be selected using a small screwdriver. Remove the
power cable from the power connector prior to
making any changes to the voltage setting. The
fuses must also be replaced with the appropriate
value (see table below) prior to connecting the
power cable. Both fuses are externally accessible by
removing the fuse cover located above the 3-pole
power connector.
The fuseholder can be released by pressing its
plastic retainers with the aid of a small screwdriver.
The retainers are located on the right and left side of
the holder and must be pressed towards the center.
The fuse(s) can then be replaced and pressed in until
locked on both sides.
Use of patched fuses or short-circuiting of the
fuseholder is not permissible; ATTEN assumes no
liability whatsoever for any damage caused as a
result, and all warranty claims become null and void.
Size 5 20mm,
250-Volt AC,
Must meet IEC
specification 127,
Sheet lll (or DIN 41 662
or DIN 41 571, sheet 3)
Time characteristic: time-lag
Line voltage: 115V~ 10% Fuse rating: T315mA
Line voltage: 230V~ 10% Fuse rating: T160mA
The spectrum analyzer permits the detection of
spectrum components of electrical signals in the
frequency range of 0.15 to 1050MHz. The detected
signal and its content have to be repetitive. In
contrast to an oscilloscope operated in Yt mode,
where the amplitude is displayed on the time
domain, the spectrum analyzer displays amplitude
on the frequency domain (Yf). The individual
spectrum components of "a signal" become
visible on a spectrum analyzer. The oscilloscope
would display the same signal as one resulting
waveform.
The spectrum analyzer works according to the triple
superhet receiver principle. The signal to be
measured (fin = 0.15MHz to 1050MHz) is applied
to the 1st mixer it is mixed with the signal of a
variable voltage controlled oscillator (fL0 1350MHz
2350MHz).This oscillator is called the 1st LO (local
oscillator). The difference between the oscillator
and the input frequency (fL0 fin = 1st IF) is the first
intermediate frequency, which passes through a
waveband filter tuned to a center frequency of
1350MHz. It then enters an amplifier, and this is
followed by two additional mixing stages,
oscillators and amplifiers. The second IF is 29.
875MHz and the third is 2.75MHz. in the third IF
stage, the signal can be selectively transferred
through a filter with 400KHz or 20KHz bandwidth
before arriving at an AM demodulator. The
logarithmic output (video signal) is transferred
directly, or via a low pass filter to another amplifier.
This amplifier output is connected to the Y
deflection plates of the CRT.
The X deflection is performed with a ramp
generator voltage. This voltage can also be superim-
posed on a dc voltage which allows for the control
of 1st LO. The spectrum analyzer scans a frequency
range depending on the ramp height. This span is
determined by the scanwidth ser-ting In ZERO
SCAN mode only the direct voltage controls the 1st
LO.
The AT 5011 also includes a tracking generator. This
generator provides sine wave voltages within the
frequency range of 0.15 to 1050MHz. The tracking
generator is determined by the first oscillator
(1st LO) of the spectrum analyzer section. Spectrum
Introduction
Fuse type

analyzer and tracking generator are frequency
synchronized.
It is very important to read the paragraph "Safety"
including the instructions prior to operating the
AT5010/11.No special knowledge is necessary for
the operation of the AT5010/11.The straightforward
front panel layout and the limitation to basic
functions guarantee efficient operation immediately.
To ensure optimum operation of the instructions
need to be followed.
Operating Instructions
Attention!
The most sensitive component of the AT 5010/
AT 5011 is the input section of the Spectrum
Analyzer. It consists of the signal attenuator
and the first mixer. Without input attenuation,
the voltage at the input must not exceed +10
dB (0.7 Vrms) AC or 25 volt DC. With a
maximum input attenuation of 40dB the AC
voltage must not exceed +20dBm.
otherwise the input attenuator and/or the fist
mixer would be destroyed.
When measuring via a LISN (line impedance
stabilization network) the input of the
Spectrum Analyzer must be protected by
means of a transient limiter (Az560)
These limits must not be exceeded.
Prior to examining unidentified signals, the presence
of unacceptable high voltages has to be checked. It is
also recommended to start measurements with the
highest possible attenuation and a maximum
frequency range (1000MHz). The user should also
consider the possibility of excessively high signal
amplitudes outside the covered frequency range,
although not displayed (e.g. 1200MHz). The
frequency range of 0Hz 150KHz is not specified for
the AT 5010/11 Spectrum Analyzer. Spectral lines
within this range would be displayed with incorrect
amplitude. A particularly high intensity setting shall
be avoided. The way signals are displayed on the
spectrum analyzer typically allows for any signal to
be recognized easily, even with low intensity.
Due to the frequency conversion principle, a
spectral line is visible at 0Hz. It is called
If-feedthrough. The line appears when the 1st
LO frequency passes the If amplifiers and
filters. The level of this spectral line is
different in each instrument. A deviation
from the full screen does not indicate a
malfunctioning instrument.
