Bruker LYNXEYE XE User manual
Innovation with Integrity XRD
D8 Series
User Manual
LYNXEYE XE User Manual
Original Instructions
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authority. Offenders will be liable for damages. All rights reserved.
We have checked the contents of this manual for agreement with the hardware and software described. Since
deviations cannot be precluded entirely, we cannot guarantee full agreement. However, the data in this manual are
reviewed regularly and any necessary corrections are included in subsequent editions. Suggestions for improvement
are welcome.
All configurations and specifications are subject to change without notice.
Order no. DOC-M88-EXX240 V1. Updated: March 11, 2014.
© 2014 Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany.
All trademarks and registered trademarks are the sole property of their respective owners.
Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Bruker AXS GmbH
Östliche Rheinbrückenstr. 49
76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
Tel. +49 721 50997-0
Fax +49 721 50997-5654
info@bruker-axs.de
www.bruker.com
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LYNXEYE XE™ Detector User Manual
Table of Contents
1Safety Issues ....................................................................................................1-1
1.1Qualified Personnel............................................................................................................... 1-2
1.2Correct Usage........................................................................................................................ 1-2
1.3X-ray Equipment.................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.4Proper Lifting......................................................................................................................... 1-4
2Introduction ......................................................................................................2-1
3Basic Operation................................................................................................3-1
3.1LYNXEYE XE Power-Up Procedure ..................................................................................... 3-1
3.2LYNXEYE XE Power-Down Procedure ................................................................................ 3-1
3.3Performing a Measurement .................................................................................................. 3-1
3.3.1Select the Detector Type ....................................................................................................... 3-2
3.3.2Select the Scan Parameters .................................................................................................. 3-3
3.4Discriminator Scan (Pulse Height Analysis, PHA)............................................................. 3-4
3.4.1Perform a Measurement ........................................................................................................ 3-4
3.4.2Determine Optimized Discriminator Settings ......................................................................... 3-5
3.5Instrument Performance Test .............................................................................................. 3-8
3.6Detector Flood Field Correction ........................................................................................ 3-10
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4System Description..........................................................................................4-1
4.1The Detector .......................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.1.1Detector Specifications .......................................................................................................... 4-2
4.1.2Environmental Ratings........................................................................................................... 4-3
4.1.3Detector Components ............................................................................................................ 4-4
4.1.4Detector Cables and Connectors........................................................................................... 4-5
4.1.5Detector Status LEDs ............................................................................................................ 4-7
4.2Detector Optics.................................................................................................................... 4-10
4.3Counterbalance ................................................................................................................... 4-13
5Hardware Installation in the D8 .......................................................................5-1
5.1Servicing Precautions........................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2Shipping and Unpacking ...................................................................................................... 5-2
5.3Hardware Installation ............................................................................................................ 5-2
5.3.1Connect the Cable Wiring ...................................................................................................... 5-2
5.3.2Mount the Detector to the 2-Theta Axis ................................................................................. 5-6
5.3.3OpCo Registration of Additional Components ....................................................................... 5-9
6Software Configuration....................................................................................6-1
6.1Communication Line............................................................................................................. 6-1
6.2Detector Configuration ......................................................................................................... 6-1
6.3Detector Trimming and Energy Calibration........................................................................ 6-6
6.3.1Veto Trimming........................................................................................................................ 6-6
6.3.2Low and High Discriminator Trimming................................................................................. 6-10
6.3.3Discriminator Setting and Kβ-Suppression .......................................................................... 6-15
