Lowrance X-16 User manual

________________ — . '••
'I
INSTALLATION ANID OPERATION MANUAL
X-16
OWNER'S MANUAL
Litho in U.S.A. 988-0096-09
•LOWRANCE ELECTRONICS, INC.
.12000 E.SKELLYDR.,TULSA, OKLA. 74128
NOTICE
Periodically washthe Trans-
ducerFace withsoapand water
toremove anyoilfilm thatmay
collect. Oilanddirtontheface
willreducesensitivity or mayeven
prevent
sounding.
Please detail
the problem you
areexperiencing. OurServiceDe-
partmentmaybeableto saveyou
the inconvenience of returning
your unit.
If itisdetermined thatyourunit
mustbereturned, full shipping in-
structions will be provided.
GOTA PROBLEM?
LET US
HELP!
If
youhave a problemwith your
sonar unit, please give usa
chance to helpbefore sending itin
forrepair.
Assistance canoften beex-
tended bytelephone or letter.
Write orcall one ofourAuthorized
Service Centers orthe Lowrance
Electronics, Inc., Customer Ser-
viceDepartment in Tulsa, OK.
(Toll-free 1-800-331-3889).
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND
PARTS LIST
Should youdesire aSchematic
Diagram and Parts listforypur
Lowrance TRUELINE RECORD-
ER, send $1.00to PARTSLIST,
Lowrance Electronics, Inc.,12000
East Skelly
Drive, Tulsa,Okla-
homa 74128. Besure and give us
theModel Numberand Serial
NumberofyourSONAR
INSTRUMENT
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SURFACECLUTTER Algae,
plankton, air bubbles, boat wakes,
and schools ofbaitfish nearthe
surface ofthewater cancreate
large surface echoes onthepaper.
Theseechoes canextend far
downthe paper and interferewith
fish orother
targetechoes.
Lowrancehasaspecial feature
called "Surface Clarity Control" or
"5CC"that combats surface clutter
effectively.
THERMOCLINE Junction ofdif-
ferent temperaturelayers. When
thewarm and cool temperature
layers meet, adiscontinuity in the
water isformed thatreflects sonar
signals.This iscalled athermo-
dine.
TRANSDUCER The"antenna" of
asonar unit. Thiscontains asmall.
crystalthatconverts theelectrical
energyfromthetransducer into
sound energy and sends it into
thewater.Itthenconverts any
sound in itsfrequency range back
intoelectrical pulses forthe
receiver. Transducers have avan-
etyofstylesincluding "Thru-Hull"
which boltthruaholedrilled in the
hull, "Shoot-Thru-Hull" —epoxied
directly tothe inside of asolid
fiberglass hull with no holes
required,and "Transom Mount" —
bolts directlytothetransomofthe
hull, either below orflushwiththe
bottom ofthe boat.
TRANSPORT ASSEMBLY The
mechanismthat holds and pulls
thechart paper from thefull paper
roll, past
the stylus, and rolls itup
onthetakeup side.Italso con-
tainsthepaperdrive motor and
geartrain. -
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4
5
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1-1
ii
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Specifications 1
Introduction
HowitWorks
Installation
Power Connections
TransducerSelection
Basic Operation
Sensitivity Control
Clear
Entry
Discrimination
PaperSpeed
GRAYLINE
Range
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
Lines
Marker
Scale
Memory/Reset
Feet, Fathoms, Meters
End Of Paper
ZeroAdjust
HowTo ReadGraphs
Paper Loading
Stylus Replacement 16
Stylus BeltReplacement 17
Maintenance 17
Troubleshooting 18
ADVANCED OPERATION 18
Surface ClarityControl (SCC) 18
Suppressor 19
ACCESSORIES
LDT-3000
DIGITAL SURFACE
TEMP
Allows instant visual
wading
of
surface water
temperatures horn
32.0Ia99.9
degrees FIncludes
heavy28footsensorcable.
DUST COVER
Extra protection lromthe elements.
LSB-200ASWITCH BOX
Allows usecitwo
different transducers with
onesonar unit. Weetharpreofswitch
activates transducer #1 or#2.
LSB-201A SWITCH BOX
AllowsuseciIwosoners with
only
one
transducer.Weetherprool switch activates
sonar#1 or#2.
LXT-11OATRANSDUCER
EXTENSION CABLE
Ten-foolextension cablefarusewherea
transducer must belocated
beyond the
reach oh the standard transducer cable.
Sonar unitdoes notnead returning
when
only
oneextension isused.