The front view picture of the instrument (see last
page) contains numbers referred to below.
(1) Focus
Beam sharpness adjustment.
(2) Intens
Beam intensity adjustment.
(3) Power (Power ON and OFF)
If power is switched to ON position, a beam will be
visible on the screen after approximately 10 sec..
(4) TR (Trace Rotation)
In spite of Mumetal-shielding of the CRT, effects
of the earth's magnetic field on horizontal trace
position cannot be completely avoided. A
potentiometer accessible through an opening can be
used for correction. Slight pincushion distortion is
unavoidable and cannot be corrected.
(5) Marker ON/OFF
When the MARKER pushbutton is set to the OFF
position, the CF indicator is field on the horizontal.
When the switch is in the ON position, MK is lit
and the display shows the center frequency. The
marker is shown on the screen as a sharp peak. The
marker frequency is adjustable by means of the
MARKER knob and can be aligned with a spectral
line.
Control Elements
Switch off the marker before taking correct
amplitude readings.
(6) CF/MK (Center Frequency/Marker)
The CF LED is lit when the digital display shows
the center frequency. The center frequency is the
frequency which is displayed in the horizontal
center of the CRT. The MK LED is lit when the
Marker pushbutton is in the ON position.The digital
display shows the marker frequency in that case.
(7) Digital Display (Display of Center
Frequency / Marker Frequency)
7-segm. Display with 100KHz resolution.
(8) Uncal
Blinking to this LED indicates incorrectly displayed
amplitude values. This is due to scanwidth and filter
setting combinations which give to low amplitude
readings because the If-filters have not being settled.
This may occur when the scanned frequency range
(SCANWIDTH) is too large compared to the IF
bandwidth (20KHz), and/or the video filter
bandwidth (4KHz). Measurements in this case can
either be taken without a video filter or the
scanwidth has to be decreased.
(9) Center frequency-Coarse/Fine
Both rotary knobs are used for center frequency
setting. The center frequency is displayed at the
horizontal center of the screen.
(10) Bandwidth
Selects between 400KHz and 20KHz IF bandwidth.
If a bandwidth of 20KHz is selected, the noise level
decreases and the selectivity is improved. Spectral
lines which are relatively close together can be
distinguished. As the small signal transient response
requires a longer time this causes incorrect
amplitude values if the scanwidth is set at too wide
a frequency span. The UNCAL. LED will indicate
this condition.
(11) Video Filter
The video filter may be used to reduce noise on the
screen. It enables small level spectral lines to
become visible which normally would be within or
just above the medium noise level. The filter
bandwidth is 4KHz.
(12) Y-Position
Control for adjusting the vertical beam position.
(13) Input
The BNC 50 input of the Spectrum Analyzer.
Without input attenuation the maximum permissi-
ble input voltages of 25V DC and +10dBm AC
must not be exceeded. With the maximum input
attenuation of 40dB the maximum input voltage is
+20dBm.
The maximum dynamic range of the instrument is
70dB. Higher input voltages exceeding the reference
level cause signal compression and intermodulation.
Those effects will lead to errone-ous displays. If the
input level exceeds the reference level, the input
level attenuation must be increased.
(14) Attenuator
The Input Attenuator consists of four 10dB
attenuators, reducing the signal height before
nter-ing the 1st mixer. Each attenuator is active if
the push button is depressed. The correlation of
selected attenuation, reference level, and baseline
level (noise level) is according to the following
listing:
Attenuation Reference level Base line
The reference level is represented by the upper
horizontal graticule line. The lowest horizontal
graticule line indicates the baseline. The vertical
graticule is subdivided in 10dB steps. As previously
pointed out, the maximum permissible input
voltages may not be exceede3d. This is extremely
important because it is possible that the Spectrum
Analyzer will only show a partial spectrum of
currently applied signals. Consequently, input
signals might be applied with excessive levels
outside the displayed frequency range leading to the
destruction of the input attenuator and/or the 1st
mixing stage. Also refer to INPUT.
The highest attenuation (4 10dB) and the highest
usable frequency range (scanwidth setting 50MHz/
DIV.) should be selected prior to any spectral to the
AT5010/11 input. This permits the detection of any
spectral lines which are within the maximum
measurable and displayable frequency range if the
center frequency is set to 500MHz. If the baseline
tends to move upwards upwards when the
attenuation is decreased, it may indicate spectral
lines outside the maximum displayable frequency
range (i.e.1200MHz) with excessive amplitude.
(15) Scanwidth (Push buttons)
The SCANWIDTH selectors allow to control the
scanwidth per division of the horizontal axis. The
frequency/Div. can be increased by means of the
button, and decreased by means of the button.
