EUCHNER EKS User manual

Electronic-Key-System
Manual
Electronic-Key Adapter EKS and EKS FSA
with USB Interface
Order No. 094 485

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Table of contents
1General notes...............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Use of the manual..................................................................................................................................4
1.1.1 Explanation of symbols..............................................................................................................4
1.1.2 Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................5
1.2 CE conformity ........................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Approvals...............................................................................................................................................5
1.4 Correct use ............................................................................................................................................6
1.5 Obligation on the operating organization...............................................................................................7
2Safety precautions ......................................................................................................................................8
3Function........................................................................................................................................................9
3.1 Functional description............................................................................................................................9
3.1.1 Common functions of EKS Standard and version EKS FSA.....................................................9
3.1.2 Additional functions of the version EKS FSA...........................................................................10
4Technical data............................................................................................................................................11
4.1 Dimension drawing of Electronic-Key adapter.....................................................................................11
4.1.1 Version EKS-A-IUX-G01-ST01 with USB interface.................................................................11
4.1.2 Version EKS-A-IUXA-G01-ST01/04 (EKS FSA) with USB interface.......................................11
4.2 Technical data, Electronic-Key adapter...............................................................................................12
4.3 Connector assignment.........................................................................................................................13
4.3.1 USB interface socket................................................................................................................13
4.3.2 Screw terminals of switching contacts LA1/LA2 and LB1/LB2 (only EKS FSA)......................13
4.4 DIP switch settings...............................................................................................................................13
4.5 LED indicator .......................................................................................................................................13
5Mounting.....................................................................................................................................................14
6Electrical connection ................................................................................................................................15
6.1 USB connection...................................................................................................................................15
6.2 Connection of the semiconductor switching outputs (only for EKS FSA)............................................15
6.2.1 Connection example with enabling switch (Cat. 3/PL d)..........................................................16
6.2.2 Connection example without enabling switch..........................................................................19
7Setup...........................................................................................................................................................22
7.1 Installation of the EKS USB drivers under Windows®XP....................................................................22
7.2 Installation of the EKS USB drivers under Windows®7 ......................................................................26
7.3 Changing the virtual COM port and driver version information under Windows®................................32
7.4 Uninstalling the EKS USB drivers under Windows®............................................................................34
8Operating the Electronic-Key-System with the aid of the virtual COM port........................................36
8.1 Special features of the USB interface..................................................................................................36

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8.2 Communication....................................................................................................................................36
8.3 Basic message structure......................................................................................................................37
8.3.1 Special features of the 3964R data transfer protocol [1] .........................................................37
8.4 Commands for writing and reading a read/write Electronic-Key .........................................................39
8.4.1 Write process...........................................................................................................................40
8.4.2 Read process...........................................................................................................................41
8.4.3 Reading the serial number.......................................................................................................42
8.5 Command overview.............................................................................................................................42
8.6 Status numbers....................................................................................................................................42
9Exclusion of liability..................................................................................................................................43
10 Service and repair .....................................................................................................................................43
11 Guarantee...................................................................................................................................................43
12 Bibliography...............................................................................................................................................43

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1 General notes
1.1 Use of the manual
This manual describes the technical features and the function of the EKS Electronic-Key adapter
EKS-A-IUX-G01-ST01 with USB interface (order no. 092 750) as well as the version
EKS-A-IUXA-G01-ST01/04, EKS For Safety Applications (EKS FSA, order no. 098 513). The complete
evaluation and interface electronics for data transmission are integrated into these units.
1.1.1 Explanation of symbols
The following symbols are used in this manual to identify important instructions and useful information.
Danger!
Identifies an immediate hazard. If not avoided, the consequence will be fatality or very serious injuries.
Warning!
Identifies a possible hazard. If not avoided, the consequence may be fatality or very serious injuries.
Caution!
Identifies a possible hazard. If not avoided, minor injuries or damage may result.
Attention!
Risk of damage to material or machine or deg
radation of function.
Information!
Important information is provided to the user here.