6.3.3.1Discriminator Setting..................................................................................................... 6-16
6.3.3.2Check of kβ-suppression .............................................................................................. 6-23
6.4Spatial Calibration............................................................................................................... 6-28
6.4.1Perform Positional Calibration ............................................................................................. 6-28
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6.5Changing Detector Settings with State Files.................................................................... 6-33
6.60D-Mode ............................................................................................................................... 6-35
6.6.1Performing Scans in 0-D Mode Using COMMANDER and WIZARD .................................. 6-35
6.6.2Standard operation .............................................................................................................. 6-35
6.6.3Aligning the Diffractometer................................................................................................... 6-38
6.6.4Setting the diffractometer to Default Values ........................................................................ 6-38
7Preventive Maintenance and Troubleshooting ..............................................7-1
7.1Cleaning the LYNXEYE XE Detector ................................................................................... 7-1
7.2Troubleshooting .................................................................................................................... 7-2
7.2.1Display Data in the DIFFRAC.COMMANDER Window has Flatlined or is Nonexistent........ 7-2
7.2.2Locked Coupled Scan Does Not Start/Finish ........................................................................ 7-2
7.2.3The detector is not Selectable/Active in COMMANDER ....................................................... 7-3
7.2.4High Background in Scans..................................................................................................... 7-3
7.2.5High Kβ-Part in Scans............................................................................................................ 7-3
7.2.6Alarm LED Lights Red ........................................................................................................... 7-3
7.2.7The BIAS LED is not Illuminated............................................................................................ 7-3
7.2.8The Angular Accuracy Peak Position Data is Larger than +0.01° of the Expected Value..... 7-3
8References ........................................................................................................8-1
9Assessories and Spare Parts List...................................................................9-1
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LYNXEYE XE™ Detector User Manual
1 Safety Issues
This manual contains notices which you should follow to ensure your own personal safety, as well as
to protect the product and connected equipment. These notices are highlighted in the manual by a
warning triangle and are marked as follows according to the level of danger:
Danger
The word ‘Danger’ indicates that death, severe personal injury, or substantial property
damage will result if proper precautions are not taken.
Warning
The word “Warning” indicates that death, severe personal injury or substantial property
damage can result if proper precautions are not taken.
Caution
The word “Caution” indicates that minor personal injury or property damage can result if
proper precautions are not taken.
Note
The word “Note” draws your attention to particularly important information on the product,
handling the product or to a particular part of the documentation.
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1.1 Qualified Personnel
The LYNXEYE XE™ may only be set up and operated in conjunction with this manual. Only personnel
authorized by Bruker AXS is allowed to work on this equipment. All repairs, adjustments and align-
ments performed on any components of the LYNXEYE XE must be carried out strictly in accordance
with the established safety practices and standards of the country where the equipment is installed.
1.2 Correct Usage
This device and its components may only be used for the applications described in this manual and
only in connection with devices or components from other manufacturers which have been approved
or recommended by Bruker AXS.
This product can only function correctly and safely if it is transported, stored, set up and installed cor-
rectly and operated and maintained as recommended by Bruker AXS. Protection provided by this
equipment may be impaired if it is used in a manner not specified by Bruker AXS.
1.3 X-ray Equipment
Warning
X-ray equipment produces potentially harmful radiation and can be dangerous to anyone in
the immediate vicinity unless safety precautions are completely understood and imple-
mented. All persons designated to operate or perform maintenance need to be fully trained
on the nature of radiation, X-ray generating equipment and radiation safety. All users of the
X-ray equipment are required to accurately monitor X-ray exposure by proper use of X-ray
dosimeters.
For safety issues related to the operation and maintenance of your particular X-ray generator, diffrac-
tometer and shield enclosure, please refer to the manufacturer operation manuals or your Radiation
Protection Supervisor. The user is responsible for compliance with local safety regulations.
The LYNXEYE XE detector itself is no source generating X-rays, it just senses X-rays.
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Warning
Voltage Danger - Before installing the detector, switch off the system to avoid high voltag-
es.
Bias voltages up to 500 V DC are accessible from the outside! They are present on the
metal sensor window on the front side of the detector! Never operate the detector with Bias
voltage switched on without having the detector optics mounted!
Inside the LYNXEYE XE, Bias voltages up to 500 V DC can occur which are not accessible
from the outside. After turning off the system, Bias voltages are still present. They dischar-
ge over time.
