Cisco ONS 15454 SDH E1-75 User manual

CHAPTER
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11
Circuits and Tunnels
Note The terms "Unidirectional Path Switched Ring" and "UPSR" may appear in Cisco literature. These terms
do not refer to using Cisco ONS 15xxx products in a unidirectional path switched ring configuration.
Rather, these terms, as well as "Path Protected Mesh Network" and "PPMN," refer generally to Cisco's
path protection feature, which may be used in any topological network configuration. Cisco does not
recommend using its path protection feature in any particular topological network configuration.
This chapter explains Cisco ONS 15454 SDH high-order and low-order circuits; low-order, data
communication channel (DCC), and IP-encapsulated tunnels; and virtual concatenated (VCAT) circuits.
To provision circuits and tunnels, refer to the Cisco ONS 15454 SDH Procedure Guide.
Chapter topics include:
•11.1 Overview, page 11-2
•11.2 Circuit Properties, page 11-3
•11.3 Cross-Connect Card Bandwidth, page 11-12
•11.4 DCC Tunnels, page 11-12
•11.5 Multiple Destinations for Unidirectional Circuits, page 11-14
•11.6 Monitor Circuits, page 11-14
•11.7 SNCP Circuits, page 11-15
•11.8 MS-SPRing Protection Channel Access Circuits, page 11-16
•11.9 MS-SPRing VC4 Squelch Table, page 11-17
•11.10 IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring Circuit Display, page 11-17
•11.11 Section and Path Trace, page 11-18
•11.12 Path Signal Label, C2 Byte, page 11-19
•11.13 Automatic Circuit Routing, page 11-19
•11.14 Manual Circuit Routing, page 11-21
•11.15 Constraint-Based Circuit Routing, page 11-25
•11.16 Virtual Concatenated Circuits, page 11-26
•11.17 Bridge and Roll, page 11-31
•11.18 Merged Circuits, page 11-36
•11.19 Reconfigured Circuits, page 11-37

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Chapter 11 Circuits and Tunnels
11.1 Overview
•11.20 Server Trails, page 11-37
11.1 Overview
You can create circuits across and within ONS 15454 SDH nodes and assign different attributes to
circuits. For example, you can:
•Create one-way, two-way (bidirectional), or broadcast circuits. VC low-order path tunnels
(VC_LO_PATH_TUNNEL) are automatically set to bidirectional and do not use multiple drops.
•Assign user-defined names to circuits.
•Assign different circuit sizes.
•Enable port grouping on low-order path tunnels. Three ports form a port group. For example, in one
E3-12 or one DS3i-N-12 card, four port groups are available: Ports 1 to 3 = PG1, Ports 4 to 6 = PG2,
Ports 7 to 9 = PG3, and Ports 10 to 12 = PG4.
Note Monitor circuits cannot be created on a VC3 circuit in a port group.
•Automatically or manually route VC high-order and low-order path circuits.
•Automatically route VC low-order path tunnels.
•Automatically create multiple circuits with autoranging. VC low-order path tunnels do not use
autoranging.
•Provide full protection to the circuit path.
•Provide only protected sources and destinations for circuits.
•Define a secondary circuit source or destination that allows you to interoperate an ONS 15454 SDH
subnetwork connection protection (SNCP) ring with third-party equipment SNCPs.
You can provision circuits at any of the following points:
•Before cards are installed. The ONS 15454 SDH allows you to provision slots and circuits before
installing the traffic cards. However, circuits cannot carry traffic until you install the cards and place
their ports in service. For card installation procedures and ring-related procedures, refer to the
Cisco ONS 15454 SDH Procedure Guide.
•After cards are installed, but before their ports are in service (enabled). You must put the ports in
service before circuits can carry traffic.
•After you preprovision the small form-factor pluggables (SFPs) (also called pluggable port modules
[PPMs]).
•When cards and SFPs are installed and ports are enabled. Circuits do not actually carry traffic until
the cards and SFPs are installed and the ports are in the Unlocked-enabled state; the
Locked-enabled,maintenance state; or the Unlocked-disabled,automaticInService state. Circuits
carry traffic as soon as the signal is received.

