Leadshine Technology M752 User manual

User sManual
For
M752
HighPerformanceMicrosteppingDriver
Version 1.0
2008 All RightsReserved
Attention: Pleasereadthismanualcarefullybeforeusingthedriver!
3/F,Block2, Nanyou Tianan IndustrialPark,Nanshan Dist, Shenzhen,China
T:(86)755-26434369 F:(86)755-26402718
Website: www.leadshine.com E-Mail: [e-mail]
The contentinthismanualhas been carefullyprepared and isbelievedtobe accurate,butno
responsibilityisassumed forinaccuracies.
Leadshinereservestherighttomakechangeswithoutfurthernoticetoany productshereinto
improvereliability,function ordesign.Leadshine doesnotassumeanyliabilityarising outofthe
application oruseofanyproductorcircuitdescribed herein;neitherdoesit conveyanylicense
underitspatentrightsofothers.
Leadshine sgeneralpolicydoesnotrecommend theuseofitsproductsinlifesupportoraircraft
applicationswhereinafailureormalfunctionofthe productmaydirectlythreaten lifeorinjury.
According toLeadshine stermsand conditionsofsales,the userofLeadshine sproductsinlife
supportoraircraftapplicationsassumesall risksofsuchuseandindemnifiesLeadshine againstall
damages.
2008byLeadshineTechnologyCompanyLimited.
All RightsReserved

Contents
I
Tableof Contents
1.Introduction,FeaturesandApplications....................................................................1
Introduction...........................................................................................................1
Features.................................................................................................................1
Applications..........................................................................................................1
2.Specifications............................................................................................................1
ElectricalSpecifications........................................................................................1
Operating EnvironmentandotherSpecifications..................................................2
MechanicalSpecifications.....................................................................................2
Elimination of Heat...............................................................................................2
3.PinAssignmentandDescription...............................................................................3
Connector P1Configurations................................................................................3
SelectingActivePulseEdgeorActiveLeveland ControlSignalMode...............3
Connector P2Configurations................................................................................4
4.ControlSignalConnector(P1)Interface...................................................................4
5.Connecting theMotor................................................................................................5
Connectionsto4-leadMotors...............................................................................5
Connectionsto6-leadMotors...............................................................................5
HalfCoilConfigurations...............................................................................5
FullCoilConfigurations................................................................................6
Connectionsto8-leadMotors...............................................................................6
SeriesConnections........................................................................................6
ParallelConnections......................................................................................7
6.Power SupplySelection............................................................................................7
Regulatedor UnregulatedPower Supply..............................................................7
Multiple Drivers....................................................................................................8
SelectingSupplyVoltage.......................................................................................8
7.SelectingMicrostepResolutionandDriverOutputCurrent.....................................8
MicrostepResolutionSelection............................................................................8
CurrentSettings.....................................................................................................9
Contents
II
Dynamic currentsetting................................................................................9
Standstillcurrentsetting................................................................................9
8.WiringNotes...........................................................................................................10
9.TypicalConnection..................................................................................................10
10.SequenceChartofControlSignals.......................................................................11
11. Protection Functions..............................................................................................11
Short-voltageandOver-voltageprotection.........................................................11
Over-currentProtection.......................................................................................12
ShortCircuitProtection.......................................................................................12
12.FrequentlyAskedQuestions..................................................................................12
ProblemSymptomsandPossibleCauses............................................................13
APPENDIX.................................................................................................................14
TwelveMonthLimitedWarranty........................................................................14
Exclusions...........................................................................................................14
Obtaining WarrantyService................................................................................14
WarrantyLimitations...........................................................................................14

M752 Microstepping DriverManualV1.0
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1.Introduction,FeaturesandApplications
Introduction
The M752 isahighperformance microsteppingdriverbased onpure-sinusoidalcurrentcontrol
technology.Owing totheabovetechnologyand theself-adjustmenttechnology(self-adjust current
controlparameters) according todifferentmotors,the driven motorscanrun withsmallernoise,
lowerheating,smoothermovementand havebetterperformancesathigherspeed thanmostofthe
drivers inthe markets. It issuitablefordriving 2-phaseand4-phasehybridstepping motors.
