Casio ALGEBRA FX 2.0 User manual

19990401
Programming
8-1 Basic Programming Steps
8-2 Program Mode Function Keys
8-3 Editing Program Contents
8-4 File Management
8-5 Command Reference
8-6 Using Calculator Functions in Programs
8-7 Program Mode Command List
8-8 Program Library
Chapter
This unit comes with approximately 144 kbytes of memory.
•You can check how much memory has been used and how much remains
by entering the SYSTEM Mode from the Main Menu, and then pressing
1(Mem). See “9-2 Memory Operations” for details.
8

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8-1 Basic Programming Steps
Description
Commands and calculations are executed sequentially, just like manual calculation
multistatements.
Set Up
1. From the Main Menu, enter the PRGM Mode. When you do, a program list appears on
the display.
Selected program area
(use f and c to move)
Files are listed in the alphabetic sequence of their
names.
Execution
2. Register a file name.
3. Input the program.
4. Run the program.
8-1-1
Basic Programming Steps
#Ifthere are no programs stored in memory
when you enter the PRGM Mode, the
message “No Programs” appears on the
display and only the NEW item (3) is shown
in the function menu.
#The values to the right of the program list
indicate the number of bytes used by each
program.
#Afile name can be up to eight characters
long.
#The following are the characters you can use in
a file name:
A through Z, r,
θ , spaces, [, ], {, }, ’, ”, ~,
0 through 9, ., +, –, ×, ÷
#Registering a file name uses 24 bytes of
memory.
#The file name input screen remains on the
display if you press wwithout inputting a file
name.
#To exit the file name input screen and return to
the program list without registering a file name,
press i.

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○○○○○
Example 1 To calculate the surface area (cm2) and volume (cm3) of three regular
octahedrons when the length of one side is 7, 10, and 15 cm
Store the calculation formula under the file name OCTA.
A
The following are the formulas used for calculating surface area S
and volume V of a regular octahedron for which the length of one side
A is known.
Procedure
1mPRGM
23(NEW)OCTAw*1
3!J(PRGM)3(?)aav(A)6(g)6(g)3(:)*2
c*!x( )d*av(A)x6(g)4(^)
!x( )c/d*av(A)Md
ii
41(EXE) or w
hw(Value of A)
w
w
wbaw
w
w
wbfw
w*3
8-1-2
Basic Programming Steps
2
S = 2 3 A2,V= –––– A3
3
*1Press 3(NEW) and the cursor changes form
to indicate alpha character input.
*2The following shows how the calculation of the
surface area and volume of a regular
octahedron would be calculated using a
manual calculation.
Surface Area S ... c*!x()d*
<value of A> xw
Volu me V ............ !x()c/d*
<value of A> Mdw
*3Pressing wwhile the final result of a program
is on the display changes to the program list.
#You can also run a program while in the RUN
•
MAT Mode by inputting: Prog ”<file name>” w.
# Pressing wwhile the final result of a program
executed using this method is on the display
re-executes the program.
#An error occurs if the program specified by Prog
”<file name>” cannot be found.
S when A = 7
V when A = 7
S when A = 10
V when A = 10
S when A = 15
V when A = 15

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8-2 Program Mode Function Keys
•{NEW} ... {new program}
uWhen you are registering a file name
•{RUN}/{BASE} ... {general calculation}/{number base} program input
•{
QQ
QQ
Q} ... {password registration}
•{SYBL} ... {symbol menu}
uWhen you are inputting a program —— 1(RUN) … default
•{JUMP} ... {top}/{bottom} of program
•{SRC} ... {search}
•{MAT}/{STAT}/{LIST}/{GRPH}/{DYNA}/{RECR}
... {matrix}/{statistic}/{list}/{graph}/ {Dynamic Graph}/{recursion} menu
•Pressing !J(PRGM) displays the following PRGM (PROGRAM) menu.
•{Prog} ... {program recall}
•{JUMP} ... {jump command menu}
•{?}/{^^
^^
^} ... {input}/{output} command
•{I/O} ... {I/O control/transfer command menu}
•{IF}/{FOR}/{WHLE}/{CTRL}/{LOGIC}
... {conditional jump}/{loop control}/{conditional loop control}/{program control}/
{logical operation} command menu
•{CLR}/{DISP} ... {clear}/{display} command menu
•{
:} ......... {separator for expressions and commands}
See “8-5 Command Reference” for full details on each of these commands.
•Pressing u3(SET UP) displays the mode command menu shown below.
•{ANGL}/{DISP}/{CPLX}/{GRPH}/{STAT}/{DERIV}/{T-VA R }/{ΣDSP}
See “SET UP Screen Function Key Menus” on page 1-7-1 for details about each of these
commands.
8-2-1
Program Mode Function Keys

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uWhen you are inputting a program —— 2(BASE)*1
•{JUMP}/{SRC}
•{d~o} ... {decimal}/{hexadecimal}/{binary}/{octal} value input
•{LOG} ... {logical operators}
•{DISP}... conversion of displayed value to {decimal}/{hexadecimal}/{binary}/{octal}
•{SYBL}... {symbol menu}
•Pressing !J(PRGM) displays the following PRGM (PROGRAM) menu.
•{Prog}/{JUMP}/{?}/{^^
^^
^}
•{= ≠<} ... {logical operator menu}
•{
:} ......... {separator for expressions and commands}
•Pressing u3(SET UP) displays the mode command menu shown below.
•{Dec}/{Hex}/{Bin}/{Oct}
•{EXE}/{EDIT}
... program {execute}/{edit}
•{NEW} ... {new program}
•{DEL}/{DEL·A}
... {specific program}/{all program} delete
•{SRC}/{REN}
... file name {search}/{change}
8-2-2
Program Mode Function Keys
*1Programs input after pressing 2(BASE) are
indicated by Bto the right of the file name.

