Crown Class-I User manual

The Class-I Amplifier
The Class-I Amplifier
Class-I, also known as BCA (Balanced Current Ampli-
fier) is Crown’s patented, cutting-edge technology that
getsmorepoweroutofanamplifierwithlesswastethan
was ever before possible.
Class-I technology offers several key advantages. It
providesunprecedentedefficiency,requiringlesspower
fromtheACsupplythan otherdesignsand thatcanadd
up to significant cost savings over the life of the ampli-
fier. Class-I handles reactive loudspeaker loads easily
and gracefully, by reusing energy returned from the
loudspeaker rather than dissipating it as heat or forcing
the amp into premature current limiting. This character-
istic means class-I amplifiers run better and longer—
especially at lower impedances. It also makes them
more reliable, since they are not constantly stressed to
theirlimits or subjected to excessiveheat. Best of all, as
proudowners canattest,amplifierswith class-Itechnol-
ogy sound great, with a powerful, accurate sound that
stands out from the competition.
Crown’s class-I “switching” technology is a completely
new adaptation of switching (PWM) amplifier design.
ThispaperprovidesasimplifiedoverviewofClass-I,but
beforewe explore its inner-workings, weneed to look at
the foundation of all previous high-power amplifier de-
signs in order to fully appreciate how class-I stands
apart.
TRANSISTOR OPERATION
To understand the different amplifier classes, it helps to
understandalittleabouthowtransistorsoperate.Biasis
a technical term referring to the static operating condi-
tionofanelectronicdevice,suchasatransistor.Inother
words, bias defines how much conduction takes place
inthetransistorwithnodynamicsignalinput.Transistors
may operate in three possible states: cutoff, saturation,
orsomewhereinbetween.Thecutoffstateiswhenthere
is not enough signal present to cause the device to
conduct.Saturationreferstowhenthedevicehasreached
maximum conductivity. Amplifiers referred to as “dissi-
pative” control their output by operating in the region
between cutoff and saturation.
CLASS-A
Class-A amplifiers are the simplest in design, and can
be the most distortion-free of all amplifier classes. In
class-A, the output devices are biased on all the time
with a current large enough to produce the largest
output signal.
Some class-A amplifiers may employ both a positive
and negative device in a push-pull arrangement to
increaseoutput power, but both devices still are biased
on and conduct all the time. Class-A amplifiers are
generally considered to be the most accurate of all
classesinlowtomoderatepowerranges and are useful
for applications such as preamp stages; however, they
createtremendousamountsofheatduetotheirverylow
efficiency, making them impractical for high-power am-
plification. Other amplifier classes have been devel-
oped over time to overcome the class-A efficiency
problem.
CLASS-B AND TIME ALTERNATION
Class-B was invented as a solution to the efficiency
problemwith class-A. The invention ofclass-B is signifi-
cant in that with it came the concept of time alternation,
which has been the foundation of virtually all power
amplifier designs used for audio reproduction and in-
dustrial power since about 1931 to the present. While
many incremental improvements have been brought to
market since that time, none have varied from the basic
time-alternation paradigm.
The basic class-B amplifier implements two devices in
theoutputstageina“push-pull”arrangement,witheach
amplifying half of the waveform, and the devices oper-
ate in strict time alternation. When the signal goes
positive,thepositivedeviceconductswhilethenegative
Class-A Operation
Class-B Operation