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Chapter 11 Circuits and Tunnels
11.2 Circuit Properties
11.2 Circuit Properties
The ONS 15454 SDH Circuits window, which appears in network, node, and card view, is where you can
view information about circuits. The Circuits window (Figure 11-1 on page 11-4) provides the following
information:
•Name—The name of the circuit. The circuit name can be manually assigned or automatically
generated.
•Type—Circuit types are HOP (high-order circuit), LOP (low-order circuit), VCT (VC low-order
tunnel), VCA (VC low-order aggregation point), OCHNC (dense wavelength division multiplexing
[DWDM] optical channel network connection, HOP_v (high-order virtual concatenated [VCAT]
circuit), and LOP_v (low-order VCAT circuit).
Note For OCHNC information, refer to the Cisco ONS 15454 DWDM Procedure Guide.
•Size—The circuit size. Low-order circuits are VC12, VC11 (XC-VXC-10G card only), and VC3.
High-order circuit sizes are VC4, VC4-2c, VC4-3c, VC4-4c, VC4-6c, VC4-8c, VC4-12c, VC4-16c,
and VC4-64c. OCHNC sizes are Equipped not specific, Multi-rate, 2.5 Gbps No FEC (forward error
correction), 2.5 Gbps FEC, 10 Gbps No FEC, and 10 Gbps FEC. High-order VCAT circuits are VC4
and VC4-4c. OCHNCs are DWDM only, refer to the Cisco ONS 15454 DWDM Procedure Guide for
more information. Low-order VCAT circuits are VC3 and VC12. For information on the number of
supported members for each card, see Table 11-13 on page 11-28.
•OCHNC Wlen—For OCHNCs, the wavelength provisioned for the DWDM optical channel network
connection. (DWDM only; refer to the Cisco ONS 15454 DWDM Procedure Guide for more
information).
•Direction—The circuit direction, either two-way (bidirectional) or one-way.
•OCHNC Dir—For OCHNCs, the direction of the DWDM optical channel network connection,
either east to west or west to east. (DWDM only; refer to the Cisco ONS 15454 DWDM Procedure
Guide for more information).
•Protection—The type of circuit protection. See the “11.2.4 Circuit Protection Types” section on
page 11-9.
•Status—The circuit status. See the “11.2.2 Circuit Status” section on page 11-6.
•Source—The circuit source in the format: node/slot/port “port name”/virtual container/tributary
unit group/tributary unit group/virtual container. (The port name appears in quotes.) Node and slot
always display; port “port name”/virtual container/tributary unit group/tributary unit group/virtual
container might display, depending on the source card, circuit type, and whether a name is assigned
to the port. For the STM64-XFP and MRC-12 cards, the port appears as port pluggable module
(PPM)-port. If the circuit size is a concatenated size (VC4-2c, VC4-4c, VC4-8c, etc.), VCs used in
the circuit are indicated by an ellipsis, for example, VC4-7..9 (VCs 7, 8, and 9) or VC4-10..12 (VC
10, 11, and 12).
•Destination—The circuit destination in same format (node/slot/port “port name”/virtual
container/tributary unit group/tributary unit group/virtual container) as the circuit source.
•# of VLANS—The number of VLANs used by an Ethernet circuit with end points on E-Series
Ethernet cards in single-card or multicard mode.
•# of Spans—The number of internode links that constitute the circuit. Right-clicking the column
shows a shortcut menu from which you can choose Span Details to show or hide circuit span detail.
For each node in the span, the span detail shows the node/slot/port/virtual container/tributary unit
group/tributary unit group/virtual container.

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11.2.1 Concatenated VC4 Time Slot Assignments
•State—The circuit state. See the “11.2.3 Circuit States” section on page 11-7.
The Filter button allows you to filter the circuits in network, node, or card view based on circuit name,
size, type, direction, and other attributes. In addition, you can export the Circuit window data in HTML,
comma-separated values (CSV), or tab-separated values (TSV) format using the Export command from
the File menu.
Figure 11-1 ONS 15454 SDH Circuit Window in Network View
11.2.1 Concatenated VC4 Time Slot Assignments
Table 11-1 shows the available time slot assignments for concatenated VC4s when using CTC to
provision circuits.
Table 11-1 VC4 Mapping Using CTC
Starting
VC4 VC4 VC4-2c VC4-3c VC4-4c VC4-6c VC4-8c VC4-12c VC4-16c VC4-64c
1Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2Yes Ye s Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No
3Yes Ye s No No Yes Yes Yes No No
4Yes N o Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No
5Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
6Yes Ye s Yes No Yes Yes No No No
7Yes Ye s Yes No Yes Yes No No No

