Empire Comfort Systems EMPIRE GATEWAY 2300 User manual

TEST REPORT
SCOPE: EMISSIONS, EFFICIENCY AND OUTPUT
FUEL: CORDWOOD
TEST STANDARD: EPA
MODEL: EMPIRE GATEWAY 2300 WOOD STOVE
Notice to reader: Our Empire Gateway 2300 wood s ove was
es ed as par of our 2.3 Series (ESCAPE 1800) firebox.
Therefore, he 2.3 Series (ESCAPE 1800) is referenced
hroughou he a ached es repor .

LISTING REPORT FOR APPLICANT
ISSUED: Nov 30 2017 11:01AM
INSPECTION TESTS AND EVALUATION OF
SBI - Series 2.3 Escape 1800 Emissions and Efficiency (35697)
RENDERED TO
Stove Builder International Inc.
250, rue de Copenhague
St - Augustin - de - Desmaures, QC G3A 2H3
Canada
GENERAL: This report gives the results of the inspection, tests and evaluation of the above for
compliance with applicable requirements of the following standards: CSA B415.1 (2010), ASTM E2515
(2010),
This report is for the exclusive use of Intertek
’
s Client and is provided pursuant to the agreement between Intertek and its Client. Intertek's responsibility and liability are limited to the terms and
conditions of the agreement. Intertek assumes no liability to any party, other than to the Client in accordance with the agreement, for any loss, expense or damage occasioned by the use of this
report. Only the Client is authorized to permit copying or distribution of this report and then only in its entirety. Any use of the Intertek name or one of its marks for the sale or advertisement of the
tested material, product or service must first be approved in writing by Intertek. The observations and test results in this report are relevant only to the sample tested. This report by itself does not
imply that the material, product, or service is or has ever been under an Intertek certification program.

CORRELATION FOR MULTIPLE LISTEES
Applicant/Basic Listee:
Stove Builder International Inc.
250, rue de Copenhague
St
- Augustin - de - Desmaures, QC G3A 2H3
Canada
Applicant/Manufacturer(s):
Stove Builder International Inc. (Laguadeloupe)
Contact: Claude Pare
Phone: 418
- 878 - 3040 ext 255
Fax: 418
- 878 - 3001
Email: cpare@sbi
- international.com
Parties Authorized to Apply Mark:
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PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
Product Covered:
SBI
- Series 2.3 Escape 1800 Emissions and Efficiency
Product Description:
Product covered:
Series 2.3 wood Fuel Room Heaters
Final emission results are as follows
:
Testing was also run as per WK47329
- 16. See Appendix I of testing report.
Model:
Escape 1800
Units
Maximum Output:
28,600
Btu/hr
Weighted average Emission Rate
1.54
g/hr
Weighted Average CO Emissions Rate:
1.49
g/min
Weighted Average Efficiency
69
%HHV
Test Fuel:
Cordwood
Attribute
Value
Criteria
CSA B415.1 (2010)
Criteria
ASTM E2515 (2010)
CSI Code
10 30 00 Fireplaces and Stoves
Intertek Services
Certification
Listed or Inspected
LISTED
Listing Section
SOLID FUEL EMISSIONS AND EFFICIENCY
Report Number
103124842MTL
- 001
Spec ID
35697
Test Original Issue Date
21
- July - 2017
Verification Testing
No
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DRAWING INDEX
Certificate of Conformity
-
Series 2.3 Escape 1800 Adjustable Burn Rate Wood Burning Heater Emissions &
Efficiency
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Certificate of Conformity - Series 2.3 Escape 1800 Adjustable Burn Rate Wood
Burning Heater Emissions & Efficiency
www.intertek.com
The certificate and schedule are held in force by regular annual surveillance visits by Intertek Testing Services NA, Inc. and the reader or user should contact Intertek to validate its
status. This certificate remains the property of Intertek Testing Services NA, Inc. and must be returned to them on demand. This Certificate is for the exclusive use of Intertek's Client
and is provided pursuant to the Certification agreement between Intertek and its Client. Intertek's responsibility and liability are limited to the terms and conditions of the agreement.