Switching is accomplished in 1-2-5 steps from
100KHz/div.to 100KHz/div. The width of the scan
range is displayed in MHz/div. and refers to each
horizontal division on the graticule. The center

frequency is indicated by the vertical graticule line
at middle of the horizontal axis. If the center
frequency and the scanwidth settings are correct, the
X axis has a length of 10 divisions. On scanwidth
settings lower than 100MHz, only a part of the
entire frequency range is displayed. When
SCANWIDTH is set to 100MHz/div. and if center
frequency is set to 500MHz, the displayed frequency
range extends to the right by 100MHz per division,
ending at 1000MHz [500MHz+(5 100MHz)]. The
frequency decreases to decreases to the left in a
similar way. In this case the left graticule line
corresponds to 0Hz. With these settings, a spectral
line is visible which is referred to as Zero
Frequency . It is the 1st LO (oscillator) which
becomes visible when its frequency passes the first
IF filter, This occurs when the center frequency is
low relative to the scanwidth range selected. The
"Zero Frequency" is different in level in every
instrument and therefore cannot be used as a
reference level. Spectral lines displayed left of the
"Zero Frequency Point" are so-called image
frequencies.In the ZERO SCAN mode the Spectrum
Analyzer operates like Spectral line(s) passing the
IF filter cause a level display (selective voltmeter
function).
The selected scanwidth/div. settings are indicated by
a number of LEDs above the range setting push
buttons.
(16) X-POS. (X-position)
(17) X-AMPL. (X-amplitude)
These controls are only necessary when
calibrating the instrument. They do not re-
quire adjustment under normal operating
conditions. A very accurate RF Generator
(e.g. ATTEN AT8133) is necessary if any
adjustment of these controls is required.
Important:
(18) Phone
(3.5mm earphone connector)
An earphone or loudspeaker with an impedance
16W can be connected to this output. When
tuning the Spectrum Analyzer to a spectral line
possibly available audio signals can be detected.
The signal is provided by an AM-Demodulator in
the IF-section. It demodulates any available
AM-Signal an provides as well one-side
FM-Demodulation. The output is short circuit proof.
(19) Volume
Volume setting for earphone output.
(20) Probe Power
The output provides a +6Vdc voltage for the
operation of an AZ530 near field sniffer probe.It is
only provided for this purpose and requires a special
cable which is shipped along with the AZ530 probe
set.
(21) Level (AT5011 only)
The output level of the Tracking can be
continuously adjusted with this knob by 11dBm
(-10dB to +1dBm).
(22) TRACK. GEN . (AT5011 only)
The Tracking Generator is activated if the push
button is depressed (ON). In this case, a sine signal
can be obtained from the OUTPUT BNC socket
with a frequency determined by the Spectrum
Analyzer. In ZERO SCAN mode the Center
Frequency appears at the output.
(23) Output (AT5011 only)
50 BNC socket of the Tracking Generator. The
output level can be determined from +1dBm to
-50dBm.
(24) attention (AT5011 only)
Output level attenuator with four 10dB attenuators
which allows the signal to be reduced prior to
reaching the OUTPUT socket.
All four attenuators are equal and can be activated
by pressing the respective push button. Therefore, it
is irrelevant which attenuators are used to reach
e.g.a 20dB attenuation.
Vertical Calibration
Ensure all input attenuators in released position
before calibration. When the signal amplitude
reaches to the highest level-line, the signal
amplitude is -27dBm, and it will reduce 10dBm for
each division drop. If the 40dB attenuator in the
spectrum analyzer is completely pressed down, the
highest level amplitude will be +13dBm
(-27dBm+40dBm).
Prior to calibration, ensure that all input attenuators
(14) are released. The AT5010/11 must be in
operation for at least 60 minutes prior to calibration.
Switch VIDEO FILTER (11) to OFF position, set
BANDWIDTH (10) to 400KHz, and SCANWIDTH
(15) to 2MHz/div.
Connect RF signal of -27dBm 0.2dB (10mV) to
the spectrum analyzer input (13). The frequency of
this signal should be between 2MHz and 250MHz.
Set the center frequency to the signal frequency.
A: A single spectral line (-27dBm) appears on the
screen. The spectral line maximum is now adjusted
with the Y-POS. control (12) and placed at the top
graticule line of the screen. All input attenuators
switches have to be released.
The following adjustment is only necessary for
service purposes and if the check of this setting
shows deviations of the correct settings. The Y-ampl.
Control is located on the XY-PCB inside the
instrument. In case any adjustment of the vertical
amplification is necessary, please refer to the service
manual.
B: Next, the generator signal must be switched back
and forth between -27dBm and -77dBm, and the
Y-AMPL. Control adjusted so that thespectral line
peak changes by 5 divisions in the vertical direction.
If this results in a change of the Y-position, the
calibration outlined under A and B have to be
repeated until an ideal adjustment is achieved.
Finally, the operation of the input attenuators (14)
can be tested at a level of -27dBm. The spec-tral line
visible on the screen can be reduced in 4 steps of
10dB each by activating the attenuators incorporated
in the spectrum analyzer. Each 10dB step
corresponds to one graticule division on the screen.