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11.2.1 Concatenated VC4 Time Slot Assignments
8YesNoNoNoYesYesNoNoNo
9Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
10 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No
11 YesYesNoNoYesNoNoNoNo
12 YesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
13 Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No
14 YesYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNo
15 Yes Yes No No No No No No No
16 Yes No Yes No No No No No No
17 Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
18 Yes Ye s Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No
19 Yes Ye s Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No
20 YesNoNoNo YesYesYesNo No
21 Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
22 Yes Ye s Yes No Yes Yes No No No
23 Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No
24 YesNoNoNoYesYesNoNoNo
25 Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
26 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No
27 YesYesNoNoYesNoNoNoNo
28 Yes No Yes No No No No No No
29 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
30 YesYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNo
31 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No
32 YesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
33 Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
34 Yes Ye s Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No
35 Yes Ye s No No Yes Yes Yes No No
36 YesNoNoNo YesYesYesNo No
37 Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
38 Yes Ye s Yes No Yes Yes No No No
39 Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No
40 Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No No
41 Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
42 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No
Table 11-1 VC4 Mapping Using CTC (continued)
Starting
VC4 VC4 VC4-2c VC4-3c VC4-4c VC4-6c VC4-8c VC4-12c VC4-16c VC4-64c

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11.2.2 Circuit Status
11.2.2 Circuit Status
The circuit statuses that appear in the Circuit window Status column are generated by CTC based on
conditions along the circuit path. Table 11-2 shows the statuses that can appear in the Status column.
43 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No
44 YesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
45 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
46 YesYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNo
47 Yes Yes No No No No No No No
48 YesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
49 Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
50 Yes Ye s Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No
51 Yes Ye s No No Yes Yes Yes No No
52 Yes N o Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No
53 Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
54 Yes Ye s Yes No Yes Yes No No No
55 Yes Ye s Yes No Yes Yes No No No
56 YesNoNoNoYesYesNoNoNo
57 Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
58 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No
59 YesYesNoNoYesNoNoNoNo
60 YesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
61 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
62 YesYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNo
63 Yes Yes No No No No No No No
64 YesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
Table 11-1 VC4 Mapping Using CTC (continued)
Starting
VC4 VC4 VC4-2c VC4-3c VC4-4c VC4-6c VC4-8c VC4-12c VC4-16c VC4-64c
Table 11-2 ONS 15454 SDH Circuit Status
Status Definition/Activity
CREATING CTC is creating a circuit.
DISCOVERED CTC created a circuit. All components are in place and a complete path
exists from circuit source to destination.
DELETING CTC is deleting a circuit.

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11.2.3 Circuit States
11.2.3 Circuit States
The circuit service state is an aggregate of the cross-connect states within the circuit.
•If all cross-connects in a circuit are in the Unlocked-enabled service state, the circuit service state
is Unlocked.
•If all cross-connects in a circuit are in a Locked state (such as Locked-enabled,maintenance;
Unlocked-disabled,automaticInService; or Locked-enabled,disabled service state) or the
Unlocked-disabled,automaticInService state, the circuit service state is Locked.
PARTIAL A CTC-created circuit is missing a cross-connect or network span, a
complete path from source to destination(s) does not exist, or an alarm
interface panel (AIP) change occurred on one of the circuit nodes and
the circuit is in need of repair. (AIPs store the node MAC address.)
In CTC, circuits are represented using cross-connects and network
spans. If a network span is missing from a circuit, the circuit status is
PARTIAL. However, a PARTIAL status does not necessarily mean a
circuit traffic failure has occurred, because traffic might flow on a
protect path.
Network spans are in one of two states: up or down. On CTC circuit
and network maps, up spans appear as green lines, and down spans
appear as gray lines. If a failure occurs on a network span during a
CTC session, the span remains on the network map but its color
changes to gray to indicate that the span is down. If you restart your
CTC session while the failure is active, the new CTC session cannot
discover the span and its span line does not appear on the network map.
Subsequently, circuits routed on a network span that goes down appear
as DISCOVERED during the current CTC session, but appear as
PARTIAL to users who log in after the span failure.
DISCOVERED_TL1 A TL1-created circuit or a TL1-like, CTC-created circuit is complete.
A complete path from source to destination(s) exists.
PARTIAL_TL1 A TL1-created circuit or a TL1-like, CTC-created circuit is missing a
cross-connect or circuit span (network link), and a complete path from
source to destination does not exist.
CONVERSION_PENDING An existing circuit in a topology upgrade is set to this status. The
circuit returns to the DISCOVERED status when the in-service
topology upgrade is complete. For more information about in-service
topology upgrades, see Chapter 12, “SDH Topologies and Upgrades.”
PENDING_MERGE Any new circuits created to represent an alternate path in a topology
upgrade are set to this status to indicate that it is a temporary circuit.
These circuits can be deleted if an in-service topology upgrade fails.
For more information about in-service topology upgrades, see
Chapter 12, “SDH Topologies and Upgrades.”
DROP_PENDING A circuit is set to this status when a new circuit drop is being added.
Table 11-2 ONS 15454 SDH Circuit Status (continued)
Status Definition/Activity