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1.1.2 Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in this manual:
AC Alternating Current
BCC Block Check Character
CTS Clear To Send
DC Direct Current/Diagnostic Coverage
DIP Dual Inline Package
DLE Data Link Escape (acknowledgement)
E²PROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EKS Electronic-Key-System
EKS FSA Electronic-Key-System For Safety Applications
ETX End of TeXt
FSA For Safety Applications
LED Light Emitting Diode
MTTFd Mean Time To Dangerous Failure
NAK Negative AcKnowledgement
PA PolyAmide
QVZ QuittungsVerzugsZeit (acknowdegement delay time)
ROM Read-Only Memory
STX Start of TeXt
USB Universal Serial Bus
ZVZ ZeichenVerzugsZeit (character delay time)
1.2 CE conformity
The EKS Electronic-Key adapters with USB interface conform to the EMC directive 2004/108/EG
(2004/108/EC, 2004/108/CE).
The Electronic-Key adapters comply with the following European/international standards:
EN 55011 Industrial, scientific and medical equipment - Radio-frequency disturbance
characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement
EN 61000-6-2 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-2: Generic standards - Immunity for
industrial environments
1.3 Approvals
The EKS Electronic-Key adapters with USB interface are certified in accordance with (UL File Number E240367).
For use and operation as per the requirements, a power supply for use in class 2 circuits must be used.

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1.4 Correct use
As part of a higher-level overall system, the EKS Electronic-Key adapter is used for access control and
monitoring on PC-based control systems or parts of control systems for machine installations. EKS can be used,
for example, as part of an overall system for checking access rights for operating mode selection. However, it is
not permitted to directly derive the operating mode from the access rights on the Electronic-Key. If the selection
of the operating mode is relevant for safety, this must not be performed by means of the EKS; instead an
additional device must be used to select the operating mode. This is possible via the graphical user interface on
the control system, for example.
The version EKS FSA has outputs that can be utilized to form a safe shut-down signal (for block diagram see
section 3.1.2). For this purpose a safe evaluation must be included downstream. The EKS FSA can then be
used for safety-related tasks. The machine must be reset to a safe operating mode by removing the Electronic-
Key. A hazard analysis on this aspect must be prepared as per the requirements in the machinery directive. The
risk and the necessary risk minimization by technical means must be determined using a suitable standard. The
following requirements must be met for usage:
The data signal (channel LB) and the switched output LA1/LA2 (channel LA) must be polled by a safe
downstream evaluation to suit the risk determined. The data line (channel LB) is used to supply the
information as to whether or not an Electronic-Key is inserted and which access rights are assigned to the
Electronic-Key. The output LA1/LA2 (channel LA) is used for the redundant supply of the information as to
whether or not an Electronic-Key is inserted (independent of the access rights). The data line or,
alternatively, the switched output LB1/LB2 can be used as channel LB. The output LB1/LB2 is used to
supply (like LA1/LA2) only the information as to whether or not an Electronic-Key is inserted (independent of
the access rights). The usage of the output LB1/LB2 is optional.
The control system must check whether the Electronic-Key inserted is authorized to select the operating
mode and whether the access rights on the Electronic-Key permit operation in the operating mode currently
selected.
The user must select the related operating mode using the control system or another suitable circuit.
The manufacturer of the system must check which safety level is reached with the overall system and
whether the overall system provides adequate safety against hazards in the intended application.
Information!
The machinery directive 98/37/EC provides information on selection of the operating mode. It is
imperative that this information be followed.
When designing machines and using the Electronic-Key adapter, the national and international regulations and
standards specific to the application must be observed, e.g.:
EN 60204, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines
EN 12100-1, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - part 1: basic terminology,
methodology
EN 954-1, Safety of machinery. Safety related parts of control systems - part 1: general principles for design
EN 62061, Safety of machinery – Functional safety of safety-related electrical, electronic and programmable
electronic control systems
EN ISO 13849-1, Safety of machinery. Safety related parts of control systems - part 1: General principles for
design
Modifications to the electronics of the Electronic-Key adapter and any other changes, especially mechanical
modifications and reworking, are not permissible and will result in the loss of the warranty and exclusion of
liability.

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The Electronic-Key adapter must only be employed and used in accordance with
this manual and
other documentation referred to in this manual.
The EKS Electronic-Key adapter is not a safety component in the sense of the machinery directive.
Without additional precautions the EKS Electronic-Key adapter must not be used to provide a safety function,
particularly if failure or malfunction of the unit could endanger the safety or health of people in the operating
area of a machine.
1.5 Obligation on the operating organization
The manufacturer and the organization operating the higher-level overall system, e.g. a machine installation, are
responsible for the observance of national and international safety and accident prevention regulations
applicable in the specific case.

