BENDIXKing KNS 81 Manual

Pilot’s Guide
KNS 81
BendmngVOR/LOC/GS/RNAV
Integrated
NAV System
with lbwaypoint Capability
I

-Me of Contents
Introduction .........................................
Systems plannin for efficiency ........................
RNAV Review ...........................................
Recommended compatible Systems .................................... 6
Controls, Functions,and Displays
.........................
What is a waypoint? .................................................. 10
Reachingout with waypoints
........................................... 10
RNAVgeomet
ry ...................................................... 10
Linear or angularcrosstrack deviation
................................... 10
Variations inalongtrack distance ....................................... 11
KNS 81 System Applications.
...........................
Learning to Use the KNS 81 ............................................... 14
Along Track/CrosstrackError (chart)
.................
Programmin the waypoints .......................
Select the frequency. ..........
Programthe second data storage bin .................
Navigatingtowaypoint 1 ................
Gettinga waypoint radialreading. .....................................
Changeover to waypoint 2 ........................
Making a fast position report ................... ................. .22
Reachingwaypoint3
......
Turn on the fNS81 ............
Select.the navigationmode .....
Select the first datastorage bin .
................ 16
Select the radial
..............
Selectthedistance ................................................... 17
...................................... 19
Preflightsystem check
...... ..................................... .19
Waypoint passage
...................................................
The system in operation .........
......................
................. .21
........................................ 23
Navigatinga DME-Arc
................................................ 23
Completingthe approach
............................................. 24
A waypoint at the holding pattern ...................................... .24
A waypoint at the outer marker ......................................... 25
......................... 25
A word on DME Hdd ................................................. 26
KNS
81 Specifications ............................................ Back cover
Tuning the
ILS frequency ..................
3

Introduction
The KNS81 lnte ratedNAV
Systemcombinesa
?SO’d 200-channel
VOR/LOC receiver,aTSO’d40-channel
Glideslopereceiver,andadigital RNAV
computerwithcapabilityfor preselection,
storageanddisplayof
10 NAVfrequen-
ciesand/orcompleteRNAV waypoint
parameters.
When teamedwithacompatible
DigitalDMEandindicator,the KNS
81
letsyou putallyour DMEor waypoint
informationrightinfront of you for easy
scanning.Addacoursedeviationindi-
cator (CDIor
HSI) andaMarker Beacon
receiverdisplay unitandyou havea
completeNAV/RNAV/ILS/DMEsystem.
The KNS81 iscompactandlight-
weight, measuringonly2 incheshigh
(5.08 cm)andweighingjust 5 pounds
(2.3kg). Itistheendresultof full utili-
zationof state-of-the-artelectronics,
includingextensiveuseof microproces-
sorsthroughouttheunit.
The KNS
81 requiresonly 15watts
inputpowerandwill operateon any DC
voltagefrom
11 to33volts,with nomodi-
ficationsor accessories.
And sincethe KNS
81 RNAV
computer incorporatesanon-volatile
memory,you canstoreNAV frequencies
andwaypoint parametersindefinitely
without batteriesof any kind.
toacquaint you withthe operationand
controlsof the KNS
81. You will beas im-
pressedbythe simplicityof itsoperation
andtheeasewith whichyou canuse it
asyou will bepleasedwith its reliable
performanceandflexible capabilities.
The purposeof this Pilot’sGuideis
NOTE: The FAA andmostforeignair-
craft regulatoryagenciesrequiretheoperator
to befamiliar with the approvedFlight Manual
SupplementlPilot’sguidepriorto flight. Itis
recommendedthat this Pilot’sGuideberead
completelypriorto systemoperation.
4