The tolerance may not exceed 1dB in all
attenuation positions.
Horizontal Calibration
Prior to calibration ensure that all input attenuator
switches (14) are released. The AT5010/11 must be
operated for at least 60 minutes prior to calibration.
The VIDEO FILTER push button (11) must be in
OFF position, the BANDWIDTH (10) must be set
to 400KHz, and SCANWIDTH (15) set to
100KHz/div. After the center frequency is set to
500MHz, a generator signal must be applied to the
input. The output level should level should be
between 40 and 50 dB above the noise.
C: Set generator frequency to 500MHz. Adjust the
peak of the 500MHz spectral line to the horizontal
screen center using the X-POS. control (16).
D: Set the generator frequency to 100MHz. If the
100MHz spectral line is not on the 2nd. graticule
line fromleft, it should be aligned using the
X-AMPL. Control (17). Then the calibration as
de-scribed under be verified and corrected if
necessary. The calibrations C and D should be
repeated until optimum adjustment is achieved.

dynamic range of the spectrum analyzer is useful
for measuring low-level modulation. It can be used
to measure AM, FM and pulsed RF. The analyzer
can be used to measure carrier frequency,
modulation frequency, modulation level, and
modulation distortion. Frequency con-version
devices can be easily characterized. Such
parameters as conversion loss, isolation, and
distortion are readily determined from the display.
The spectrum analyzer can be used to measure long
and short term stability. Parameters such as noise
sidebands on an oscillator, residual FM of a source
and frequency drift during warm-up can be
measured using the spectrum analyzer's calibrated
scans. The swept frequency responses of a filter or
amplifier are examples of swept frequency
measurements possible with a spectrum analyzer.
These measurements are simplified by using a
tracking generator.
The analysis of electrical signals is a fundamental
problem for many engineers and scientists. Even if
the immediate problem is not electrical, the basic
parameters of interest are often changed into
electrical signals by means of transducers. The
rewards for transforming physical parameters to
electrical signals are great, as many instruments are
available for the analysis of electrical signals in the
time and frequency domains.
The traditional way of observing electrical signals is
to view them in the time domain using an
oscilloscope. The time domain is used to recover
relative timing and phase information which is
needed to characterize electric circuit behavior.
However, not all circuits can be uniquely
characterzed from just time domain information.
Circuit elements such as amplifiers, oscillators,
mixers, modulators, detectors and filters are best
characterized by their frequency response
information. This frequency informat5ion is best
obtained by viewing electrical signals in the
frequency domain. To display the frequency
domain requires a device that can discriminate
between frequencies while measuring the power
level at each. One instrument which displays the
frequency domain is the spectrum analyzer. It
graphically displays voltage or power as a function
of frequency only on a CRT (cathode ray tube).
In the time domain, frequency components of a
signal are seen summed together. In the frequency
domain, complex signals (i.e. signals composed of
more than one frequency) are separated into their
frequency components, and the power level at each
frequency is displayed. The frequency domain is a
graphical representation of signal amplitude as a
function of frequency. The frequency domain
contains information not found in the time domain
and therefore, the spectrum analyzer has certain
advantages compared with an oscilloscope.
The analyzer is more sensitive to low level
distortion than a scope. Sine waves may look in the
time domain, but in the frequency domain, harmonic
distortion can be seen. The sensitivity and wide
Introduction to
Spectrum Analysis
There are two basic types of spectrum analyzers,
swept-tuned and real-time analyzers. The swept-
tuned analyzers are tuned by electrically sweeping
them over their frequency range. Therefore, the
frequency components of a spectrum are sampled
sequentially in time. This enables periodic and
random signals to be displayed, but makes it
impossible to display transient responses. Real-time
analyzers, on the other hand, simultaneously display
the amplitude of all signals in the frequency range
of the analyzer; hence the name real-time. This
preserves the time dependency between signals
which permits phase information to be displayed.
Real-time analyzers are capable of displaying
transient responses as well as periodic and random
signals.
The swept-tuned analyzers of the trf ( tuned radio
frequency) or superheterodyne type. A trf analyzer
consists of a bandpass filter whose center frequency
is tunable over a desired frequency range, a detector
to produce vertical deflection on a CRT, and a
horizontal scan generator used to synchronize the
tuned frequency to the CRT horizontal deflection. It
is a simple, inexpensive analyzer with wide
frequency coverage, but lacks resolution and
Types of Spectrum Analyzers
sensitivity. Because trf analyzers have a swept filter
they are limited in sweep width depending on the
frequency range (usually one decade or less). The
resolution is determined by the filter bandwidth, and
since tunable filters don't usually have constant
bandwith, is dependent on frequency.