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2 Safety precautions
Warning!
The EKS Electronic
-Key adapter is not a safety component in the sense of the machinery directive.
Without additional precautions the EKS Electronic
-Key adapter must not be used to provide a safety
function, particularly if failure or malfunction of the unit could endanger the safety or health of persons in
the operating area of a machine. On
this topic pay particular attention to the sections Correct use (see
section 1.3) and
Electrical connection (see section 6).
Warning!
Mounting and electrical connection are only allowed to be performed by authorized personnel who are
familiar with the
applicable regulations on accident prevention and have read and understood this
manual.
Furthermore, installation and electrical connection of the version EKS
FSA must be performed only by
personnel familiar with handling safety components.
Caution!
Modifications to the electronics of the Electronic
-Key adapter and any other changes, especially
mechanical modifications and reworking, are not permissible and will result in the loss of the warranty.

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3 Function
3.1 Functional description
3.1.1 Common functions of EKS Standard and version EKS FSA
The EKS is used for access control and monitoring on PC-based control systems or parts of control systems for
machine installations.
Instead of passwords, coded Electronic-Keys are assigned. In this way unauthorized access to control and
display systems is prevented to the greatest possible extent.
The EKS uses a non-contact, inductive read/write identification system.
It comprises:
Electronic-Key
Electronic-Key adapter
The user is responsible for organizing the programming of the application, integration in an overall system and
the assignment and use of the freely programmable memory in the Electronic-Key.
Information!
For easier organization and management of your Electronic
-Keys and the data they c
ontain, EUCHNER
also offers the Electronic Key Manager (EKM) software.
The Electronic-Key adapter is a read/write system with integrated evaluation electronics and interface.
Due to the non-contact transfer of data, from the access side the Electronic-Key adapter has the high degree of
protection of IP 67, i.e. it is suitable for industrial use. The Electronic-Key adapter can be installed in accordance
with DIN 43700 in any control panel with a standard cut-out of 33 mm x 68 mm. The Electronic-Key adapter is
fastened by means of screw clamp elements from the rear side of the panel in order to exclude unauthorized
tampering from the operator side.
The system is connected via the integrated USB interface that is designed as a virtual COM port in Windows®-
based systems. The power supply is also provided via the USB connection.
Setup and system integration can be realized straightforwardly and quickly on the Electronic-Key adapter with
USB interface. Data communication is in accordance with the transfer protocol 3964R.
On read/write Electronic-Keys with 116 bytes, the memory is organized in 4-byte blocks. This means a multiple
of 4-byte sized blocks must always be written.
The current state of the Electronic-Key adapter is displayed using a 2-color LED.
The Electronic-Keys are tag shaped. The complete transponder with memory chip and antenna is integrated
into the Electronic-Key. The transponder does not have a battery.

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For operation, the Electronic-Key is inserted in the Electronic-Key adapter and is held in place by a spring clip.
The power supply for the transponder and the data are transferred contactlessly between the Electronic-Key
adapter and Electronic-Key.
Figure : Cut-away illustration of Electronic-Key adapter
The data carrier in the Electronic-Key is equipped with a combined memory:
116 bytes E2PROM (programmable) plus 8 bytes ROM (serial number)
3.1.2 Additional functions of the version EKS FSA
The version EKS FSA has two additional semiconductor relay outputs (LA1/LA2 and optionally LB1/LB2) that
are switched off as long as there is no Electronic-Key in the Electronic-Key adapter or if it is not possible to read
the Electronic-Key.
The semiconductor relay outputs are electrically isolated from the device electronics and from each other. Either
AC or DC can be switched.
Each of the outputs is operated with diversity by a dedicated processor that switches off the outputs on removal
of the Electronic-Key (see Figure Block diagram EKS FSA).
Figure: Block diagram EKS FSA
By separately evaluating channel LA and channel LB, the EKS FSA device can be used in conjunction with a
safe evaluation device in safety-related applications. Integrated voltage monitoring switches off the switching
contacts LA and LB if the power supply drops below 4.5 V or exceeds 5.5 V.
Information!
The switching contacts
FSA close when the Electronic-
Key is inserted, irrespective of the data allocation
on the memory.