Intertek assumes no liability to any party, other than to the Client in accordance with the agreement, for any loss, expense or damage occasioned by the use of this certificate. Only
the Client is authorized to permit copying or distribution of this certificate and then only in its entirety. Use of Intertek’s Certification mark is restricted to the conditions laid out in the
agreement. Any further use of the Intertek name for the sale or advertisement of the tested material, product or service must first be approved in writing by Intertek. Initial Factory
Assessments and Follow up Services are for the purpose of assuring appropriate usage of the Certification mark in accordance with the agreement, they are not for the purposes of
production quality control and do not relieve the Client of their obligations in this respect.
Certificate of Conformity
Certification body: Intertek Testing Services NA, Inc.
Initial registration: August 29, 2017
Date of expiry: No expiry date
Issue status: 4
Product: Model 2.3 Series Escape 1800
Maximum Output: 28,600 Btu/hour
Weighted Average Emissions Rate: 1.54 g/hr
Weighted Average CO Emissions Rate: 1.49 g/min
Weighted Average Efficiency: 69% HHV
Test Fuel Type: Cordwood
Compliance: Certified to comply with 2020 particulate emissions standard.
Report Number: 103124842MTL-001
Emissions – Adjustable Burn Rate Wood
Burning Heater
EPA 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart AAA, ASTM E2515-2011, CSA B415.1-2010
Certificate number: WHI17 – 21514307
Organization:
Company Name: Stove Builder International Inc.
Address: 250 de Copenhague
City, State: St-Augustin-de-Desmaures, QC
Zip Code: G3A 2H3
Countr
y
: Canada
This is a certificate of
conformity to certify that the
bearer has successfully
completed the requirements
of the above scheme which
include the testing of
products, the initial
assessment, and are subject
to continuing annual
assessments of their
compliance and testing of
samples of products taken
from production (as
applicable to the scheme)
and has been registered
within the scheme for the
products detailed.
Dustin Behling
Certification Coordination Mana
g
er 11
/
30
/
2017
Name Signature Date
Registered address:
Intertek Testing Services NA, Inc. 545 E. Algonquin Rd. Arlington Heights, IL 60005 USA
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MANUFACTURING INFORMATION
Product Covered
The series 2.3
- Escape 1800 is constructed of sheet steel.
Proprietary drawings and manufacturing methods are on file at Intertek in 1829
32nd Avenue Montreal (Lachine), QC Canada H8T 3J1 and in the EPA filing system.
The Escape 1800 is a freestanding wood burning stove constructed of carbon steel from the 2.3 Series. The outer
dimensions of the Escape 1800 are 25.625
- inches wide, 33.5 - inches high and 26.75 -
inches deep. The unit has a
front door with a viewing glass.
Drawings are reproduced in this specification.
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SIGNATURE PAGE
Reported By:
Reviewed By:
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DRAWING INDEX
100
-
Owner's manual ESCAPE 1800
200
- Label Escape 1800
300
- Drawings Escape 1800
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100 - Owner's manual ESCAPE 1800
READ AND KEEP THIS MANUAL FOR REFERENCE
45904A
Printed in Canada 18-07-2017
Installation and Operation Manual
Escape 1800
(DB03105 models)
‘‘U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Certified to comply with 2020
particulate emission standards using cord wood.’’
Safety tested according to ULC S627, UL 737 and UL
1482 Standards
by an accredited laboratory
www.drolet.ca
Stove Builder International Inc.
250, rue de Copenhague, St-Augustin-de-Desmaures (Quebec) Canada G3A 2H3
After-sale service: 418-908-8002 E-mail: [e-mail]
This manual is available for free download on the manufacturer’s web site. It is a copyrighted
document. Re-
sale is strictly prohibited. The manufacturer may update this manual from time
to time and cannot be responsible for problems, injuries, or damages arising out of the u
se of
information contained in any manual obtained from unauthorized sources.
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100 - Owner's manual ESCAPE 1800 (2 of 59)
Installation and Operation Manual for Escape 1800
2
THANK YOU FOR CHOOSING THIS DROLET WOOD STOVE
As one of North America’s largest and most respected wood stove and fireplace
manufacturers, Stove Builder International takes pride in the quality and performance of all
its products. We want to help you get maximum satisfaction as you use this product.
In the pages that follow you will find general advice on wood heating, detailed instructions
for safe and effective installation, and guidance on how to get the best performance from
this stove as you build and maintain fires, and maintain your wood heating system.