The most common type of spectrum analyzer differs
from the trf spectrum analyzers in that the spectrum
is swept through a fixed bandpass filter instead of
sweeping the filter through the spectrum. The
analyzer is swept through a narrowband receiver
which is electronically tuned in frequency by
applying a saw-tooth voltage to the frequency
control element of a voltage tuned local oscillator.
This same saw-tooth voltage is simultaneously
applied to the horizontal deflection plates of the
CRT. The output from the receiver is synchronously
applied to the vertical deflection plates of the CRT
and a plot of amplitude versus frequency is
displayed.
The analyzer is tuned through its frequency range
by varying the voltage on the LO (local oscillator).
The LO frequency is mixed with the input signal to
produce an IF (intermediate frequency) which can
be detected and displayed. and displayed. When the
frequency difference between the input signal and
the LO frequency is equal to the IF frequency, then
there is a response on the analyzer. The advantages
of the superheterodyne technique are considerable.
It obtains high sensitivity through the use of IF
amplifiers, and many decades in frequency can be
tuned.
Also, the resolution can be varied by changing the
bandwidth of the IF filters. However, the
superheterodyne analyzer is not real-time and sweep
rates must be consistent with the IF filter time
constant. A peak at the left edge of the CRT is
sometimes called the "zero frequency indicator" or
"local oscillator feedthrough". It occuts when the
analyzer is tuned to zero frequency, and the local
oscillator passes directly through IF creating a peak
on the CRT even when no input signal is present.
(For zero frequency tuning, FLO=FIF). This
effectively limits the lower tuning limit.
Spectrum Analyzer Requirements
To accurately display the frequency and amplitude
of a signal on a spectrum analyzer, the analyzer
itself must be properly calibrated. A spectrum
analyzer properly designed for accurate frequency
and amplitude measurements has to satisfy many
requirements:
Wide tuning range
Wide frequency display range
Stability
Resolution
Flat frequency response
High sensitivity
Low internal distortion
The frequency scale can be scanned in three
different modes full, per division, and zero scan The
full scan mode is used to locate signals because the
widest frequency ranges are displayed in this mode.
(Not all spectrum analyzers offer this mode). The
per division mode is used to zoom-in on a particular
signal. In per division, the center frequency of the
display is set by the Tuning control and the scale
factor is set by the Frequency Span or Scan Width
control. In the zero scan mode, the analyzer acts as
a fixed-tuned receiver with selectable bandwidths.
Absolute frequency measurements are usually made
from the spectrum analyzer tuning dial. Relative
frequency measurements require a linear frequency
scan. By measuring the relative separation of two
signals on the display, the display, the frequency
difference can be determined.
It is important that the spectrum analyzer be more
stable than the signals being measured. The stability
of the analyzer depends on the frequency stability
of its local oscillators. Stability is usually
characterized as either short term or long term.
Residual FM is a measure of the short term stability
which is usually specified in Hz peak-to-peak. Short
term stability is also characterized by noise
sidebands which are a measure of the analyzers
spectral purity. Noise sidebands are specified in
terms of dB down and Hz away from a carrier in a
specific bandwidth. Long term stability is
Frequency Measurements

characterized by the frequency drift of the analyzers
Los. Frequency drift is a measure of how much the
frequency changes during a specified time (i.e.,
Hz/hr)
Before the frequency of a signal can be measured on
a spectrum analyzer it must first be re-solved.
Resolving a signal means distinguishing it from its
nearest neighbors. The resolution of a spectrum
analyzer is determined by its IF bandwidth. The IF
bandwidth is usually the 3dB bandwidth of the IF
filter. The ratio of the 60dB bandwidth (in Hz) to
the 3dB bandwidth (in Hz) is known as the shape
factor of the filter. The smaller the shape factor, the
greater is the analyzer's capability to resolve closely
spaced signals of unequal amplitude. If the shape
factor of a filter is 15:, then two signals whose
amplitudes differ by 60dB must differ in frequency
by 7.5 time the IF bandwidth before they can be
distinguished separately. Otherwise, they will appear
as one signal on the spectrum analyzer display.
The ability of a spectrum analyzer to resolve closely
spaced signals of unequal amplitude is not a
function of the IF filter shape factor only. Noise
sidebands can also reduce the resolution. They
appear above the skirt of the IF filter and reduce the
offband rejection of the filter. This limits the
resolution when measuring signals of unequal
amplitude.
The resolution of the spectrum analyzer is limited
by its narrowest IF bandwidth. For example, if the
narrowest bandwidth is 10KHz then the nearest any
two signals can be and still be resolved is 10KHz.
This is because the analyzer traces out its own IF
band-pass shape as it sweeps through a CW signal.
Since the resolution of the analyzer is limited by
bandwidth, it seems that by reducing the IF
bandwidth infinitely, infinite resolution will be
achieved. The fallacy here is that the usable IF
bandwidth is limited by the stability (residual Fm)
of the analyzer. If the internal frequency deviation
of the analyzer is 10KHz, then the narrowest
bandwidth that can be used to distinguish a single
input signal is 10KHz. Any narrower IF-filter will
result in more than one response or an intermittent
Resolution
response for a single input frequency. Apractical
limitation exists on the IF bandwidth as well, since
narrow filters have ling time constants and would
require excessive scan time.