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4 Technical data
4.1 Dimension drawing of Electronic-Key adapter
For installation in a control panel you must provide a cut-out 33 mm x 68 mm according to DIN 43700.
4.1.1 Version EKS-A-IUX-G01-ST01 with USB interface
4.1.2 Version EKS-A-IUXA-G01-ST01/04 (EKS FSA) with USB interface

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4.2 Technical data, Electronic-Key adapter
Attention!
All the electrical connections must either b
e isolated from the mains supply by a safety transformer
according to
EN IEC 61558-2-6 with limited output voltage in the event of a fault, or by other equivalent
isolation measures.
Value
Unit
min.
typ.
max.
General parameters
Housing
Plastic (PA 6 GF30 gray)
Degree of protection acc. to EN 60529
IP 67 in mounted condition
Ambient temperature
0
+ 55
°C
Mounting cut-out according to DIN 43700
33 x 68
mm
Power supply
Via USB
Current consumption
100
mA
Interface, data transfer
Interface to the PC
USB full speed (USB 1.1 and USB 2.0 compatible)
Transfer protocol
3964R
Data transfer rate
9.6
kbaud
Data format
1 start bit, 8 data bits, 1 parity bit (even parity), 1 stop bit
USB interface connection
Type B
Cable length
3
m
LED indicator
green "Ready" (in operation)
yellow "Electronic-Key active" *
FSA Version (For Safety Applications) – parameters for floating semiconductor switching contacts LA and LB
Power supply U for load (LA, LB)
24
30
V
Switching current (with overload protection)
1
10
50
mA
Output voltage UA(LA, LB) in switched state
U x 0.9
U
V
Resistance in switched state
35
Ohm
Capacitive load
1
µF
Utilization category according to AC-12
EN IEC 60947-5-2 AC-15
DC-12
DC-13
50 mA / 24 V
Difference time between outputs** (LB first)
200
ms
Connection screw terminals, 2 x 2-pole
0.14
1.5
mm²
Reliability values according to EN ISO 13849-1 (only FSA version)
Category (with connected safe evaluation)
3
MTTF
d
Evaluation of data channel and one
switching contact LA
416 years
Evaluation of data channel and both
switching contacts LA and LB
803 years
DC
92
%
* The LED illuminates yellow if there is a functional Electronic-Key in the Electronic-Key adapter.
** If access to the USB interface takes place during the insertion or removal of the Electronic-Key,
the difference time can be more than 200 ms.

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4.3 Connector assignment
4.3.1 USB interface socket
The socket on the Electronic-Key adapter is designed as USB type B.
4.3.2 Screw terminals of switching contacts LA1/LA2 and LB1/LB2 (only EKS FSA)
Information!
The coded plug for the connection of the switching contacts is included with the Electronic
-Key adapter.
Coded plug 2 x 2-pole
with screw terminals
Cond. cross-section 0.14 … 1.5 mm²
Tightening torque 0.22 Nm
Channel Pin Function
LA 1 Normally open contact
channel LA
2
LB 1 Normally open contact
channel LB
2
4.4 DIP switch settings
Using the DIP switches S1 to S8, various parameters can be set.
Write protection can be enabled using DIP switch S1. In this way the writing of data to the read/write Electronic-
Key is prevented.
The settings are only applied when the power supply is switched on.
DIP switches, 8-pole:
1234 5 678
ON
DIP
switch
Functions Factory setting
S8
OFF = read/write Electronic-Key ON = read-only Electronic-Key*
OFF
S7
OFF
S6
OFF
S5
OFF
S4
OFF
S3
OFF
S2
OFF
S1
ON = write protection for read/write Electronic-Key
OFF
*
The read-only transponder type can also be read using the Electronic-Key adapter with USB interface. However, we do
not recommend using this transponder type in new installations. The read-only transponder cannot be used in
conjunction with the version EKS FSA.
Information!
It is
imperative that all DIP switches without a function (S2 to S7) are set to OFF! In this way problems
with any functions added in the future will be avoided.
4.5 LED indicator
The Electronic-Key adapter operating states are indicated using a 2-color LED on the front.
The illumination of the LED in any color indicates the presence of the operating voltage.
Color
Operating state
Description
Green
Ready
Electronic-Key adapter supplied with power and ready.
Yellow
Electronic key active
There is an Electronic-Key in the Electronic-Key adapter and it has been detected.