LKB-2000 TRANSDUCER KICK-UP
BRACKET
Allows THS1192-20 iobemounted belowthe
hull onaluminum beetstoavoid hull turbulence.
LTB-1
000 TRANSOM
MOUNTING BRACKET
Transom
mounting brscketend
spet specifically designed foruse
with V-bottomed boats. Uses
any
Lowrance plastic bolt-thru-huil
transducer.
LFF-102 FISH-N-FLOAT
Two highlyvjaibie floatswith100-fool nylon
cord,wraparound leadsinkers.
LTP-100 FISH-N-TEMP
Portabletemperature and
depthindicator
faraccurate
readings from 30-90 degrees F
enddepths to00 teal.
LPG-605 CHART PAPER
Straight line chart paper, 50toot roll, brall
Computer Sonar graph
recorders.
LTC-60TRANSDUCER
CONNECTOR KIT
Replacas oldslyle
transducer connecter
with newplasticstyle. Ortorepair a
damaged transducer cable.
LPB-192 POWER BOOSTER
Increases the outpulpower ofthe X-150 to
extend the
depthrange, better noise
rejection, andincreases the ability to
diaptey small detail.
LDT-4000 DIGITAL SURFACETEMP
Newsensor probe allows transom,thru-hut,
orrawwaterintake
mounting Water
temperature readings trorn 32.0099.9
degrees F
29
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thesonar canseparate two tar-
getsthat are 11/2 inches apart.
Thisisconsidered good resolution.
However, ifa sonar' pulselength
was 500 micro-seconds,thenthe
sonar could only separate targets
that are at least 12 inches apart.
Thatiswhyit is so important to
pick asonar unitthat gives you
thecapability tochange to narrow
pulselengths forgood resolution.
TheX-16 allows pulse lengths
downto 30micro-seconds or one
inch!
SECOND ECHO Asecond echo
can appearonthedisplay at
roughly twice thedepth ofthe
actual bottom signal. This is
caused bythetransmitted signal
travellingthruthe water,reflecting
offofthebottom, returningtothe
surface, reflectingoffthesurface,
hittingthebottofti once again, and
finally striking thesurface andthe
transducer.Actually,thesonar sig-
nal can dothismany timesasyou
cansee if you are in shallow water
and turn upthesensitivity.Some-
times
three,four,ormore echoes
can bedisplayed.
SENSITIVITY Theability ofa
sonar unit
todisplaytargets. If a
unitcan displaysmall targets deep
in thewaterorverysmall detail,
then itissaid to havehigh
sensitivity.Asensitivity control
adjusts the levelofthe receiverfor
differentconditions. Also called
gain.
SCALE Depth markings printed
onornearthechart paperThese
canbeshown in feet, fathoms,or
meters.Often confused with
Range.
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE
RATIO The
noise level divided by thesignal
level in acircuit is expressedby
thetermsignaltonoiseratio. In
sonar,a high signal tonoiseratio
isdesirable because less noise
suppressionis requiredand itis
easierfortheunittodisplay only
thetruesignals returningfromthe
targets, ratherthan amixture of
signals and noise.
STYLUS Thisisthefine wire that
does the actual marking on a
graph recorder'spaper.Ahigh
voltage isapplied tothestylus
which causesitto burn through
thewhite outer coating ofthe
paper,exposing the blackcarbon
underneath. Use care when han-
dlingastylus. Nevertouch itwhen
the unitisoperating.
STYLUSSKIP Thisisacondition
thatoccurs when the stylus
doesn't contacttheentire surface
ofthe chart paper. Itthen leaves
gapsin the recordwherethe
stylus "skip' overspots. Usually,
the problemcan be rectified by
removingand bendingthe stylus
into theproper shape,although
sometimes itis causedby aworn-
outstylus which must then be
replaced.
SUPPRESSOR A Lowrance
exclusive,patented probessto
eliminate noisefrom asonar unit's
display.Itworkson the principal
that noise pulsesare typically
short in duration. By increasing
thetransmitters pulselength, and
tracking itwith the receiver, the
short noise pulses are cancelled
out.
STYLUS BELT A beltthattravels
over two motor driven pulleys. It
typically
hasaholderthatretains
thestylusand amagnet on the
opposite side that triggers
thd
transmitter.