Sensitivity
Sensitivity is a measure of the analyzer's ability to
detect small signals. The maximum sensitivity of an
analyzer is limited by its internally generated noise.
The noise is basically of two types: thermal (or
Johnson) and nonthermal noise. Thermal noise
power can be expressed as:
P =K . T . B
n
Where:
P = Noise power in watts
n
-23
K = Boltzmanns Constant (1.38 10 Joule/K)
T = absolute temperature, K
B = bandwidth of system in Hertz
As seen from this equation, the noise level is
directly proportional to bandwidth. Therefore, a
decade decrease in bandwidth results in a 10dB
decrease in noise level and consequently 10dB
better sensitivity. Nonthermal noise accounts for all
noise produced within the analyzer that is not
temperature dependent. Spurious emissions due to
nonlinearities of active elements, impedance
mismatch, etc. are sources of nonthermal noise. A
figure of merit, or noise figure, is usually assigned
to this ninthermal noise which when added to the
thermal noise gives the total noise of the analyzer
system. This system noise which is measured on the
CRT, determines the maximum sensitivity of the
spectrum analyzer. Because noise level changes
with bandwidth it is important, when comparing the
sensitivity of two analyzers, to compare sensitivity
specifications for equal bandwidths. A spectrum
analyzer sweeps over a wide frequency range, but is
really a narrow band instrument. All of the signals
that appear in the frequency range of the analyzer
are converted to a single IF frequency which must
pass through an IF filter; the detector sees only this
noise at any time. Therefore, the noise displayed on
the analyzer is only that which is contained in the IF
passband. When measuring discrete signals,
maximum sensitivity is obtained by using the
narrowest IF bandwidth.
Measuring small signals can be difficult when they
are approximately the same amplitude as the
average internal noise level of the analyzer. To
facilitate the measurement, it is best to use video
filtering. A video filter is a post-detection low pass
filter which averages the internal noise of the
analyzer. When the noise is averaged, the input
signal may be seen. If the resolution bandwidth is
very narrow for the span, the span, the video filter
should no be selected, as this will not allow the
amplitude of the analyzed signals to reach full
amplitude due to its video bandwidth limiting
property.
Video Filtering
Spectrum Analyzer Sensitivity
Specifying sensitivity on a spectrum analyzer is
somewhat arbitrary. One way of specifying
sensitivity is to define it as the signal level when
signal power = average noise power. The analyzer
always measures signal plus noise. Therefore, when
the input signal is equal to the internal noise level,
the signal will appear 3dB above the noise. When
the signal power is added to the average noise
power, the power level on the CRT is doubled
(increased by 3dB) because the signal
power=average noise power.
The maximum input level to the spectrum analyzer
is the damage level or burn-out level of the input
circuit. This is (for the AT5010/11) +10dB for the
input mixer and +20dB for the input attenuator.
Before reaching the damage level of the analyzer,
the analyzer will begin to gain compress the input
signal. This gain compression is not considered
serious until it reaches 1dB. The maximum input
signal level which will always result in less than
1dB gain compression is called the linear input
level. Above 1dB gain compression the analyzer is
considered to be operating nonlinearly because the
signal amplitude displayed in the CRT is not an
accurate measure of the input signal level.
Whenever a signal is applied to the input of the
analyzer, distortions are produced within the
analyzer itselt. Most of these are caused by the non-
linear behavior of the input mixer. For the
AT5010/11 these distortions are typically 70dB
below the input signal level for signal levels not
exceeding -27dBm at the input of the first mixer. To
accommodate larger input signal levels, an
attenuator is placed in the input circuit before the
first mixer. The largest input signal that can be
applied, at each setting of the input attenuator, while
maintaining the internally generated distortions
below a certain level, is called the optimum input
level of the analyzer. The signal is attenuated before
the first mixer because the input to the mixer must
not exceed -27dB, or the analyzer distortion
products may exceed the specified 70dB range. This
70dB distortion-free range is called the spurious-
free dynamic range of the analyzer. The display
dynamic range is defined as the ratio of the largest
signal to the smallest signal that can be displayed
simultaneously with no analyzer distortions present.
Dynamic range requires several things then. The
display range must be adequate, no spurious or
unidentified response can occur, and the sensitivity
must be sufficient to eliminate noise from the
displayed amplitude range.
The maximum dynamic range for a spectrum
analyzer can be easily determined from its
specifications. First check the distortion spec. For
example, this might be "all spurious products 70dB
down for -27dBm at the input mixer". Then,
determine that adequate sensitivity exists. For
example, 70dB down from -27dBm is -97dB. This
is the level we must be able to detect, and the
bandwidth required for this sensitivity must not be
too narrow or it will be useless. Last, the display
range must be adequate.