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8-3-1
Editing Program Contents
8-3 Editing Program Contents
kDebugging a Program
A problem in a program that keeps the program from running correctly is called a “bug,” and
the process of eliminating such problems is called “debugging.” Either of the following
symptoms indicates that your program contains bugs that require debugging.
•Error messages appearing when the program is run
•Results that are not within your expectations
uu
uu
uTo eliminate bugs that cause error messages
An error message, like the one shown below, appears whenever something illegal occurs
during program execution.
When such a message appears, press ito display the place in the program where the error
was caused. The cursor will be flashing at the location of the problem. Check the “Error
Message Table” (page α -1-1) for steps you should take to correct the situation.
•Note that pressing idoes not display the location of the error if the program is
password protected. Instead, it returns to the program list screen.
uu
uu
uTo eliminate bugs that cause bad results
If your program produces results that are not what you normally expect, check the
contents of the program and make necessary changes.
The 1(JUMP) key is also useful when editing program contents.
1(JUMP)b(Top) ....... Moves the cursor to the
top of the program
1(JUMP)c(Bottom)… Moves the cursor to the
bottom of the program

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kUsing an Existing Program to Create a New Program
Sometimes you can input a new program by using a program already in memory as a base.
Simply recall the existing program, make the changes you need, and then execute it.
○○○○○
Example 2 To use the OCTA program (page 8-1-2) to create a program that
calculates the surface area (cm2) and volume (cm3) of regular
tetrahedrons when the length of one side is 7, 10, and 15 cm
Use TETRA as the file name.
The following are the formulas used for calculating surface area S
and volume V of a regular tetrahedron for which the length of one
side A is known.
Use the following key operations when inputting the program.
Length of One Side A .. !J(PRGM)3(?)aav(A)6(g)6(g)3(:)
Surface Area S ............ !x( )d*av(A)x6(g)4(^)
Volume V ..................... !x( )c/bc*av(A)Md
Compare this with the program for calculating the surface area and volume of a regular
octahedron.
Length of One Side A .. !J(PRGM)3(?)aav(A)6(g)6(g)3(:)
Surface Area S ............ c*!x( )d*av(A)x6(g)4(^)
Volume V ..................... !x( )c/d*av(A)Md
As you can see, you can produce the TETRA program by making the following changes in
the OCTA program.
•Deleting c*(underlined using a wavy line above)
•Changing dto bc(underlined using a solid line above)
A
8-3-2
Editing Program Contents
2
S = 3 A2,V= –––– A3
12

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8-3-3
Editing Program Contents
Now edit OCTA to produce the TETRA program.
1. Edit the program name.
6(g)2(REN)ATETRAw
2. Edit the program contents.
2(EDIT)
eeeeDD
cdDbc
i
3. Try running the program.
1(EXE) or w
hw(Value of A)
w
w
wbaw
w
w
wbfw
w

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8-3-4
Editing Program Contents
kSearching for Data Inside a Program
○○○○○
Example To search for the letter “A” inside the program named OCTA
1. Recall the program.
2. Press 2(SRC) or wand input the data you want to find.
2(SRC)
av(A)
3. Press wto begin the search. The contents of the program appears on the screen with
the cursor located at the first instance of the data you specified.*1
4. Each press of wor 1(SRC) causes the cursor to
jump to the next instance of the data you specified.*2
*1The message “Not Found” appears when the
search data you specify cannot be found in
the program.
*2If there are no more instances of the data you
specified, the search operation ends and the
cursor returns to the point from which you
started your search.
#You cannot specify the newline symbol (_) or
display command (^) for the search data.
# Once the contents of the program are on the
screen, you can use the cursor keys to move
the cursor to another location before searching
for the next instance of the data. Only the part of
the program starting from the current cursor
location is searched when you press w.
#Once the search finds an instance of your data,
inputting characters or moving the cursor
causes the search operation to be cancelled.
#If you make a mistake while inputting characters
to search for, press Ato clear your input and
re-input from the beginning.

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8-4-1
File Management
8-4 File Management
kSearching for a File
uTo find a file using initial character search
○○○○○
Example To use initial character search to recall the program named OCTA
1. While the program list is on the display, press 6(g)1(SRC) and input the initial
characters of the file you want to find.
6(g)1(SRC)
OCT
2. Press wto search.
•The name that starts with the characters you input highlights.
#If there is no program whose file name starts
with the characters you input, the message
“Not Found” appears on the display. If this
happens, press ito clear the error message.