We recommend that our wood burning hearth products be installed and serviced by
professionals who are certified in the United States by NFI (National Fireplace Institute®) or
in Canada by WETT (Wood Energy Technology Transfer) or in Quebec by APC
(Association des Professionnels du Chauffage).
Congratulations on making a wise purchase.
When this stove is not properly installed, a house fire may result. To reduce the risk
of fire, follow the installation instructions. Contact local building or fire officials
about restrictions and installation inspection requirements in your area.
Please read this entire manual before you install and use your new stove. Failure to
follow instructions may result in property damage, bodily injury, or even death. It is
important that you follow the installations guidelines exactly.
You may need to obtain a building permit for the installation of this stove and the
chimney that it is connected to. Consult your municipal building department or fire
department before installation to determine the need to obtain one. We recommend
that you also inform your home insurance company to find out if the installation will
affect your policy.
REGISTER YOUR WARRANTY ONLINE
To receive full warranty coverage, you will need to show
evidence of the date you purchased your stove. Keep your sales
invoice. We also recommend that you register your warranty
online at:
http://www.drolet.ca/en/service-support/warranty-
registration
Registering your warranty online will help us to quickly track the
information we need about your stove.
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3
Table of content
PART A - OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE........................................................ 5
1Safety Information ........................................................................................... 5
1.1 Summary of Operation and Maintenance Cautions and Warnings ....................................5
2General Information on Escape 1800............................................................. 6
2.1 Appliance performance(1)...................................................................................................6
2.2 General Features ..............................................................................................................7
2.3 Zone Heating and How to Make it Work for You..............................................................10
2.4 The Benefits of Low Emissions and High Efficiency ........................................................10
2.5 The SBI Commitment to You and the Environment .........................................................11
2.5.1 What is Your New Stove Made Of? .............................................................................11
3Fuel.................................................................................................................. 12
3.1 Materials That Should Not be Burned..............................................................................12
3.2 How to Prepare or Buy Good Firewood...........................................................................12
3.2.1 What is Good Firewood? .............................................................................................12
3.2.2 Tree Species ...............................................................................................................12
3.2.3 Log Length ..................................................................................................................13
3.2.4 Piece Size ...................................................................................................................13
3.2.5 How to Dry Firewood ...................................................................................................14
3.2.6 Judging Firewood Moisture Content ............................................................................15
3.3 Manufactured Logs .........................................................................................................15
4Operating Your Stove.................................................................................... 16
4.1 The use of a fire screen........................................................... Erreur ! Signet non défini.
4.2 Your First Fires................................................................................................................16
4.3 Lighting Fires ..................................................................................................................16
4.3.1 Conventional Fire Starting ...........................................................................................17
4.3.2 The Top Down Fire......................................................................................................16
4.3.3 Two Parallel Logs ........................................................................................................17
4.3.4 Using Fire Starters.......................................................................................................17
4.4 Maintaining Wood Fires...................................................................................................18
4.4.1 General Advice ............................................................................................................ 18
4.4.2 Ash Removal ...............................................................................................................18
4.4.3 Raking Charcoal ..........................................................................................................19
4.4.4 Firing Each New Load Hot ...........................................................................................20
4.4.5 Turning Down the Air Supply .......................................................................................20
4.4.6 Building Different Fires for Different Needs..................................................................21
5Maintaining Your Wood Heating System..................................................... 24
5.1 Stove Maintenance .........................................................................................................24
5.1.1 Cleaning Door Glass....................................................................................................24