Features
lHighperformance, cost-effective
lSupplyvoltage upto+75VDC
lOutput current up to5.2A
lSelf-adjustment technology
lPure-sinusoidalcurrentcontroltechnology
lPulseinputfrequencyupto300KHz
lTTLcompatibleand opticallyisolated input
lAutomaticidle-currentreduction
l16selectableresolutionsindecimaland
binary, upto51,200steps/rev
lSuitablefor2-phaseand4-phasemotors
lSupport PUL/DIRandCW/CCWmodes
lShort-voltage,over-voltage,over-current
protections
Applications
Suitableforawide rangeofsteppingmotors,fromNEMAsize17 to34.Itcanbeusedinvarious
kindsofmachines,suchasX-Ytables,labeling machines,lasercutters,engravingmachines,
pick-place devices,andsoon.Particularlyadapttothe applicationsdesiredwithlownoise,low
heating, highspeedand high precision.
2. Specifications
ElectricalSpecifications(Tj=25 /77℉)
M752
Parameters Min Typical Max Unit
Outputcurrent 1.8 - 5.2(3.7RMS) A
Supplyvoltage +20 +48 +75 VDC
Logicsignal current 7 10 16 mA
Pulseinputfrequency 0 - 300 kHz
Isolationresistance 500 MΩ
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OperatingEnvironmentandotherSpecifications
Cooling Natural Cooling orForced cooling
Environment Avoiddust, oil fogand corrosivegases
AmbientTemperature 050 (32℉ 122℉)
Humidity 40%RH 90%RH
Operating Temperature 70 (158℉)Max
OperatingEnvironment
Vibration 5.9m/s2 Max
Storage Temperature -20 65 (-4℉ 149℉)
Weight Approx. 280g (10oz)
MechanicalSpecifications(unit: mm [inch])
Figure1:Mechanicalspecifications
*Recommendusesidemountingforbetterheat dissipation
Eliminationof Heat
lDriver sreliableworkingtemperatureshouldbe<70 (158℉), andmotorworkingtemperature
shouldbe <80 (176℉);
lItisrecommended touseautomaticidle-currentmode,namelycurrentautomaticallyreduceto
60%when motorstops,soastoreducedriverheatingand motorheating;

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lIt isrecommendedtomount the driververticallytomaximizeheat sinkarea. Useforced cooling
methodtocool the system ifnecessary.
3. PinAssignmentandDescription
TheM752 hastwoconnectors,connectorP1 forcontrolsignalsconnections,andconnectorP2for
powerand motorconnections.Thefollowing tablesarebriefdescriptionsofthe twoconnectors.
Moredetailed descriptionsofthe pinsand related issuesarepresentedinsection 4,5,9.
Connector P1Configurations
PinFunction Details
PUL+
PUL-
Pulsesignal: Insinglepulse(pulse/direction)mode,thisinputrepresentspulse
signal, eachrisingorfallingedgeactive(setbyinsidejumperJ3);4-5Vwhen
PUL-HIGH,0-0.5Vwhen PUL-LOW.Indoublepulsemode(pulse/pulse),
thisinputrepresentsclockwise(CW)pulse，activeathigh levelorlowlevel
(setbyinside jumperJ3).Forreliableresponse,pulsewidthshouldbe longer
than1.5μs.Seriesconnectresistors forcurrent-limitingwhen+12Vor+24V
used.The sameas DIRand ENAsignals.
DIR+
DIR-
DIRsignal: Insingle-pulsemode,thissignalhaslow/high voltagelevels,
representingtwodirectionsofmotorrotation;indouble-pulsemode (setby
inside jumperJ1),thissignaliscounter-clock(CCW)pulse，activeathigh
levelorlowlevel(setbyinside jumperJ3).Forreliablemotion response,DIR
signalshouldbeaheadofPULsignalby5μsatleast.4-5Vwhen DIR-HIGH,
0-0.5Vwhen DIR-LOW.Please notethatrotation directionisalsorelated to
motor-driverwiring match.Exchangingthe connectionoftwowiresforacoil
tothedriverwill reversemotiondirection. The default rotationdirectioncanbe
reversebyinside jumperJ2.
ENA+
ENA-
Enablesignal: Thissignalisusedforenabling/disabling the driver.High level
(NPNcontrolsignal,PNPandDifferentialcontrolsignalsareon the contrary,
namelyLowlevelforenabling.)forenabling the driverand lowlevelfor
disablingthedriver. Usuallyleft UNCONNECTED (ENABLED).