The Class-I Amplifier
device is biased off. In turn, when the signal goes
negative, the positive device biases off while the nega-
tive device turns on and conducts the negative portion
of the signal.
This configuration provides much greater efficiency
than class-A. The problem with class-B is that it can
create distortion at the zero-crossing point of the wave-
form, making it unsuitable for precision amplifier appli-
cations.Improvementstoandvariationsofclass-Bhave
been developed to solve the crossover-distortion prob-
lem, and many are in common use today; however, all
operate under the push-pull and time-alternation para-
digms.
All amplifier classes have theoretical limits to their effi-
ciency, meaning they all waste a portion of the energy
they draw from the AC mains supply. Dissipative de-
signs such as class-A, class-B and other variations,
have theoretical limits well below those of “switching”
designssincetheyoperateinthatregionbetweencutoff
and saturation. This lower efficiency may not be a
particular problem with lower power applications; how-
ever, it can be a major factor in large amplifiers, and
when several amplifiers are being used in an applica-
tion. AC mains power may be limited and/or expensive
to supply, and excessive heat created by dissipative
amplifierscanalsobeinconvenientandcostlytodealwith.
PWM
PWM(PulseWidthModulation)hasbeen used for years
in non-precision amplifiers to achieve very high effi-
ciency. A PWM converter modulates the analog signal
onto a fixed-frequency carrier wave, creating pulses
THE TIME-ALTERNATION PROBLEM IN PWM
The primary drawback to using previously existing
(class-D) PWM technology in a precision, high-power
audio amplifier output stage has been that in order to
keepdistortion sufficiently low, accurate timingcircuitry
isabsolutelycritical.Eventheslightestvariationintiming
cancausebothpositiveandnegativeswitchingdevices
tobe onatthesame time,allowinghigh“shoot-through”
current to destroy the output circuitry. In essence, the
time-alternation paradigm works well for dissipative
amplifiers, but not so well for switching ones.
Crown invented a highly reliable PWM amplifier output
stage that produces very little audible distortion, and
solves the reliability challenge. This was made possible
byadapting,forthefirsttimeinamplifierdesign,thevery
opposite of time alternation.
CLASS-I OPERATION
The push-pull paradigm is part of class-I but the time-
alternation paradigm is not. In class-I, two sets of
switching output devices are arranged in a “parallel”
fashion and operating balanced in time, with both sets
sampling the same input waveform. One set is dedi-
cated to the positive current portion of the waveform,
andtheothertothenegativecurrentportion.Whenthere
is no signal applied, or when a signal varying in ampli-
tude reaches the "zero crossing" between positive and
negative,theswitchingdevicesarebeingturnedonand
off simultaneously with a 50% duty cycle. The result is
the formation of two balanced and canceling high-
frequency output currents with no net output at the no-
signal condition. The two output currents are said to be
“interleaved,”andclass-Iisnamedfromthisinterleaved
characteristic.
To produce a positive output signal, the output of the
positive switching device is increased in duty while the
negative switching device is decreased by the same
PWM Sampling of an Analog Waveform
that vary in width depending upon the amplitude of the
signal's waveform. This creates a “sampling” of the
signal, which is then converted back to analog to drive
the load. The output devices “switch” between fully on
(saturation) and fully off (cutoff) states, so they waste
very little energy. Class-I Switches, Signal at Zero Amplitude

The Class-I Amplifier
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amount. Class-I uses symmetrical interleaved PWM,
meaning both the leading edges and trailing edges of
the pulse are varied according to the amplitude of the
signal,and the spacingbetween pulse centersremains
constant. Both the positive and negative switch pulses
remain aligned on-center, and the net output current is
positive.
Class-I Switches, Positive Signal
Class-I Switches, Negative Signal
Reactive Energy Returned to Amplifier
From Loudspeaker
Likewise, to produce a negative output signal, the
output of the negative switching device is increased in
dutywhilethepositiveswitchingdeviceisdecreasedby
the same amount. Again, both switch pulses remain
alignedon-center,and thenetoutputcurrentis negative.
tive energy returned from the loudspeaker to the ampli-
fier is reabsorbed and output again to the loudspeaker
with little loss. Non-switching, dissipative amplifiers are
forced to dissipate all of the returned energy and more
in the form of heat. This means class-I amplifiers are
louder than other amplifiers with comparible power
specs, yet they stay much cooler, and can be lighter
since they don’t need nearly as much mass for heat
dissipation.
Dissipative Amplifier
Class-I Amplifier
Reactive Energy
Reactive Energy
Theresultof using interleaved PWM isthatbyoperating
theswitchingdevicesat250kHz,thesignaliseffectively
modulatedat500kHzsinceboththeleadingandtrailing
edges of each pulse contribute to the output ripple
current. This arrangement further increases efficiency,
since switching losses are effectively halved by operat-
ing the switching devices at 250 kHz, rather than at 500
kHz as would be necessary with class-D designs to
achieve the same effective sampling of the waveform.
Class-I amplifiers also have all of the nearly ideal power
converter attributes of class-D PWM amplifiers, in that
reactive loudspeaker loads are easily driven. The reac-
With it’s rock-solid reliability, high quality audio repro-
duction and unmatched efficiency, Crown’s patented
class-I technology creates a totally new paradigm for
amplifier design that represents the future of profes-
sional amplifiers.