5.1.2 Door adjustment ..........................................................................................................25
5.1.3 Replacing the Door Gasket..........................................................................................25
5.1.4 Replacing the Glass Gasket and/or the Glass..............................................................26
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5.1.5 Cleaning and Painting the Stove..................................................................................27
5.2 Chimney and Chimney Connector Maintenance..............................................................27
5.2.1 Why Chimney Cleaning is Necessary ..........................................................................27
5.2.2 How Often Should You Clean the Chimney? ...............................................................27
5.2.3 Cleaning the Chimney .................................................................................................28
PART B - INSTALLATION ..................................................................................... 29
6Safety Information ......................................................................................... 29
6.1 Summary of Installation Cautions and Warnings .............................................................29
6.2 Regulations Covering Stove Installation ..........................................................................30
7Clearances to Combustible Material............................................................ 30
7.1 Location of the certification label .....................................................................................30
7.2 Clearances to Walls and Ceiling......................................................................................31
7.3 Floor protector.................................................................................................................35
7.4 Reducing Wall and Ceiling Clearances Safely.................................................................36
7.4.1 Shield Construction Rules............................................................................................36
7.4.2 Table of Clearance Reduction Percentages.................................................................38
8The Venting System ...................................................................................... 39
8.1 General ...........................................................................................................................39
8.2 Suitable Chimneys ..........................................................................................................39
8.2.1 Factory-built Metal Chimneys ......................................................................................40
8.2.2 Factory-built Metal Chimneys in mobile homes............................................................40
8.2.3 Masonry Chimneys ......................................................................................................41
8.3 Minimum Chimney Height ...............................................................................................41
8.4 The Relationship Between the Chimney and the House..................................................42
8.4.1 Why inside chimneys are preferred..............................................................................42
8.4.2 Why the chimney should penetrate the highest heated space .....................................43
8.5 Supply of Combustion Air................................................................................................43
8.5.1 Combustion Air Supply in Mobile Homes .....................................................................44
8.5.2 Air Supply in Conventional Houses..............................................................................44
8.6 Installing the Chimney Connector....................................................................................44
8.6.1 Installation of Single Wall Chimney Connector.............................................................45
Appendix 1: Installing the Legs (DB03112 Only) ............................................... 47
Appendix 2: Installing the Optional Fresh Air Intake Kit (AC01336) ................ 49
Appendix 3: Installing the Optional Fire Screen (AC01315).... Erreur ! Signet non
défini.
Appendix 4: Use and Installation of the Optional Blower and Thermodisc .... 51
Appendix 5: Installation of Secondary Air Tubes and Baffle ............................ 54
Appendix 6: Exploded Diagram and Parts List .................................................. 56
DROLET LIMITED LIFETIME WARRANTY........................................................... 59
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100 - Owner's manual ESCAPE 1800 (5 of 59)
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5
PART A - OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Please see Part B for installation instructions.
1 Safety Information
1.1 Summary of Operation and Maintenance Cautions and Warnings
•HOT WHILE IN OPERATION, KEEP CHILDREN, CLOTHING AND FURNITURE
AWAY. CONTACT MAY CAUSE SKIN BURNS. GLOVES MAY BE NEEDED FOR
STOVE OPERATION.
•USING A STOVE WITH CRACKED OR BROKEN COMPONENTS, SUCH AS GLASS
OR FIREBRICKS OR BAFFLES MAY PRODUCE AN UNSAFE CONDITION AND
MAY DAMAGE THE STOVE.
•OPEN THE AIR CONTROL FULLY BEFORE OPENING FIRING DOOR.
•THIS STOVE HAS BEEN TESTED FOR USE WITH AN OPEN DOOR IN
CONJUNCTION WITH A FIRE SCREEN (AC01315, SOLD SEPARATELY). THE
DOOR MAY BE OPEN OR FIRE SCREEN REMOVED ONLY DURING LIGHTING
PROCEDURES OR RELOADING. ALWAYS CLOSE THE DOOR OR PUT BACK
THE FIRE SCREEN AFTER IGNITION. DO NOT LEAVE THE STOVE UNATTENDED
WHEN THE DOOR IS OPENED WITH OR WITHOUT FIRE SCREEN.
•NEVER USE GASOLINE, GASOLINE-TYPE LANTERN FUEL (NAPHTHA), FUEL
OIL, MOTOR OIL, KEROSENE, CHARCOAL LIGHTER FLUID, OR SIMILAR
LIQUIDS OR AEROSOLS TO START OR ‘FRESHEN UP’ A FIRE IN THIS STOVE.
KEEP ALL SUCH LIQUIDS OR AEROSOLS WELL AWAY FROM THE STOVE
WHILE IT IS IN USE.
•DO NOT STORE FUEL WITHIN HEATER MINIMUM INSTALLATION CLEARANCES.
•BURN ONLY SEASONED NATURAL FIREWOOD.
•DO NOT BURN:
oGARBAGE OF ANY KIND,
oCOAL OR CHARCOAL,
oTREATED, PAINTED OR COATED WOOD,
oPLYWOOD OR PARTICLE BOARD,
oFINE PAPER, COLORED PAPER OR CARDBOARD,
oSALT WATER DRIFTWOOD OR
oRAILROAD TIES.