Notice that the spurious-free measurement range
can be extended by reducing the level at the input
mixer. The only limitation, then, is sensitivity. To
ensure a maximum dynamic range on the CRT
display, check to see that the following requirements
are satisfied.
The largest input signal does not exceed the
optimum input level of the analyzer (typically-
27dBm with 0dB input attenuation).
The peak of the largest input signal rests at the
top of the top of the CRT display (reference level).

The tracking generator (AT5010 only) is a special
signal source whose RF output frequency tracks
(follows) some other signal beyond the tracking
generator itself. In conjunction with the spectrum
analyzer, the tracking generator produces a signal
whose frequency precisely tracks the spectrum
analyzers tuning. The tracking generator frequency
precisely tracks the spectrum analyzer tuning since
both are effectively tuned by the same VTO. This
precision tracking exists in all analyzer scan modes.
Thus, in full scan, the tracking generator output is a
start-stop sweep, in zero scan the output is simply a
CW signal.
The tracking generator signal is generated by
synthesizing and mixing two oscillators. One
oscillator is part of the tracing generator itself, the
other oscillator is the spectrum analyzer's 1st LO.
the spectrum analyzer/tracking generator system is
used in two configurations: open-loop and closed-
loop. In the open-loop configuration, unknown
external signals are connected to the spectrum
analyzer input and the tracking generator output is
connected to a counter. This configuration is use for
making selective and sensitive precise measurement
of frequency, by tuning to the signal and switching
The frequency response of an analyzer is the
amplitude linearity of the analyzer over its
frequency range. If a spectrum analyzer is to
display equal amplitudes for input signals of equal
amplitude, independent of frequency, then the
conversion (power) loss of the input mixer must not
depend on frequency. If the voltage from the LO is
too large compared to the input signal voltage then
the conversion loss of the input mixer is frequency
dependent and the frequency response of the system
is nonlinear. For accurate amplitude measurements,
a spectrum analyzer should be as flat as possible
over its frequency range. Flatness is usually the
limiting factor in amplitude accuracy since its
extremely difficult to calibrate out. And, since the
primary function of the spectrum analyzer is to
compare signal levels at different frequencies, a
lack of flatness can seriously limit its usefulness.
Frequency Response
Tracking Generators
to zero scan.
In the closed-loop configuration, the tracking
generator signal is fed into the device under test and
the output of the device under test is connected to
the analyzer input.
In this configuration, the spectrum analyzer/tracking
generator becomes a self-contained, complete
(source, detector, and display) swept frequency
measurement system. An internal leveling loop in
the tracking generator ensures a leveled output over
the entire frequency range. The specific swept
measurements that can be made with this system are
frequency response (amplitude vs. frequency),
magnitude only reflection coefficient, and return
loss. From return loss or reflection coefficient, the
SWR can be calculated. Swept phase and group
delay measurements cannot be made with this
system; however, it does make some unique
contributions not made by other swept systems, such
as a sweeper/network analyzer, a sweeper/spectrum
analyzer, or a sweeper/detector oscilloscope.
Precision tracking means a every instant of time the
generator fundamental frequency is in the center of
the analyzer passband, and all generator harmonics,
whether they are generated in the analyzer or are
produced in the tracking generator itself, are outside
the analyzer passband. Thus only the tracking
generator fundamental frequency is displayed on the
analyzer's CRT. Second and third order harmonics
and intermodulation products are clearly out of the
analyzer's CRT. Second and third order harmonics
and intermodulation products are clearly out of the
analyzer tuning and, therefore, they are not seen.
Thus, while these distortion products may exist in
the measurement set-up, they are completely
eliminated from the CRT display.
The 1dB gain compression level is a point of
convenience, but it is nonetheless considered the
upper limit of the dynamic range. The lower limit,
on the other hand, is dictated by the analyzer
sensitivity which, as we know, is bandwidth
dependent. The narrowest usable bandwidth in turn
is limited by the tracking generator residual FM and
any tracking drift between the analyzer tuning and
the tracking generator signal.
1. Structural integrity
No obvious impairment and gilding damage, all
outside components are well installation, reliable
fasten and flexible operability. Warm up for one
hour to inspect the performances.
2. Inspection of Y-POS
Adjust Y-POS knob, occurs hand feeling by obvious
locating point. Failures in adjusting the locating
point will lead to all measured amplitudes are
invalid.
3. Accuracy of frequency readout
Not exceed 2% spectrum width +100kHz
4. Inspection of frequency range
Output 0.15MHz 1050MHz frequency signal from
a signal generator, screen should display the
complete signals.
inspect frequency range of tracking signal
generator: connect output port with frequency
counter, both output attenuation and bandwidth are
zero, adjust CF knob, to check the signal generator
could output 0.15MHz 1050MHz signal or not.