Warning
Sometimes complex D8 systems will be supplied by several power supply lines. The sys-
tem and its components will be live until all power lines connected to the system are dis-
connected from the mains power supply.
Caution
Switching ON/OFF the detector Bias will initiate a ramping process for the Bias voltage.
This process is indicated by a flashing BIAS READY LED. In all cases wait until the ramp-
ing process has finished.
When switching ON the detector Bias this will be indicated by a steadily lit BIAS READY
LED.
When switching OFF the detector Bias this will be indicated by the BIAS READY LED turn-
ing off.
Any violation of this precaution rule might result in a reduced lifetime or damage of the de-
tector.
Caution
Never touch the metal sensor window of the detector entrance window with fingers or tools.
Any partial damage on this thin layer might lead to non-repairable malfunctions of the de-
tector; the warranty is not valid any more.
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Caution
Use care when moving the detector head to avoid mechanical shock to the assembly.
1.4 Proper Lifting
Installation of the detector requires lifting of components with heavy weight (e.g. enclosure front pan-
el). Whenever possible, two or more people should lift objects together. Use proper lifting techniques
at all times. Use the following steps as an overview of proper lifting techniques.
1. Plan: practice the lift. While lifting, bend at the knees, keep your back straight, tighten your stomach
and lift with your legs.
2. Position: keep your body close to the object you wish to lift - your stability increases the closer you
are to the object. Keep your feet shoulder width apart.
3. Movement: avoid making awkward movements while holding a heavy object. Get help if the object
is too heavy or cumbersome.
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2 Introduction
This manual covers installation and basic operation of the LYNXEYE XE detector. The LYNXEYE XE
is a 1-dimensional detector for X-ray powder diffraction, based on Bruker AXS’ compound silicon strip
technology. Compared to a simple point detector the LYNXEYE XE dramatically increases measured
speed – without sacrificing resolution and peak shape. A Diffraction Solution equipped with the LYNX-
EYE XE records a typical powder pattern in approximately 1/100th of the time required using a point
detector, with identical data quality.
The LYNXEYE XE is based on the silicon strip detector technology. The active area of the detector is
14.4 mm by 16 mm (along the scattering plane respectively perpendicular). The 192 strips of the sen-
sor act as 192 individual detectors. This technology allows operation at count rates much higher than
those typically possible with gaseous detectors while maintaining all benefits. Together with the inno-
vative front-end electronics, optimum tuning of the silicon strip sensor to the requirements of the X-ray
energy from 4 keV to 25 keV is provided. The factory settings are optimized for Cu-Kα.
The LYNXEYE XE fits to all Bruker AXS D8A25 Diffraction Solutions running under DIF-
FRAC.Measurement Suite. It can be easily exchanged by any other point, linear or 2-dimensional
detector. There is no need for counting gas, cooling water or liquid nitrogen, making the LYNXEYE XE
a compact, robust and maintenance-free detector. With the 2013 release of DIF-
FRAC.MEASUREMENT CENTER, the 1-dim LYNXEYE XE detector is fully supported (0- and 1-
dimensional measurement mode). The 0-dim mode means coupling of several neighboring channels
of the detector to one counting channel. All events collected by the selected channels are counted as
one single rate – equal to how a scintillation counter works. The LYNXEYE XE in 0-dim mode com-
pletely replaces the scintillation counter for many applications, even the basic alignment of the diffrac-
tometer.
Special feature is the good energy resolution of <680eV FWHM for Cu-radiation at 298K (energy reso-
lution slightly depends on environmental laboratory temperature). Operation with all common charac-
teristic X-ray emission lines (Cr, Co, Cu, Mo, and Ag radiation) is supported. A baseline restorer circuit
ensures a stable energy peak position as function of count rate.
Depending on the operation mode, one strip can detect up to ~20,000 cps (high energy resolution) or
~500,000 cps (high count rate), resulting in ~100,000,000 cps in 0-D mode and 90° detector orienta-
tion, count rates are not dead time corrected.