Pulse
Alternate Transmit and Print
Paper Save
Print Intensity
Loran Interface
PowerBooster
Summary ofCommands
Glossary
Accessories
23
24
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25
26
26
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29
SPECIFICATIONS
Dimensions (with gimbal mount)
Dimensions (instrumentonly)
Weight
ChartPaper
Transmitter
Frequency
Pulse Width (Adjustable)
10¼"Wx 8¼"H x 65/s"D
12¼"W x 9"H x 65/ct
8.5 pounds
LPG-606
(2) 4" x50'roll
192 kHz
30 s- 2000 p.s
1600 watts p-p
200 watts RMS
Output Power
ReceiverSensitivity
Chart Speed
Voltage Range
Current Drain
Fuse
—85db
.10 -3.0 in/mm
10 -15 vdc
amps, approximately
4 amp
28 1
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INTRODUCTION
TheLowrance X-16is ahighly
sophisticated recording depth
sounderThanks to a micro-com-
puter,the X-16candomore than
anyothersonar unit in its price
range plus many that cost much
more. Using the waterproof key-
board, fullcontrol ofthe system
is
atyourfingertips to meet the
changing demandsofvarying bot-
tom conditions, water depth, and
boatspeed. You canselectthe
unit's
sensitivity, discrimination
level, upper and lower depth
range, paperspeed, GRAYLINE,
and many morefeatures. The
patented Lowrance variable sup-
pression system combined with
thenewDiscrimination feature not
only filtersoutfalsesignalswith-
outdistorting the real ones, butis
syncronized withtheGRAYLINE
function to provide clearsignals
underall conditions.
HOW ITWORKS
When theunit isturned on, an
electronically regulated motor
drivesalightweight beltlocated at
the right edge oftherecording
paper Thestylusis attached to
thisbelt. When thestylusis atthe
topofthepapera small mark is
made. Thisis called thezero
mark, andrepresents the surface
ofthewater.Thestyluscontinues
FIGURE 1
GRAPH
PAPER
tomove downthe edge ofthe
paper while thesound pulseis
traveling throughthewater,and
when anechois detected, the
stylusmakes another markonthe
paper.Thedepth oftheobject
which reflectedtheechocan be
read in feet, fathoms, ormetersby
comparing its location on the
paper
to thedepth scaleprinted
onthepaper.
Thepaper speed iscontrolled
by avariable speed motorDuring
onerevolutionofthestylusbelt, a
verynarrow mark will bemade by
theflexiblestylus, butthe paper
will movea small amount before
thenextrevolution.Each mark will
blend intotheone beforesothat a
composite picture" ofthetarget
willbe made, onetinymark at a
time.
INSTALLATION
Mounting—
Thedepth sounder maybe
installed in anyconvenient area,
provided
the unitcan betiltedfor
the bestviewing angle. Holes in
the bracket base allowwood
screw orbolt mounting.Awood
stiffener maybe requiredonthe
back ofthin fiberglass panels to
support the unit.
Makecertain there isenough
room onthe backside oftheunit
toattachthe powerand trans-
PULLEY
DRIVE
-STYLUS
DRIVE
BELT
•STYLUS
PULLEY
on theX-16. Becausethe
transmitted power is greater,
stronger signals are transmitted
intothe water. Thiswill increase
thedepth range oftheunit and
thesignal tonoiseratio, plus the
ability to seesmall detailis
enhanced. Forinstallation
instructionsonthe LPB-1
92, read
theowner's manual included with
the power booster.
Toturnthepowerbooster
on,
press12-2nd-5.
Toturnthepowerbooster
off,
press
2nd -8.
FREQUENCY CONVERTER
TheModel LXC-16 frequency
converter allows the X-16touse
eithera50 kHz or 192 kHz
operating frequency atthe
discretion oftheoperator.Itcan be
switched from 192 to 50 kHzat
anytime byusing
the keyboard.
Forinstallation instructions, see
theowner's manual included with
theLXC-16.
Toturnthe frequency converter
on, press 2nd- 5.
Toturnthe frequency converter
off, press 2nd - 8.
GLOSSARYOF TERMS
CAVITATION Airbubbles trapped
againstthe transducer.Thisis
typically
caused by animproper
transducer installation. Aluminum
boats in particular have problems
withcavitation.Theproblem is
most evident when
travelling at
highspeed. Airbubbles arecre-
ated by rivets, strakes, ribs,or
otherobjects whichthen passover
theface ofthetransducer. Forthe
proper operation ofthe transducer,
it must have solid contact withthe
water atalltimes.
MICRO-SECOND Unit of mea-
sure. One micro-secondisequal
to0.001 second. Used in sonar to
measuretheamount oftime the
unitistransmitting. Abbreviation:
W5.