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5 Mounting
Warning!
Mounting must be performed only by authorized personnel.
Attention!
To achieve the degree of protection IP 67, it is necessary to install
the key adapter in a clean, flat metal
plate at least 2 mm thick and to tighten the screws with a tightening torque of 0.25 ... 0.35
Nm.
A suitable strain relief must be provided for the connection cables in order to avoid damage to the
connection sockets or malfunctions.
The Electronic-Key adapter is intended for mounting in control panels with a cut-out measuring 33 mm x 68 mm
according to DIN 43700 (see section 4.1). The device is fastened using screw clamp elements from the rear
side of the panel.
Information!
The screw clamp elements for front panel mounting are included with the Electronic-Key adapter.
1. Insert Electronic-Key adapter, with seal already bonded in place, into the mounting cut-out from the front.
2. Insert screw clamp elements in the housing of the Electronic-Key adapter from the side up to the stop and
tighten with 0.25 …0.35 Nm.
Attention!
The device may be damaged if the tightening torque applied exceeds 0.35 Nm.
3. After mounting, again check the Electronic-Key adapter for firm seating and correct sealing of the front panel.

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6 Electrical connection
Attention!
If connected incorrectly, the Electronic
-Key adapter may be damaged.

Observe electrical characteristics and terminal assignment (see section 4).

When installing connections, the operating organization must ensure compliance with the EMC
safety requirements in accordance with EN 55011 and EN 61000-6-2.

Do not lay connection cables in the immediate vicinity of sources of interference.
6.1 USB connection
The interface for the Electronic-Key adapter is compatible with the standards USB 1.1 and USB 2.0.
Information!

Only a USB 1.1 or USB 2.0 cable with a maximum length of 3 m is allowed to be used for the
connection cable.

The Electronic-Key adapter must always be connected to the same USB port to ensure the correct
allocation of the virtual COM port in Windows®-based systems.

If a USB hub is connected in between, or the Electronic-Key adapter must be moved, a new COM
port allocation must be made. This action can only be performed with administrator rights (only for
Windows®).
6.2 Connection of the semiconductor switching outputs (only for EKS
FSA)
Warning!
Incorrect connection or errors in the safety
-related integration of the EKS FSA can lead to fatal injury.
For this reason, observe the following safety aspects:

It is not possible to generate a safe signal by using only the switching contacts LA1/LA2 and
LB1/LB2. Safe, downstream evaluation is always necessary (e.g. using a safety relay). Use of the
switching contact LB1/LB2 as an alternative to the data line is optional.

The safe evaluation must always be dual-channel. For this purpose, there are two alternatives:
•Evaluation of switching contact LA1/LA2 as channel LA together with an evaluation of the data
line as channel LB (recommended)
•Evaluation of switching contact LA1/LA2 as channel LA together with switching contact LB1/LB2
as channel LB

If possible, integrate the EKS FSA as defined in the following connection examples from
EUCHNER.
Information!
With EKS version
FSA, safe shutdown can be achieved by the dual-channel feature according to
category 3 as per EN ISO 13849
-1. For this purpose a safe evaluation must be included downstream.
The machine must be reset to a safe operating mode after removal of the Electronic
-Key, i.e. automatic
mode with closed safety guard. For this safe shutof
f, Performance Level PL d can be achieved in the
overall system.
Attention!
The power is supplied via the USB connection. If the power supply drops below 4.5 V or exceeds 5.5 V,
the switching contacts LA1/LA2 and LB1/LB2 are switched off.