Systems planning for efficiency.
The KNS81 isaself-contained
panel-mountednavi ationalsystem
consisting
of aVOR/bCreceiver,an
RNAVcomputer, andaGlideslope
receiver..
avionics-a CDIor HSIindicator,digital
DMEand indicator,and Marker Beacon
receiverandlights-the KNS81pro-
videsthe nucleusfor aversatileand
comprehensiveNAV/RNAV/DME/ILS
systemwith allthecapabilities needed
forefficient operation intoday’s airtraffic
environment.Specialversionsof the
KNS81 havingagraphicsoutputare
alsocompatiblewiththe EHI
40 and
EHI
50 ElectricHSlsandalsowiththe
GC381A Radar GraphicSystem.The
KNS81interfaceswiththefollowing
avionics:
Whenteamedwithother compatible
CDVHSI
KI206; KI202; KNI520; KI525/Kl525A;
KPI550NKPI551A: KPI550/KPI551
(whenfactory-modified
to KPI550A/
KPI551A
; KPI552; KPI553A(whenused
withthe
di oldCrownKDM706/706A
DMEor KTU
709 TACANsystems)
EHSl
EHI40; EHI 50
DMEINTERROGATOR
KN 63; KDM706/706A
DME INDICATOR
KDI572;KDI573; KDI574; KPI553A
WEATHER RADAWGRAPHICS
RDS81Weather Radarwith
GC 381A RadarGraphicsUnit
5

Recommended Compatible Systems:
II
Th. KDI 572 is a digital
DME panel indicator
that featuressimultane-
ous displayof distance,
groundspeed. and
time-to-station.
It fea-
tures large, easy-to-
readgasdischarge
numericsthat automati-
cally,dimaccordingto
ambient light
conditions.
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Th.KN(Wisa100-watt.
remote-mountedSilver
Crown
DME that saves
panelspace b utilizing
thecompact KbI572
panelmountedindi-
cator. The KN
63 fea-
turesallsolid-state
constructionand is
TSO'd.
TL., ... 206 is a
VOR/LOC/GSCourse
DeviationIndicatorthat
providesa rectilinear
display of NAV/RNAV/
GS/LOCdeviation
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The KI 525A IS the
slavedPictorial Navi-
ation Indicator for
&e Silver Crown
KCS
55A Compass System.
It providesa complete
pictureof the navi ation
situationduring
V8R.
RNAV or ILSopera-
tions.
It replaces the
DirectionalGyro and
CDI inyour panel
€HI 40150: Special
versions
of the KNS81
havinga graphics
outputarecapable
of
directlywith
$E% (shown)or
EHI
50 Electronic
HorizontalSituation
'
Indicators.
6

Controls, Functions, and Displays
r-
d
. ~mericaldisplays on the
KNS
81 are7-segmentgaseous dis-
charge lights. Operating modesand
status informationareannunciated by
individually lightedabbreviations and
legends.
The KNS
81 illustrationabove
shows alldisplays and legends lighted.
Inactualoperation, only theappropriate
operating displays and legends are
annunciated. Usingthe illustrationas
a reference,here isa briefdescription
of each controlanddisplay.
11 r- ONlOFF and Volume
Control-Turn clockwisefor “Dower
B:
on” andvolume increase. PUII out for
VORlLOC IDENTtone.
2) Mode Select Knob-This knob
changesthe operating
mode from VOR
(directto or from aVOR or VORTAC
stationwith angular coursewidth devia-
ti)to
VORlPAR (direct to or from a
VORTAC, with linear crosstrackdevia-
tion
f 5 nm)to RNV (directtowaypoint
with linear crosstrackdeviation
f 5 nm)
to RNVlAPR(directtoawaypoint with
linear crosstrackdeviation
f 1.25 nm)
andthen back totheVOR
mode. When
an
ILS frequencyisenteredwith the
Data Input Knobthesystem
will
automaticallygo tothe 11s mode
regardlessof the
mode annunciated.
When the ILSfrequencyisremoved
fromthe input, the systemwill revert
back to the
mode itwas inpreviously.
3) Waypoint select Knob-
Selectsany one of ten “data storage
bins” inwhich VORlLOC frequencies,
withor without waypoint coordinates,
havebeen inserted. Each “storage bin”
can
be calledup as requiredfrom 0 to 9,
or 9 to 0.
4) Data Input Knobs-Two con-
centric
knobs usedfor selectionof VORl
LOC frequency, waypoint radialand
waypoint distance. DME ischanneled
with selection of the paired VOR
frequency. The intemal
Glideslope is
channeledwithselectionof the paired
LOC frequency. Turn these knobs
to
enterdesireddata intothe RNAV
computer as follows:
I
Fmquency SektiOn; The large
knob controlsthe 10 and 1 MHz
digit in the display. The smallknob
controlsthe
0.1 and 0.05 MHz digit
andchinnels
FRQ in 0.05 MHz
steps in eitherthe “in” or,“out”
posith.
Radial Sdectfon:bThe largeknob
changes the
10” and 100” &&it of
the display. The small knob
changes the 1 O digit in the “in”
position andthe 0.1 O digit in the
”0Ut”posith.
Distance Sdectlon: The large
knob changesthe 100 and 10 nm
d@it
of the display. The smallknob
changes the
1 nmdigit in the “in”
positionandthe 0.1 nmdigitin
the “out” position.
7