SelectingActive PulseEdgeorActive Leveland ControlSignalMode
Therearetwojumpers J1and J3insidethe M752 specificallyforselecting activepulseedge or
effectiveleveland controlsignalmode,as showninfigure2.Default settingisPUL/DIRmodeand
rising edgeactive(NPN,andPNPcontrolsignal isonthe contrary).
J2inside thedriverisused toreversethe defaultrotationdirection.Pleasenotethatrotation direction
isalsorelatedtomotor-driverwiringmatch.Exchangingthe connection oftwowiresforacoil tothe
driverwill reversemotiondirection.
M752 MicrosteppingDriverManualV1.0
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(a) J1, J3opencircuit (b)J1opencircuit, J3shirtcircuit
PUL/DIRmodeandActiveatrising edge(NPN)PUL/DIRmodeandactiveatfalling edge(NPN)
(c) J1shortcircuit, J3opencircuit (d)J1, J3shortcircuit
CW/CCW modeandactiveCW/CCWmodeandactive
atlow level(Thefixedlevel)athighlevel(Thefixedlevel)
Figure2:J1andJ3jumpers
Connector P2Configurations
PinFunction Details
+V Powersupply, 20~75VDC, Including voltage fluctuation and EMFvoltage.
GND PowerGround.
A+, A- MotorPhaseA
B+, B- MotorPhaseB
4. Control SignalConnector(P1)Interface
TheM752 canacceptdifferentialandsingle-ended inputs(includingopen-collectorandPNPoutput).
TheM752 has 3opticallyisolated logicinputswhicharelocated on connectorP1 toacceptline
drivercontrolsignals.Theseinputsareisolated tominimizeoreliminateelectricalnoisescoupled
ontothe drivecontrolsignals.Recommend useline drivercontrolsignalstoincreasenoiseimmunity
ofthe driverininterferenceenvironments.Inthe followingfigures, connectionstoopen-collectorand
PNPsignalsareillustrated.
Figure3:Connectionstoopen-collector signal(common-anode)

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Figure4:Connectionto PNPsignal(common-cathode)
5. ConnectingtheMotor
TheM752candriveany2-pahseand4-pahsehybridstepping motors.
Connectionsto4-leadMotors
4leadmotors arethe leastflexiblebuteasiesttowire.Speedandtorque willdependon winding
inductance.Insettingthedriveroutputcurrent,multiplythe specified phasecurrentby1.4to
determinethe peak outputcurrent.
Figure5:4-leadMotor Connections
Connectionsto6-leadMotors
Like8leadstepping motors,6leadmotorshavetwoconfigurationsavailableforhigh speed orhigh
torque operation.The higherspeedconfiguration, orhalfcoil,issodescribedbecauseitusesone half
ofthe motor sinductorwindings.The highertorque configuration,orfull coil,usesthe fullwindings
ofthe phases.
HalfCoil Configurations
Aspreviouslystated,thehalfcoilconfiguration uses50%ofthemotorphasewindings.Thisgives
lowerinductance,hence,lowertorqueoutput. Liketheparallelconnection of8leadmotor,the torque
outputwillbemorestableathigherspeeds.Thisconfigurationisalsoreferred toas halfchopper.In
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settingthe driveroutputcurrentmultiplythe specified perphase(orunipolar)current rating by1.4to
determinethe peak outputcurrent.
Figure6:6-leadmotor halfcoil (higher speed)connections
Full CoilConfigurations
Thefullcoilconfiguration on asixleadmotorshouldbeused inapplicationswherehighertorque at
lowerspeedsisdesired.Thisconfigurationisalsoreferredtoasfull copper.Infullcoil mode,the
motorsshouldbe runat only70%oftheirrated current toprevent overheating.
Figure7:6-leadmotor fullcoil(highertorque)connections
Connectionsto8-leadMotors
8leadmotors offerahigh degree offlexibilitytothesystemdesignerinthattheymaybeconnected
inseriesorparallel, thussatisfyingawide rangeofapplications.
SeriesConnections
Aseriesmotorconfiguration wouldtypicallybeused inapplicationswhereahighertorque at lower
speedsisrequired.Becausethisconfiguration has the most inductance,the performancewill start to
degrade athigherspeeds. Inseriesmode, the motorsshouldalsoberun at only70%oftheirrated
currenttopreventoverheating.