•DO NOT ELEVATE THE FIRE BY USING A GRATE IN THIS STOVE.
•THIS WOOD HEATER NEEDS PERIODIC INSPECTION AND REPAIR FOR
PROPER OPERATION. IT IS AGAINST FEDERAL REGULATIONS TO OPERATE
THIS WOOD HEATER IN A MANNER INSONSISTENT WITH OPERATING
INSTRUCTIONS IN THIS MANUAL.
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100 - Owner's manual ESCAPE 1800 (6 of 59)
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2 General Information on Escape 1800
DB03105
Escape 1800 - On pedestal - black door
2.1 Appliance performance(1)
Fuel type
Dry cordwood
Recommended heating area
[*]
500 to 2,100 ft
2
(47 to 195 m
2
)
Firebox volume
2.02 ft
3
(0.057 m
3
)
Maximum burn time
[*]
8 h
Maximum heat output
(2)
(dry cordwood)
75,000 BTU/h (22.0 kW)
Overall heat output rate (min. to max.)(2)(3)
14,800 BTU/h to 28,600 BTU/h
(4.3 kW to 8.4 kW)
Average overall efficiency
(3)
- Dry cordwood
69% (HHV
(4)
)
74% (LHV
(5)
)
Optimum efficiency
(2)(6)
77%
Average particulate emissions rate
(7)
1.54 g/h
Average CO
(8)
89 g/h ; 1 g/min
[*] Recommended heating area and maximum burn time may vary subject to location in home, chimney draft, heat loss
factors, climate, fuel type and other variables
. The recommended heated area for a given appliance is defined by the
manufacturer as its capacity to maintain a minimum acceptable temperature in the designated area in case of a
power failure.
(1) Values are as measured per test method, except for the recommended heating area, firebox volume, maximum burn
time and maximum heat output.
(2) The maximum heat output (dry cordwood) is based on a loading density varying between 15 lb/ft3and 20 lb/ft3.
Other performances are based on a fuel load prescribed by the standard. The specified loading density varies
between 7 lb/ft³ and 12 lb/ft3. The moisture content is between 19% and 25%.
(3) As measured per CSA B415.1-10 stack loss method.
(4) Higher Heating Value of the fuel.
(5) Lower Heating Value of the fuel.
(6) Optimum overall efficiency at a specific burn rate (LHV).
(7) This appliance is officially tested and certified by an independent agency.
(8) Carbon monoxide.
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2.2 General Features
Maximum log length
20 in (508 mm) east-west*
Flue outlet diameter
6 in (152 mm)
Recommended connector pipe diameter
6 in (152 mm)
Type of chimney
CAN/ULC S629, UL 103 HT (2100 °F)
Baffle material
Vermiculite
Approved for alcove installation
Not approved
Approved for mobile home installation
‡
Yes
Shipping weight (without option)
382 lb (173 kg)
Appliance weight (model with legs)
325 lb (147 kg)
Appliance weight (model with pedestal)
329 lb (149 kg)
Type of door
Single, glass with cast iron frame
Type of glass
Ceramic glass
Blower
Optional (up to 130 CFM)
Particulate emission standard
EPA / CSA B415.1-10
USA standard (safety)
UL 1482, UL 737
Canadian standard (safety)
ULC S627
**
East-west: through the door you see the longitudinal sides of the logs; north-
south: through the door you see the tips
of the logs.
‡Mobile home (Canada) or manufactured home (USA): The US department of Housing and Urban Development
describes “manufactured homes” better known as “mobile homes” as followed; buildings built on fixed wheels and
those transported on temporar
y wheels/axles and set on a permanent foundation. In Canada, a mobile home is a
dwelling for which the manufacture and assembly of each component is completed or substantially completed prior
to being moved to a site for installation on a foundation and co
nnection to service facilities and which conforms to
the CAN/CSA-Z240 MH standard
The Escape 1800 wood burning stove is certified to comply with 2020 particulate
emission standards. Not approved for sale after day/month/year (as per compliance
certificate).