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5) DATA Button-A moment- -,
pushbutton,the DATA Buttonmovesthe
Caret
( > c ) Displayfrom FRO to RAD to
DST andback to FRQ so you will always
knowwhich waypoint parameterthe
Data Input Knobsare addressing.
6)RTN
(Retum) Button-A
momentarypushbuttonthat switches
the displayto the activewaypoint, VOR-
TAC, or
ILS frequency.This button is
usefulafteryou have entered new data
for other waypointsandwant
to return
to the navi ation data presentlyin use.
7) UgE Button-After callingup
a previouslyentered RNAV waypoint,
VORTAC or
ILS frequencywith the
Waypoint Select Knob,depressingthis
momentarypush buttonwill put inuse
that waypoint, VOR, VORTAC, or
ILS
frequency.
8) RAD(Radial) Button-This
two-positionbutton is normallyoperated
inthe outer position. Whendepressed
(inner position),the remotedigital DME
indicatorwill display the radialyou are
on (fromthe activewaypoint or VORTAC
station) insteadof groundspeedand
time to station. This feature can
be
helpfulin many navigationsituations.
This feature becomesinoperativein
DME holdmodeor when DME istuned
from another NAV receiver.
9) CHK(Cheek) Button-
Pressingthis momentary pushbutton
displays the aircraft’spresentposition
fromthe VORTAC by replacingthe
waypoint parametersnormally
displayedover RAD and DST on the
KNS81 display with the radialand
distancefrom the VORTAC station
a
Displays:
10) SystemStatusDisplays-
Completemodeannunciationtellsyou
what mode(VOR, VORIPAR, RNV, or
RNVIAPR)isactive. Note: When an
ILS Frequencyis selected,the system
automatically
goes intothe ILS mode
regardlessof what mode is
annunciated.
11) WPT (Waypoint)Dlspiay-
Shows the waypoint numberof the
waypointdata storage binthat is being
displayedonthe KNS81’s digital read-
out. When the displayedwaypoint
number isdifferentfrom the active
waypoint, the WPT will blink.
12) Caret Display ( > < )-
Indicatesthe waypoint parameter
(frequency, radial,or distance)that thc
Data Input Knobsare controlling. The
Caret Displaycyclesfrom
FRQ to RAD
to DST and back
to FRQ as the Data
Buttonis pressed.
13) FRO(Fmquency)Display-
Shows the frequency entered intothe
system for VOR, VORTAC or Localizer
stationswith the Data Input Knobs.
When selecting afrequency, the Carets
mustbe belowthe frequencydisplay.
14) RAD(Radial)Dlspiay-
Showsthe VORTAC station radialon
which the waypoint is located and is
selectedbythe Data InputKnobswhen
the Caretisbelowthe radialdispla
Whenthe CHK buttonispressed,tks
areawill displaythe radialfrom the
VORTAC stationto the aircraft-an aid
indeterminingcrossfixesandposition
reports.(Note: Inthe VOR mode, this
displaywill show dashesto indicatethat
RNAV radialinformationis irrelevant.)
15) DST(Distance) Display-
Showsthe distancethe waypoint is
offset from the VORTAC stationand is
selected by the Data InputKnobs when
the Caret is belowthe distancedisplay.
To helpdetermine crossfixes andposi-
tion reports,this areawill display the
distance from the VORTAC station
to
the aircraft when the CHK button is
pressed.(Note: Inthe VOR mode, this
display willshow dashesto indicatethat
RNAV distance information is irrelevant.)
Remote DMEDisplays
informationispresentedsimultaneously
ona separatepanel-mountedindicator.
Inorderto generate preciseDME Data,
the remote-mountedDMEunitelec-
tronicallyconvertsintodistancethe
elapsedtime requiredfor signalsto
travel
to andfromthe groundstation.
The resultiqcomputationisthen re-
sentedinnauticalmilesonthe D&
paneldisplay.This distance;,commonly
referredto as “slant r&$$ distance,
should not beconfusedwith aetual
along-the-grounddistance.The dif-
ferencebetweenactualgrounddistance
andslant rangedistance issmallest
at lowaltitudeandlongrange;greatest
at closerange
to theVORTAC facility.
However
if the rangeis 3 times the
altitudeor areater.this slant ranaeerror
Withthe KNS81 system, allDME
-
isn li ibk.
%d(NautIcal Miles)Display-In
the
VOR andVOR/PAR modes.the DME
indicator displays slant rangedistance
8