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Five modes of operation are available:
Scanning 1-D mode for fast data collection
Fixed 1-D mode for ultra-fast measurements
Fixed 1-D mode and turned by 90° for ultra-fast non-coplanar measurements
0-D („point detector“) mode for high-resolution parallel-beam geometry
0-D mode and turned by 90° to cover an extremely large dynamic range
Supplied with dedicated software the LYNXEYE XE can also be operated as a standalone solution.
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3 Basic Operation
This section covers the power-up, power-down, and basic operation procedures for the LYNXEYE XE
detector system and gives an overview of system operation and collection of data.
3.1 LYNXEYE XE Power-Up Procedure
There is no special procedure to power up the LYNXEYE XE. Once the Detector is integrated in the
system as described in chapter 5 and 6 power up runs automatically. Ramping time is about 30s
(10V/s).
Caution!
After switching on the diffractometer or setting the detector bas in TOOLS wait until the
BIAS READY LED stays lit to make sure that the Bias voltage ramped up completely.
3.2 LYNXEYE XE Power-Down Procedure
There is no special procedure to power down the LYNXEYE XE. It is recommended but not a must to
set the detector bias to 0 V in TOOLS until the Bias voltage ramped down completely
3.3 Performing a Measurement
DIFFRAC.COMMANDER is the main measurement program in the DIFFRAC.Measurement Suite. It
can be used to perform immediate measurements to get a quick overview of a sample, as well as to
perform batch measurements using jobs. Operation details for DIFFRAC.COMMANDER are described
in the DIFFRAC.Measurement Suite (DOC-M88-EXX191). This section gives an overview of the sys-
tem operation and collection of data.
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Note
It is highly recommended to use the air scatter screen for every measurement to prevent
background from hitting the detector. Even 4mm above the sample is useful.
3.3.1 Select the Detector Type
Select the COMMANDER plugin in the DIFFRAC.MEASUREMENT program.
1. Use the ‘File’ tab on the top of the screen and select ‘Application/Powder Diffraction.
2. Select detector type (LYNXEYE XE for 1D-mode) in the Selection tab.
3. Depending on the detector type you can select in the settings tab the number of active strips and
discriminator settings (or opening in mm –multiples of one strip of 75µm– for 0D-mode):
Selection Settings
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3.3.2 Select the Scan Parameters
The following parameters must be selected prior to running a measurement: scan type, start, stop,
speed, and increment (see Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2). Additional settings may include divergence slit
size, rotation of the stage, and generator settings for KV and mA.
When using a PSD Fixed scan, the maximum scan length may vary and is dependent upon the Config
geometry angle.
To perform a measurement:
1. Turn the X-ray generator on.
2. Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2 show the location of the parameters for different immediate measure-
ments. The fields show the actual settings for the current measurement.
Figure 3.1: A: Drop down menu for 1D-scans, B: Example of measurement parameters for fixed scan
Figure 3.2: Example of measurement parameters for locked coupled scan
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3. Scan type: Choose the scan type from the drop-down menu, see Figure 3.1 A. You must select
LYNXEYE XE as a detector in the selection field before the scans are available.
4. Time and Increment: Enter the scan time and increment here. LYNXEYE XE operation uses se-
conds per step. You will get an error if the scan speed is faster than the configured slow speed.
5. Continuous/Step scan: Click this button to change between continuous or step scan mode. The
actual setting will be displayed on the button. It is recommended that continuous scan is used to
reduce wear on the goniometer. 1D-Scans only allow continuous scans.
6. Start, Stop: Use these buttons to begin or end an immediate measurement.
3.4 Discriminator Scan (Pulse Height Analysis, PHA)
Photons are converted to electronic pulses proportional to their photon energy. Discriminator (PHA)
scans allow to check the correct setting of the discriminators with respect to the noise level, fluores-
cence and Kβ-suppression, the used radiation and the inherent resolution of the x-ray tube.