NOISE Anyundesiredsignal.
Noise canshow up on a graph
recorder assmall dots or lines
randomly scattered acrossthe
paper. Itcanbecausedby electri-
calsources suchasalternators,
spark plugs, improper wiring, orby
mechanical sources, airbubbles
passing over theface ofthe
transducer,vibration oftheengine,
oraloose transducer mounting.
OUTPUT POWER Theamount
ofelectrical energy applied tothe
transducer bythetransmitter.
Expressedinwafts,typically
the
higher the output powerasonar
unithas, the deeper itcanread,
and smaller detailcan beshown.
POWERBOOSTER Adevice
which connects tothetransducer
jackofthesonar unitand
increases its output power.
PULSE LENGTH Thelength of
timethat the sonar unittransmits
apulse of sound into the water
Thisperiod oftimeis veryshort
and is usuallyreferredtoin micro-
seconds. Also called PulseWidth.
RANGE Maximum depththata
sonar unitis setto display.For
example, arange setting of0-60
feeton agraph means that the
maximum depththatcan bedis-
playedbefore thebottom echo
drops offthechartpaper is60
feet.
RESOLUTION Theability ofa
sonar unittoseparate targets.
This ability isdetermined bythe
pulse length oftheunit. If
the
pulse length isveryshort, 50
micro-secondsforexample, then
27
2
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be used to helpalleviate this
condition.
LORAN-C
INTERFACE
Aremarkableadvantage ofthe
X-16isitsability toprint
Loran-C
coordinates in either
Time Differen-
ces (ID's)orLatitudeandLongi-
tude.(NOTE:TheX-16hasbeen
designed touseonlytheLowrance
Loran-C
receiver.)
To connectthe
Loran totheX-16, simplysplicethe
whiteandblack
wireontheX-16's
power
cabletothe
whiteandblack
wireontheLoran-Cspowercable.
(SeeFigure 2onpage 3.)Afterthe
proper connections have been
.i.:: I—
I1iI
24.0——I
p6.0 —— —
26.0
B.0— 48.0—
4
60.Ofl—
Figure46
made, turnonboththeLoranand
theX-16.AftertheLoran has
acquired
the
signals,press
2nd- 0.
TheLoran coordinates willimme-
diately beprinted vertically
down
thepaper.Either Latitudeand
Longitude orTime Differences
(TD's)willbeprinted onthepaper
depending onthemode theLoran
isin. If2nd-0ispressed and no
Loran isconnected, theunitwill
stoppulling paper
andprinting for
approximately fourseconds.
POWER BOOSTER
Apower booster,Model
LPB-192, is availablethatwill
increase the transmitter'soutput
power oftheX-16.Itcanbe
turned onoroffby thekeyboard
26
ducer cables. There should also
beenough roomtoallow thefront
panel doorto open.
Ifthe desired location is closer
than 18" to amagneticcompass, a
trialrun should bemade with the
unitin operation to be sure that
thecompass readingsare not
affected.
POWER CONNECTIONS
Twelvevolt DC powerforthe
depth sounder should besupplied
bytheboat's 12volt electrical
system. The powercable may be
attached to an accessoryorpower
buss, butifyou have problems
withelectrical interference,the
cableshould be attacheddirectly
to the battery.
Ifalonger cableisrequired, use
ordinary #18 lampcord available
atanyhardware orelectrical sup-
ply store. Splices should be
soldered, however, ifthis isn't
done, then use crimp-type splices.
Tape all splices with electrical
tape.
There aretwotypes ofnoise
that can beintroduced intothe
sonar system ifan improper
installation is made, electrical
noisepicked up bythetransducer
orpower cable, and acoustic noise
picked up bythetransducer.
Acoustic noise iscaused by
water turbulence, airbubbles
FIGURE 2 3
passing over thetransducer, and
cavitationwhere a partial vacuum
isformed bytheflow ofwater.This
noise is minimized by following
carefullythetransducer installation
instructions concerning location of
the transducer.
Electrical noiseis caused mainly
bytheboatengine's ignition sys-
tem. Keep thetransducer cable
and power cableawayfrompossi-
blesources ofelectrical inter-
ference. Again, connect thepower
cabledirectly to thebatteryif
possible, notthe boat'swiring
harness.