to the VORTAC station-or dashes ., -.
when the DME oes intosearch. Inthe
RNV and RNV/%PRmodes,the DME
indicator displaysdistance
to the way-
point; dashes are displayed
if the DME
is insearch, or if the
VOR indicatorfla s.
andVORlPAR modes, the DMEdisplays
groundspeed
to or from the VORTAC
stationor dashes when the DME goes
into search.
If the RAD buttonon the
KNS
81 ispressed,thedisplay indicates
the radial from the VORTAC station
insteadof groundspeed. Inthe RNV and
RNV/APRmodes, groundspeed to
or
from the activewaypoint is dis la ed
intosearch or when the signal is unusa-
ble.
If the RAD buttonispressedwhik in
these modes, the displayindicates
the radialfrom the waypoint instead
of groundspeed.
MIN (Mlnutes) Display-In the
VOR and VOR/PAR modes, the DME
dis laystime to or from the
VOR-
TA8 station or dashes when the DME
goes into search.
If the RADbutton is
pressed,thedisplayshowsthe letter 'F"
to indicate 'radial from the VORTAC
station." Inthe RNV andRNVlAPR
modes, time to or from the active way-
pointis displa edanddashes appear
when the DMZgoes intosearch.
If the
RAD button is pressed,
the display
shows the letter 'F' to indicate 'radial
from the waypoint."
KT (Knots) Display-In the VO 'R
anddashes appear whenthe #E M goes
Remote
CDI-HSI C
Displays
OBS (Omnl Bearing Selector)
Knob-This controlselectsthe desired
courseto
or from the VORTAC stationor
waypoint.
Course Devlatlon-Full-scale
sensitivity factors are as follows: VOR
mode--+-lo"; VORlPAR mode-25
nm; RNV mode-'5 nm; RNV/APR
mode-'1.25 nm;
ILS mode-3 to 6"
(dependin onground facility).
Fla &ration-In theVOR mode
the CDI%Sl
will beflaggedwhen a
usablesignal is notwithin ran e. Inthe
VORIPAR, RNV, and RNV/AP# modes,
the instrumentwill beflaggedif the VOR
or DME data is invalid. Inthe
ILS mode,
itwillbeflaggedif the Localizeror Glide-
slope data
IS invalid. When flagged,
the needleon the CDI-HSI
will center
untila suitable signal is receivedto
activate it and unflagthe instrument.
9