3.4.1 Perform a Measurement
1. Turn on the X-ray generator.
2. Use the ‘File’ tab on the top of the screen and select ‘Application/Calibration'.
3. Preposition the goniometer circles to get a representative reflection of the sample centered on the
detector or insert the PMMA sample (th=15°, 2th=30°).
4. Figure 3.3 shows an example of a measurement parameter set suitable for a discriminator scan
using Cu radiation and the backside of a PMMA sample (2mm divergence, 2.5° prim Soller, Ni-
filter). The fields show the selected settings for the measurement, the smallest increment is 0.002V.
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Figure 3.3: Example of measurement parameters for DISCRIMINATOR scan
5. Start value, Stop value: when doing a DISCRIMINATOR scan the measuring unit is V. There are
no default settings for the LYNXEYE XE. Approximate range for different tube materials is given in
Table 6.2 and Table 6.3:
6. Time and Increment: Enter the scan time and increment here. LYNXEYE XE operation uses se-
conds per step, the smallest increment is 0.002V.
7. Start, Stop: Use these buttons to begin or end an immediate measurement.
3.4.2 Determine Optimized Discriminator Settings
Figure 3.4 shows an example of a DISCRIMINATOR scan on a PMMA sample using Cu radiation. The
black line is measured with Veto=0.04V (recommended setting for this detector mode), the blue line
uses Veto=0.51V and shows the influence of this parameter.
To determine the different discriminator levels move with the cursor along the scan. The x value of the
cursor position (in V) is shown in the bottom line of the DIFFRAC.COMMANDER window.
The values for the lower level and the window width can be checked and modified in the Settings tab.
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Figure 3.4: Example of a DISCRIMINATOR scan for PMMA sample, Cu radiation)
Figure 3.5 shows a discriminator scan for a SiO2/Fe2O3 mixture (5:1), Cu radiation). The detector is
positioned for the Quartz main reflection, Fe-fluorescence is generated by the Hematite phase. Energy
lines at 6.4 and 7.06 (Fe Kαand Kβ) and 8.04 keV (Cu Kα) appear.
Disc.
high
Noise edge
Cu response
Disc.
low
Charge sharing
noise
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Figure 3.5: Example of a DISCRIMINATOR scan for SiO2/Fe2O3 mixture (5:1), Cu radiation)
Note
To ensure the correct allocation of intensities to the detector channels do NOT set the dis-
criminator lower level lower than 1/2 of the level determined for the signal peak maximum!
Cu-Kα
response
Fe-Kα
fluorescence
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3.5 Instrument Performance Test
For a quick performance test of the instrument use the NIST SRM 1976 standard sample and deter-
mine the resolution of the main peak. The system should match the specifications in Table 3.1.
Perform a 2 degree locked coupled (continuous) scan with the main peak centered (e.g.
2Theta = 34.15 to 36.15 for Cu radiation). Refer to Table 6.4 for instrument parameters.
The FWHM (resolution) is determined using the AREA feature of the program DIFFRAC.EVA, which is
part of the DIFFRAC.Measurement Suite Basic package supplied with the diffraction system. To learn
how to use EVA and its AREA function, refer to the DIFFRAC.EVA User Manual (DOC-M88-EXX200).
Table 3.1: FWHM specifications for Cu radiation
Cu Bragg Göbel Mirror*
401 mm 0.060° 0.130°
435 mm 0.055° 0.120°
500 mm 0.050° 0.110°
600 mm < 0.050° < 0.110°
* parallel beam type
Start DIFFRAC.EVA and load the BRML data to evaluate.
1. Open the EVA toolbox to perform background subtraction and a Kα2stripping, ensuring a properly
adjusted Kα1/Kα2ratio to minimize artefacts and a 0.5 intensity ratio. Select the Append button to
create a new phase.
2. Use the Create Area function in the EVA toolbox to create an area measurement using the com-
plete measured range (see Figure 3.6). Use the mouse to select the range. Review the data dis-
played in Toolbox.
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