Figure8:8-leadmotor seriesconnections

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Parallel Connections
An8leadmotorinaparallelconfiguration offersamorestable, butlowertorque at lowerspeeds.But
becauseofthe lowerinductance,therewillbe highertorque athigherspeeds.Multiplytheperphase
(orunipolar)currentratingby1.96,orthe bipolarcurrentrating by1.4,todetermine the peakoutput
current.
Figure9:8-leadmotor parallelconnections
6. PowerSupplySelection
TheM752canmatchmediumandsmall sizestepping motors(fromNEMAframesize17 to43)
made byLeadshineorothermotormanufacturesaroundtheworld.Toachievegooddriving
performances, it isimportanttoselectsupplyvoltage and outputcurrentproperly. Generallyspeaking,
supplyvoltage determinesthe highspeed performanceofthe motor,whileoutputcurrentdetermines
the outputtorque ofthe drivenmotor(particularlyatlowerspeed).Highersupplyvoltage will allow
highermotorspeed tobeachieved,atthepriceofmorenoise andheating.Ifthemotionspeed
requirementislow,it sbettertouselowersupplyvoltagetodecreasenoise,heatingandimprove
reliability.
RegulatedorUnregulated PowerSupply
Bothregulated and unregulatedpowersuppliescanbeused tosupplythe driver.However,
unregulated powersuppliesarepreferredduetotheirabilitytowithstand currentsurge.Ifregulated
powersupplies(suchasmostswitching supplies.)areindeed used,itisimportanttohavelarge
currentoutputrating toavoidproblemslikecurrentclamp,forexampleusing 4Asupplyfor3A
motor-driveroperation. Onthe otherhand,ifunregulated supplyisused,one mayuseapowersupply
oflowercurrentratingthan thatofmotor(typically50%～70%ofmotorcurrent).Thereasonisthat
the driverdrawscurrentfromthe powersupplycapacitorofthe unregulated supplyonlyduring the
ON duration ofthe PWMcycle,butnotduring the OFFduration.Therefore,theaverage current
withdrawnfrompowersupplyisconsiderablyless thanmotorcurrent.Forexample,two3Amotors
canbewell suppliedbyone powersupplyof4Arating.
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MultipleDrivers
Itisrecommended tohavemultipledrivers toshareonepowersupplytoreducecost, ifthesupply
has enough capacity.Toavoidcrossinterference, DONOT daisy-chainthepowersupplyinputpins
ofthe drivers. (Instead,pleaseconnect themtopowersupplyseparately.)
SelectingSupplyVoltage
ThepowerMOSFETSinsidetheM752 canactuallyoperatewithin+20~+75VDC,including power
inputfluctuation and back EMFvoltage generatedbymotorcoilsduringmotorshaftdeceleration.
Highersupplyvoltagecanincreasemotortorque athigherspeeds,thushelpfulforavoidinglosing
steps.However,highervoltage maycausebiggermotorvibrationatlowerspeed,anditmayalso
causeover-voltageprotection orevendriverdamage.Therefore,itissuggested tochooseonly
sufficientlyhighsupplyvoltage forintendedapplications,and itissuggested tousepowersupplies
withtheoreticaloutputvoltage of+20~+68VDC, leavingroomforpowerfluctuationand back-EMF.
7. SelectingMicrostepResolutionandDriverOutputCurrent
Thisdriverusesan8-bitDIPswitchtosetmicrostepresolution,andmotoroperating current,as
shownbelow:
MicrostepResolutionSelection
Microstepresolution isset bySW5, 6, 7, 8ofthe DIPswitch asshowninthe following table:
Microstep Steps/rev.(for1.8°motor) SW5 SW6 SW7 SW8
2 400 ON ON ON ON
4 800 OFF ON ON ON
8 1600 OFF OFF ON ON
16 3200 ON OFF ON ON
32 6400 ON ON OFF ON
64 12800 OFF ON OFF ON
128 25600 OFF OFF OFF ON
256 51200 ON OFF OFF ON
5 1000 ON ON ON OFF
10 2000 OFF ON ON OFF

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20 4000 OFF OFF ON OFF
25 5000 ON OFF ON OFF
40 8000 ON ON OFF OFF
50 10000 OFF ON OFF OFF
100 20000 ON OFF OFF OFF
200 40000 OFF OFF OFF OFF
CurrentSettings
Foragivenmotor,higherdrivercurrentwillmake themotortooutputmoretorque,butatthe same
timecausesmoreheating inthe motorand driver. Therefore,outputcurrent isgenerallysettobesuch
thatthe motorwillnotoverheatforlong timeoperation.Sinceparallelandserialconnectionsof
motorcoilswill significantlychange resulting inductanceand resistance,itisthereforeimportantto
setdriveroutputcurrentdepending on motorphasecurrent, motorleadsandconnection methods.