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6.2.1 Connection example with enabling switch (Cat. 3/PL d)
Figure: Principle of operation (illustration with selected operating mode and all components in actuated position)
6.2.1.1 Description of the application example with enabling switch
The danger area on a machine is secured with a fence. To make set-up work on the machine possible with the
safety door open, an EKS FSA system is integrated in conjunction with a control system, an enabling switch and
a safety relay. The safety relay must comply with the following requirements:
Detection of short-circuits and earth faults. A short-circuit can be detected in the safety path in the circuit
described due to the fact that both the positive path and earth path of the safety relay are switched. In this
case, the safety relay deactivates its safety outputs.
Simultaneity monitoring: The safety relay must detect whether the safety inputs are switched practically
simultaneously. If this is not the case, the safety outputs are not switched and the unit switches to fault
state. A renewed start is possible only after the enabling switch has been released and then operated again.
The switching contact LA1/LA2 is closed after the insertion of the Electronic-Key. The EKS FSA is coupled with
a PC. After the insertion of the Electronic-Key, the control system checks whether the key is authorized for work
in the selected operating mode. If this is not the case, the operating mode cannot be set. If suitable access
rights are available, the control system gives the instruction to the switching contact A100.0 to close.

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The switching contact LA1/LA2, in series with a switching contact on the enabling switch, is connected to the
first input on the safety relay. The switching contact A100.0 is connected to the second input on the safety relay
in series with the second switching contact on the enabling switch. The result is that these inputs on the safety
relay are only enabled if
the EKS-FSA (switching contact LA1/LA2) and
the control system (switching contact A100.0) issue the related enabling signal and
the enabling switch is actuated.
The output contacts on the safety relay are enabled only after actuation of the enabling switch.
The safety relay is de-energized without a time delay (stop category 0) and the machine movement is stopped if
the Electronic-Key is removed or
the enabling switch is released or
the machine control system cancels the enable state (contact A100.0 is opened).
Information!
The control system output A100.0 is only allowed to be set if

the related Electronic-Key is inserted and

a suitable operating mode is selected.
6.2.1.2 Feedback loop
The safety relay can be started only with the feedback loop closed. A welded contactor contact in the enable
path will thus be detected when a start request is made and a start is then prevented. The power contactor must
have positively driven contacts.
6.2.1.3 Start
The safety relay start is given after enabling by the EKS FSA and by the control system, and after operation of
the enabling switch.

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6.2.1.4 Circuit diagram
Figure: Circuit diagram with enabling switch

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6.2.2 Connection example without enabling switch
Figure: Principle of operation (illustration with selected operating mode and all components in actuated position)
6.2.2.1 Description of the application example without enabling switch
The danger area on a machine is secured with a fence. To make set-up work on the machine possible with the
safety door open, an EKS FSA system is integrated in conjunction with a control system and a safety relay. The
safety relay must comply with the following requirements:
Detection of short-circuits and earth faults. A short-circuit can be detected in the safety path in the circuit
described due to the fact that both the positive path and earth path of the safety relay are switched. In this
case, the safety relay deactivates its safety outputs.
Simultaneity monitoring: The safety relay must detect whether the safety inputs are switched practically
simultaneously. If this is not the case, the safety outputs are not switched and the unit switches to fault
state. A renewed start is possible only after the key has been inserted again.
Start button monitoring: The safety relay must detect when the start button is welded or jammed at the latest
at the next start. If this is the case, the safety outputs are not switched and the unit switches to fault state.
This prevents accidental starting of the system.
The switching contact LA1/LA2 is closed after the insertion of the Electronic-Key. The EKS FSA is coupled with
a PC. After the insertion of the Electronic-Key, the control system checks whether the key is authorized for work
in the selected operating mode. If this is not the case, the operating mode cannot be set. If suitable access
rights are available, the control system gives the instruction to the switching contact A100.0 to close.
The switching contact LA1/LA2 of the EKS FSA is connected to the first input on the safety relay. The switching
contact A100.0 on the control system is connected to the second input on the safety relay. The control contact
A100.0 and the switching contact LA1/LA2 are monitored for simultaneity.

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The safety relay is de-energized without a time delay (stop category 0) and the machine movement is stopped if
the Electronic-Key is removed or
the machine control system cancels the enable state (switching contact A100.0 is opened).
Information!
The switching contact A100.0 is only allowed to be set if

the related Electronic-Key is inserted and

a suitable operating mode is selected.
6.2.2.2 Feedback loop
The safety relay can be started only with the feedback loop closed. A welded contactor contact in the enable
path will thus be detected when a start request is made and a start is then prevented. The power contactor must
have positively driven contacts.
6.2.2.3 Start
The safety relay start is given after enabling by the EKS FSA and by the control system, and after operation of
the start button.