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11.2.3 Circuit States
•Partial is appended to the Locked circuit service state when circuit cross-connects state are mixed
and not all in the Unlocked-enabled service state. The Locked-partial state can occur during
automatic or manual transitions between states. The Locked-partial service state can appear during
a manual transition caused by an abnormal event such as a CTC crash or communication error, or if
one of the cross-connects could not be changed. Refer to the Cisco ONS 15454 SDH
Troubleshooting Guide for troubleshooting procedures. The Locked-partial circuit state does not
apply to OCHNC circuit types.
You can assign a state to circuit cross-connects at two points:
•During circuit creation, you can set the state on the Create Circuit wizard.
•After circuit creation, you can change a circuit state in the Edit Circuit window or from the
Tools > Circuits > Set Circuit State menu.
Note After you have created an initial circuit in a CTC session, the subsequent circuit states default to the
circuit state of the initial circuit, regardless of which nodes in the network the circuits traverse or the
node.ckt.state default setting.
During circuit creation, you can apply a service state to the drop ports in a circuit. You cannot transition
a port from the Unlocked-enabled service state to the Locked-enabled,disabled state. You must first
transition the port to the Locked-enabled,maintenance state before changing it to the
Locked-enabled,disabled state. For more information about port service state transitions, see
Appendix B, “Administrative and Service States.”
Circuits do not use the soak timer, but ports do. The soak period is the amount of time that the port
remains in the Unlocked-disabled,automaticInService service state after a signal is continuously
received. When the cross-connects in a circuit are in the Unlocked-disabled,automaticInService service
state, the ONS 15454 SDH monitors the cross-connects for an error-free signal. It changes the state of
the circuit from Locked to Unlocked or to Locked-partial as each cross-connect assigned to the circuit
path is completed. This allows you to provision a circuit using TL1, verify its path continuity, and
prepare the port to go into service when it receives an error-free signal for the time specified in the port
soak timer.
To find the remaining port soak time, choose the Maintenance > AINS Soak tabs in card view and click
the Retrieve button. If the port is in the Unlocked-disabled,automaticInService state and has a good
signal, the Time Until IS column shows the soak count down status. If the port is
Unlocked-disabled,automaticInService and has a bad signal, the Time Until IS column indicates that the
signal is bad. You must click the Retrieve button to obtain the latest time value.
Note Although ML-Series cards do not use the Telcordia GR-1093-CORE state model, you can also set a soak
timer for ML-Series cards ports. The soak period is the amount of time that the ML-Series port remains
in the Down state after an error-free signal is continuously received before changing to the Up state. To
find the remaining port soak time, choose the Maintenance > Ether/POS Port Soak tabs in ML-Series
card view and click the Retrieve button.
For more information about cross-connect states, see Appendix B, “Administrative and Service States.”