Phasecurrent ratingsupplied bymotormanufacturerisimportantinselectingdrivercurrent,however
the selection alsodependson leads and connections.
Thefirstthree bits(SW1,2,3)ofthe DIPswitchareused tosetthe dynamiccurrent.Selectasetting
closest toyourmotor srequired current.
Dynamiccurrentsetting
PeakCurrent RMSCurrent SW1 SW2 SW3
1.26A 0.90A ON ON ON
1.80A 1.29A OFF ON ON
2.36A 1.68A ON OFF ON
2.92A 2.09A OFF OFF ON
3.51A 2.51A ON ON OFF
4.09A 2.92A OFF ON OFF
4.64A 3.32A ON OFF OFF
5.20A 3.71A OFF OFF OFF
Notes: Due tomotorinductance,the actualcurrentinthe coil maybesmallerthan the dynamic
current setting, particularlyunderhigh speed condition.
Standstill currentsetting
SW4isusedforthispurpose.OFFmeaningthatthe standstill currentissettobe halfofthe selected
dynamiccurrent, and ONmeaningthat standstill currentissettobe the sameasthe selected dynamic
current.
M752 MicrosteppingDriverManualV1.0
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Thecurrentautomaticallyreducedto60%ofthe selected dynamiccurrentone second afterthe last
pulse.Theoretically,thiswill reducemotorheating to36%(duetoP=I2*R)ofthe originalvalue.If
the application needsadifferentstandstill current, pleasecontact Leadshine.
8. WiringNotes
lInordertoimproveanti-interferenceperformanceofthedriver,itisrecommended touse
twisted pairshieldcable.
lTopreventnoiseincurred inPUL/DIRsignal,pulse/direction signalwiresand motorwires
shouldnotbe tied uptogether.Itisbettertoseparatethembyatleast10cm,otherwisethe
disturbing signalsgenerated bymotorwill easilydisturbpulsedirection signals,causing motor
positionerror, systeminstabilityandotherfailures.
lIfapowersupplyservesseveraldrivers,separatelyconnecting the driversisrecommended
insteadofdaisy-chaining.
lItisprohibited topull and plugconnectorP2whilethe driverispowered ON, becausethereis
high currentflowing throughmotorcoils(evenwhenmotorisatstandstill). Pulling orplugging
connectorP2 withpoweron will causeextremelyhighback-EMFvoltage surge,whichmay
damage thedriver.
9.Typical Connection
Acompletestepping systemshouldinclude stepping motor,steppingdriver,powersupplyand
controller(pulsegenerator).A typicalconnection isshownasfigure10.
Figure10:Typicalconnection

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10. SequenceChartofControlSignals
Inordertoavoidsomefault operationsanddeviations,PUL,DIRandENAshouldabide bysome
rules, shownasfollowingdiagram:
Figure11:Sequencechartof controlsignals
Remark:
a) t1:ENAmustbeaheadofDIRbyatleast5µs.Usually,ENA+and ENA-areNC(not
connected).See “ConnectorP1Configurations”formoreinformation.
b) t2:DIRmust be aheadofPULeffectiveedge by5µstoensurecorrectdirection;
c) t3: Pulsewidthnotless than1.5µs;
d) t4:Low levelwidthnot less than1.5µs.
11.ProtectionFunctions
Toimprovereliability, thedriverincorporatessomebuilt-inprotectionsfeatures.
Short-voltage andOver-voltageprotection
When powersupplyvoltage islowerthan+17VDC, short-voltage protection will beactivated andthe
powerindicatorLEDwillturnoff.When thepowersupplyvoltageisbacktonormaloperation range,
the driverwill automaticallyreset and powerindicatorLEDwillturnon.