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100 - Owner's manual ESCAPE 1800 (8 of 59)
Installation and Operation Manual for Escape 1800
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Models on pedestal
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100 - Owner's manual ESCAPE 1800 (9 of 59)
Installation and Operation Manual for Escape 1800
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Model on legs
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2.3 Zone Heating and How to Make it Work for You
Your new Escape 1800 wood stove is a space heater, which means it is intended to heat
the area it is installed in, as well as spaces that connect to that area, although to a lower
temperature. This is called zone heating and it is an increasingly popular way to heat
homes or spaces within homes.
Zone heating can be used to supplement another heating system by heating a particular
space within a home, such as a basement family room or an addition that lacks another
heat source.
Houses of moderate size and relatively new construction can be heated with a properly
sized and located wood stove. Whole house zone heating works best when the stove is
located in the part of the house where the family spends most of its time. This is normally
the main living area where the kitchen, dining and living rooms are located. By locating the
stove in this area, you will get the maximum benefit of the heat it produces and will achieve
the highest possible heating efficiency and comfort. The space where you spend most of
your time will be warmest, while bedrooms and basement (if there is one) will stay cooler.
In this way, you will burn less wood than with other forms of heating.
Although the stove may be able to heat the main living areas of your house to an adequate
temperature, we strongly recommend that you also have a conventional oil, gas or electric
heating system to provide back up heating.
Your success with zone heating will depend on several factors, including the correct sizing
and location of the stove, the size, layout and age of your home and your climate zone.
Three-season vacation homes can usually be heated with smaller stoves than houses that
are heated all winter.
2.4 The Benefits of Low Emissions and High Efficiency
The low smoke emissions produced by the special features inside the Escape 1800 firebox
mean that your household will release up to 90 percent less smoke into the outside
environment than if you used an older conventional stove. But there is more to the
emission control technologies than protecting the environment.
The smoke released from wood when it is heated contains about half of the energy content
of the fuel. By burning the wood completely, your stove releases all the heat energy from
the wood instead of wasting it as smoke up the chimney. Also, the features inside the
firebox allow you to reduce the air supply to control heat output, while maintaining clean
and efficient flaming combustion, which boosts the efficient delivery of heat to your home.
The emission control and advanced combustion features of your stove can only work
properly if your fuel is in the correct moisture content range of 15 to 20 percent. See
Section 3 of this manual for suggestions on preparing fuelwood and judging its moisture.
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100 - Owner's manual ESCAPE 1800 (11 of 59)
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2.5 The SBI Commitment to You and the Environment
The SBI team are committed to protecting the environment, so we do everything we can to
use only materials in our products that will have no lasting negative impact on the
environment.
2.5.1 What is Your New Stove Made Of?
The body of your stove, which is most of its weight, is carbon steel. Should it ever become
necessary many years in the future, almost the entire stove can be recycled into new
products, thus eliminating the need to mine new materials.
The paint coat on your stove is very thin. Its VOC content (Volatile Organic Components)
is very low. VOCs can be responsible for smog, so all the paint used during the
manufacturing process meets the latest air quality requirements with regards to VOC
reduction or elimination.
The air tubes are stainless steel, which can also be recycled.
Vermiculite is used for the baffle. Vermiculite is a mineral. Large commercial mines exist in
China, Russia, South Africa, and Brazil. Potassium silicate is used as binder to form a
rigid board. Vermiculite can withstand temperatures above 2,000 °F. It is not considered
hazardous waste. Disposal at a landfill is recommended.
Lightweight firebrick is made of pumice and cement. Pumice is in fact volcanic rock, a
naturally green product found in the Northwest United States. Disposal at a landfill is
recommended.
The door and glass gaskets are fibreglass which is spun from melted sand. Black gaskets
have been dipped into a solvent-free solution. Disposal at a landfill is recommended.
The door glass is a 5 mm thick ceramic material that contains no toxic chemicals. It is
basically made of raw earth materials such as sand and quartz that are combined in such
a way to form a glass at high temperatures. Ceramic glass will not re-melt in the same
way as normal glass, so it should not be recycled with your regular household products.
Disposal at a landfill is recommended.
Report prepared for: Guillaume Thibodeau-Fortin (Stove Builder International Inc.) on 12/1/2017 8:00:00 AM
Stove Builder International Inc. | 35697 | Rev: Nov 30 2017 11:01AM | Uncontrolled Copy Page 19 of 245