5. Inspection of reference level
2dB at 500MHz
Output 500MHz frequency and -27dBm level
signal, from signal generator to spectrum analyzer.
Set spectrum analyzer CF at 500MHz, scanwidth
2MHz/DIV, center frequency 400kHz, with zero
input attenuation. And signal amplitude should up to
top line.
Inspect the output level of tracking generator:
connect input to output with a coaxial cable, with
CF 500MHz, scanwidth 0MHz/DIV, input
attenuation 30dB, maximum output, then amplitude
should lower the top line than one graticule.
6. Frequency Response
It means signal response of spectrum analyzer in
measuring equal level and different frequency.
Since the primary function of the spectrum analyzer
is to compare signal levels at different frequencies,
a lack of flatness can seriously limit its usefulness.
Mainly Performance
and Calibration of
AT5010/5011 Series
Spectrum Analyzer
7. Inspection of attenuators
(0~40dB)4 10dB step, 1dB/10dB, 2dB(40dB).
8. Residual response
andinterference immunity
Short circuit the input by connect a 50 terminal
load to input port, then signal response should not
appears in screen. Otherwise, it may seriously affect
the ability of spectrum analyzer in analyzing small
signals.
Replace the 50 terminal load off input port, noise
base line should not raise, especially the tracking
source cannot affect the instrument. In a common
room, no signal response appears in screen.
9. Inspection of sensibility
Sensibility should better than -95dB.
Output a -95dBm signal with a standard signal
generator, set CF in the frequency, with IF 20kHz,
0.1MHz/DIV scanwidth, video filter on. Spectrum
analyzer is able to measure the signal.
10. Grass level
The typical value is 15dB when IF bandwidth is
400kHz, otherwise, the sensibility of he unit is too
inferior to analyze smaller signals.

LEVEL
XYF
CRT
Low Pass
Filter
Video
Filter
Band Pass
Filter
29.5MHz
1st Mixer
Band Pass
Filter
1350MHz
2nd Mixer
Prescaler
1st IF
Amplifier 3rd Mixer 3rd IF
Amplifier
Y Final
Amplifier
X Final
Amplifier
Y-GAIN Y-POS. Y-GAIN Y-POS.
1st Local
Oscillator
1350-2350MHz
2nd Local
Oscillator
PLL
Band Pass
Filter
2.9MHz
BW: 20KHz
By Path
BW: 250KHz
3rd Local
Oscillator Detector
Band Pass
Filter
2.9MHz
BW: 250KHz
LED
Display
Control
PLL 256:1
TG
LED-Display
Step.Gen.
Scanwidth
Clock
Generator
Tuning
Voltage
Generator
12MHz
Generator
Scanwidth
Switch Marker Sawtooth
Generator
Audio
AMP.
+6V DC
Amplifer Mixer Amplifier
Low Pass
Filter
PIN
Control
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
Amplifier Level
Detector
PS
Power
Supply
HV &
Blanking
AT5011 only
3
400KHz 20KHz
1
1350~
2350MHz
z
23
400KHz
+6V DC
d

INTENS
POWER
OFF ON
FOCUS
TR
CF
MK
MARKER CENTER FREQ.
ON OFF
BAND
WIDTH
FINE
ON
OFF
400KHz
20KHz
VIDEO
FILTER
Y-POS.
X-POS.X-AMPL.
PHONEVOL.
PROBE
POWER
10dB 10dB 10dB 10dB
SCANWIDTH
ZERO
SCAN
2
1
0.5
5
10 20
0.2
0.1
50
100
INPUT
50
max. 25V DC / +10dBm
0.15MHz to
1050MHz
UN
CAL.
1050 MHz
SPECTRUM
ANALYZER
AT5010
SHENZHEN ATTEN ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.
INTENS
POWER
OFF ON
FOCUS
TR
SPECTRUM ANALYZER AT5011
CF
MK
MARKER CENTER FREQ.
ON OFF
BAND
WIDTH
FINE
ON
OFF
400KHz
20KHz
VIDEO
FILTER
LEVEL Y-POS.
TRACK.GEN.
ON OFF
OUTPUT
X-POS.X-AMPL.
PHONEVOL.
PROBE
POWER
-10
dBm
+1
dBm
10dB 10dB 10dB 10dB
10dB 10dB 10dB 10dB
50
SCANWIDTH
ZERO
SCAN
2
1
0.5
5
10 20
0.2
0.1
50
100
INPUT
50
max. 25V DC / +10dBm
0.15MHz to
1050MHz
UN
CAL.
SHENZHEN ATTEN ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

POWER
OFF ON
10dB 10dB 10dB 10dB
2
1
0.5
5
10 20
0.2
0.1
50
100
50
0.15MHz to
1050MHz
UN
CAL.
CF
1000 MHz
AT5000
25V DC / +13dBm(1V AC)
SHENZHEN ATTEN ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.