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11.2.4 Circuit Protection Types
11.2.4 Circuit Protection Types
The Protection column in the Circuit window shows the card (line) and SDH topology (path) protection
used for the entire circuit path. Table 11-3 shows the protection type indicators that appear in this
column.
11.2.5 Circuit Information in the Edit Circuit Window
You can edit a selected circuit using the Edit button on the Circuits window. The tabs that appear depend
on the circuit chosen:
•General—Displays general circuit information and allows you to edit the circuit name.
•Drops—Allows you to add a drop to a unidirectional circuit. For more information, see the
“11.5 Multiple Destinations for Unidirectional Circuits” section on page 11-14.
Table 11-3 Circuit Protection Types
Protection Type Description
1+1 The circuit is protected by a 1+1 protection group.
2F MS-SPRing The circuit is protected by a two-fiber MS-SPRing.
4F MS-SPRing The circuit is protected by a four-fiber MS-SPRing.
2F-PCA The circuit is routed on a protection channel access (PCA) path on a two-fiber
MS-SPRing; PCA circuits are unprotected.
4F-PCA The circuit is routed on a PCA path on a four-fiber MS-SPRing; PCA circuits are
unprotected.
DRI The circuit is protected by a dual-ring interconnection.
MS-SPRing The circuit is protected by both a two-fiber and a four-fiber MS-SPRing.
N/A A circuit with connections on the same node is not protected.
PCA The circuit is routed on a PCA path on both two-fiber and four-fiber MS-SPRings;
PCA circuits are unprotected.
Protected The circuit is protected by diverse SDH topologies, for example, an MS-SPRing and
an SNCP, or an SNCP and a 1+1 protection group.
SNCP The circuit is protected by an SNCP.
SPLITTER The circuit is protected by the protect transponder (TXPP_MR_2.5G) splitter
protection. For splitter information, refer to the Cisco ONS 15454 DWDM
Installation and Operations Guide.
Unknown A circuit has a source and destination on different nodes and communication is
down between the nodes. This protection type appears if not all circuit components
are known.
Unprot (black) A circuit with a source and destination on different nodes is not protected.
Unprot (red) A circuit created as a fully protected circuit is no longer protected due to a system
change, such as removal of a MS-SPRing or 1+1 protection group.
Y-Cable The circuit is protected by a transponder or muxponder card Y-cable protection
group. For more information, refer to the Cisco ONS 15454 DWDM Installation and
Operations Guide.

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11.2.5 Circuit Information in the Edit Circuit Window
•Monitors—Displays possible monitor sources and allows you to create a monitor circuit. For more
information, see the “11.6 Monitor Circuits” section on page 11-14.
•SNCP Selectors—Allows you to change SNCP selectors. For more information, see the
“11.7 SNCP Circuits” section on page 11-15.
•SNCP Switch Counts—Allows you to change SNCP switch protection paths. For more information,
see the “11.7 SNCP Circuits” section on page 11-15.
•State—Allows you to edit cross-connect service states.
•Merge—Allows you to merge aligned circuits. For more information, see the “11.18 Merged
Circuits” section on page 11-36.
Using the Export command from the File menu, you can export data from the SNCP Selectors, SNCP
Switch Counts, State, and Merge tabs in HTML, comma-separated values (CSV), or tab-separated values
(TSV) format.
The Show Detailed Map checkbox in the Edit Circuit window updates the graphical view of the circuit
to show more detailed routing information, such as:
•Circuit direction (unidirectional/bidirectional)
•The nodes, VC4s, VC3/TUG3, TUG2s, VC12s, and VC11s through which the circuit passes,
including slots and port numbers
•The circuit source and destination points
•Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) area IDs
•Link protection (SNCP, unprotected, MS-SPRing, 1+1) and bandwidth (STM-N)
For MS-SPRings, the detailed map shows the number of MS-SPRing fibers and the MS-SPRing ring ID.
For SNCP rings, the map shows the active and standby paths from circuit source to destination, and it
also shows the working and protect paths. Selectors appear as pentagons on the detailed circuit map. The
map indicates nodes set up as dual-ring interconnect nodes. For VCAT circuits, the detailed map is not
available for an entire VCAT circuit. However, you can view the detailed map to view the circuit route
for each individual member.
You can also view alarms and states on the circuit map, including:
•Alarm states of nodes on the circuit route
•Number of alarms on each node organized by severity
•Port service states on the circuit route
•Alarm state/color of the most severe alarm on the port
•Loopbacks
•Path trace states
•Path selectors states
For example, in an SNCP, the working path is indicated by a green, bidirectional arrow, and the protect
path is indicated by a purple, bidirectional arrow. Source and destination ports are shown as circles with
an S and a D. Port service states are indicated by colors, shown in Table 11-4.
Table 11-4 Port State Color Indicators
Port Color Service State
Green Unlocked-enabled
Gray Locked-enabled,disabled