When powersupplyvoltageexceeds+95VDC,over-voltage protectionwill beactivatedandpower
indicatorLEDwill turnred.
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Over-currentProtection
Protection will be activated whencontinuouscurrentreachesto16A.
ShortCircuitProtection
Protection willbe activated incaseofshortcircuitbetween motorcoilsorbetween motorcoil and
ground.
When aboveprotectionsareactive,the motorshaft willbefree ortheLEDwillturnred(except
short-voltage protection).Resetthe driverbyrepowering ittomakeitfunction properlyafter
removingaboveproblems.
12. Frequently AskedQuestions
Intheeventthatyourdriverdoesn toperateproperly,thefirststepistoidentifywhetherthe problem
iselectricalormechanicalinnature.The nextstepistoisolatethe systemcomponentthatiscausing
the problem. Aspartofthisprocess you mayhavetodisconnectthe individualcomponentsthatmake
upyoursystemandverifythattheyoperateindependently.Itisimportanttodocumenteachstep in
the troubleshooting process.Youmayneed thisdocumentation toreferbacktoatalaterdate,and
thesedetailswillgreatlyassistourTechnicalSupportstaffindeterminingtheproblemshouldyou
needassistance.
Manyofthe problemsthataffectmotioncontrolsystemscanbetraced toelectricalnoise,controller
softwareerrors,ormistakeinwiring.

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ProblemSymptomsand PossibleCauses
Symptoms PossibleProblems
Nopower
Microstepresolution setting iswrong
DIPswitchcurrentsettingiswrong
Fault condition exists
Motorisnotrotating
The driverisdisabled
Motorrotatesinthewrongdirection
Motorphasesmaybeconnected inreverse
DIPswitchcurrentsettingiswrong
Thedriver infault Somethingwrong withmotorcoil
Controlsignalistooweak
Control signal isinterfered
Wrong motorconnection
Somethingwrong withmotorcoil
Erraticmotormotion
Current setting istoo small, losing steps
Current setting istoo small
Motorisundersizedfortheapplication
Acceleration isset too high
Motorstallsduring acceleration
Powersupplyvoltagetoolow
Inadequateheat sinking / cooling
Automaticcurrent reductionfunctionnotbeingutilized
Excessivemotoranddriver heating
Current issettoo high
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APPENDIX
TwelveMonthLimited Warranty
LeadshineTechnologyCo., Ltd.warrantsitsproductsagainstdefectsinmaterialsand
workmanshipforaperiod of12 monthsfromshipment outoffactory.Duringthe warrantyperiod,
Leadshinewill either,at itsoption, repairorreplaceproductswhichprovedtobedefective.
Exclusions
The abovewarrantydoesnot extendtoanyproductdamaged byreasonsofimproperorinadequate
handlingsbycustomer,improperorinadequatecustomerwirings,unauthorized modification or
misuse,oroperationbeyondtheelectricalspecificationsofthe productand/oroperationbeyond
environmental specificationsforthe product.
ObtainingWarrantyService
Toobtainwarrantyservice,areturned materialauthorization number(RMA)mustbeobtained
fromcustomerserviceate-mail: [e-mail] beforereturning productforservice.
Customershallprepayshipping chargesforproductsreturned toLeadshine forwarrantyservice,
andLeadshine shall payforreturnofproductstocustomer.
WarrantyLimitations
Leadshinemakesnootherwarranty,eitherexpressed orimplied,withrespecttothe product.
Leadshinespecificallydisclaimsthe implied warrantiesofmerchantabilityand fitnessfora
particularpurpose.Somejurisdictionsdo notallowlimitationson howlongand implied warranty
lasts,sothe abovelimitationorexclusionmaynotapplytoyou.However, any impliedwarrantyof
merchantabilityorfitnessislimited tothe 12-monthduration ofthiswrittenwarranty.
ShippingFailedProduct
Ifyourproductfailduring the warrantyperiod,e-mail customerserviceat [e-mail] to
obtainareturned materialauthorizationnumber(RMA)beforereturning productforservice.
Pleaseincludeawritten description ofthe problemalongwithcontactnameandaddress.Send
failed producttodistributorinyourarea or:Leadshine Technology Co., Ltd.3/F,Block2,Nanyou
TiananIndustrialPark,NanshanDist, Shenzhen,China. Alsoencloseinformation regarding the
circumstancespriortoproductfailure.