RNAV Review
Area navigation (RNAV) isa method
of point-to-pointnavigationalong any
desiredcoursewithin the servicearea
of a
VOWDME station, without the need
for flight over the station. This course is
.- - -.
A waypoint IS dined as a geo-
graphic positionlocatedwithin the
servicearea
of a VORTAC station. It
may be usedfor routedefinitionand/or
progressreporting.
A waypoint is often
called a "phantom"station because
it providesthe
RNAV user with the
same navigation informationthat a real
VORTAC station at that locationwould
provide:
A waypoint is describedby its
radial and distancefrom the selected
VORTAC station. The waypoint below
is locatedon the
255.0" radialat a
distanceof
20.0 nm from the ANX
VORTAC.
WAWOlNT
114
255
waypoints close together-a technique
that involvesunnecessaryplanning
and execution.
Good RNAV technique
s geststhat you should 'reach out"
least
100 nm or so apart.Experiencewill
tell you what your technique should be.
But the whole ideabehind
RNAV is to
reducepilotworkload and shortenflight
time. Remember, whenselectingaway-
point from a particular
VORTAC, the
aircraft must
be inthe servicerange of
the VORTAC for proper operation.
if
two sides of a trian le and the angle
angles can becalculated.This is what
the
RNAV computer does.
Calculationsbasedon waypoint
radial, waypoint distance, and cross-
wit Y the waypoints by placingthem at
F basic Q netrywe know that
they form are given,
t 1 e other sides and
track deviation are supplied by the
RNAV computer as solutions to
continuouslychangingtrigonometric
equationsduringflight.
Known inputs
to the RNAV com-
puterare:
(1) the VORTAC station radial
that passesthroughthe wa point;
(2)
to the waypoint; (3) the radialfrom the
VORTAC stationthat the aircraftis on at
any particularpoint intime;
(4) the DME
distancefrom the VORTAC station to the
aircraft, and
(5) the selected course
(OBS to the waypoint.
he
RNAV computer continuously
processesthis information
to supply the
aircraft distancefrom the waypoint and
crosstrack deviationof
the aircraftfrom
the selectedcourseinnautical miles
(linear deviationinsteadof the angular
deviation used inconventional
VOR
navigation).
the distancefrom the VO d AC station
VOR Radial
A
Waypoint Radial
Linearor angular crosstrack
deviation?
Linear crosstrackdeviation ona
CDI or HSI permitsflying parallel to a
selected course by maintainingappro-
priate needlb deflection.
Inan
RNAV enroute mode, each
dot represents
1.0 nm off c;ourse. Inan
RNAV approach modeyefrch dot repre-
sents
0.25 nm off course.
Ina
VOR mode, the RNAV CM-
puter is by-passed so that deviation
Lmar Crosstrack Deviation
10

from the selectedcourseis conven- 5-
tional angular crosstrackdeviation
expressedin degrees
off course (one
dot equals
2").
Ina VORlPAR mode, you have
ineffect put the waypointover the
VORTAC station and will, therefore, be
providedlinear crosstrackdeviationas
in
an RNAV enroute mode. Remember,
VOR and DME informationmust be
provided
to the KNS 81 to operate in
this mode.
Variations inalongtrack
distance.
Under certainconditions, VOR
scallopingcan contributesignificant
variation in smoothnessof the along
track distancewhile operating in the
RNAV modes.
VOR scalloping is definedas'an
imperfectionor deviation inthe received
VOR signalthat causes radials
to devi-
ate from their standardtrack.VOR
scallopingis generallythe result of
reflection from buildingsor terrain. This
deviation or scallopingeffect causes
the CDI needle
to slowly or rapidly shift
from side
to side.
lopinginclude:
(1) VOdAC location
in mountainousterrain when not a
DopplerVOR;
(2) snow cover on the
ground arounda VORTAC station.
Factorscontributin
to VOR scal-
The effects of VOR scalloping are minimized under the
followlng conditions:
1.
NT
2.
1 NT
3. VORTAC ~
4.
m
WAYPOINT
5.
WAYPOl NT
6.
When the waypoint offset distanceis
Ion and the angleformed by the flight
small
(5) (6). (Note: When the angle is
large,the distance needs
to be short.
Conversely, when the distance is long,
the angle needs
to be small. Another
way of sayingthis isthat the alongtrack
distancewill havethe least variation if
the geometry issuchthat DME infor-
mation is the major factor in computing
alongtrack distance.)
pa tf and the waypoint offset radialis
11