Cavitation and electrically
induced noisecanbegenerated if
a careless installation hasbeen
made, buttheSuppressor circuit
and Discrimination is effective in
combatting both. Before initial use
orafterprolonged storage, better
water-to-transducercontactwill be
made iftheface ofthetransducer
iswashed with mild detergent and
warm water.Positivecontactwith
the water isessential to reduce
cavitation noisecaused by bub-
bles onthetransducer face.
An in-line fuseholderwith a4
amp fuseissupplied withthe
X-16.Becertainto install thisas
closetothepower source (such
as the boat battery or power buss)
as possible. Thiswill protect both
the sonar unitand thepower
SUMMARY OFCOMMANDS
COMMAND
CLEAR ENTRY
ALTERNATETRANSMIT
FUNCTION
CLEAR
ON/OFF
DISCRIMINATION
PAPERSAVE
PAPERSPEED
POWERBOOSTER
PRESSKEY:
CLEAR ENTRY
UPPER&LOWER
LIMIT
0-4
0-7
0-7
ON/OFF
-DISC
- 2nd - 6
- PAPERSPEED
2nd - 5,ON/2nd -7,
OFF
PRINT INTENSITY
SUPPRESSOR
SURFACECLARITY (SCC)
FEET
0-2
0-7
0-7
FATHOMS
METERS
ON
- 2nd -LINES
-2nd -9
- SCC
ON
ON
2nd - 1
2nd -2
2nd -3
OFE
(Negative)
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cablein the event ashort occurs.
Crimp
connectors are supplied to
attach thefuseholdertothe
power cable. Thered wire in the
power cable isthepositive con-
ductorTheblack wire is the
ground ornegative conductor.
Thegraph is protected from
accidental polarityreversals and
no damage willoccurif thewires
are reversed.The unitwill not
operate until the proper polarity
is
applied.
FIGURE 3
Wheninstalling thepower
cable,
you willfindtwoextra wirescom-
ingfromthepowercable. The
green oneisforanoptional Power
Boosterandtheotherwhitewire
isforconnection toaLoran C
receiverIfneitherofthese fea-
tures are going tobeused,tape
theends ofthe
greenand white
wiressothat
theycannotshort
RefertotheAdvanced Operation
section formoreinformation on
these wires.
TRANSDUCER SELECTION
Lowranceoffers you thechoice
oftransducers with either an 8 or
20 degreeconeangle thatwill
interchangewithanyofour192
kHzsonarunits.In otherwords,
anyLowrancesonar instrument
canbe used with anyLowrance
transducer ofthe same frequency
without retuning ofany kind, and
no loss of performance.However,
the useof anyothermanufac-
turer'stransducer will result in a
loss ofperformance.
Nowyoucan select thetrans-
ducer design and cone angleto
bestfityour specific needs. Gen-
erally, wideconeangle transdu-
cers(20 degrees) are ideally
suited foroperating in shallow
wateroratmedium depths. The
20degreeconeangleallows
you
toseemore ofthe underwater
world. In 15 feet ofwater the 20
degreeconecovers anareaofthe
bottomthath about 6 feet across.
The 8degree transducer covers
only about a2footcircle.
way
toslowthechart paperThe
chart below gives therangeofthe
Paper Savefunction and the
amountthateach level slows the
paper.
To enablethePaperSave
function, simply press thelevel of
papersavedesired, then 2nd,
then 6.Thepaper should slow
immediately.Forexample,
suppose youwishto slowthe
paper
down to 1/4 itspresent
speed. Press 3 -2nd-6andthe
paper
will now betraveling four
times slowerthan its previous
speed.
When the Paper Save function
isenabled, theX-16will print
PSV= andthe level ofpapersave
thatyouselected. Forexample, in
our previous example the Paper
Savevalue was3.TheX-16will
print PSV=3onthe bottom line of
the chart paper (See Figure 45.)
- — -- 1
Lao
34.0 - - -
360
48,0
•
60.OFT—rL LOUPAITCE PSU3
Figure45
The PaperSave function can
also be used withtheAlternate
Transmitand Print function which
will cutany Paper Savespeed in
half.This givesfourteen different
paper speeds selectable by the
operator.
Todisablethe PaperSave
function, simply press0- 2nd -6,
and the paper willspeed up.
PRINT INTENSITY
Three levels ofprint intensity are
providedfor differentconditions.
The stylus printing can be
adjusted to print lighterordarker
by usingthe Print Intensity mode.
Whenthe X-16leavesthe factory,
the Print Intensityis setto level 1.
Tochange this setting, pressthe
level ofintensity desired, from0to
2 (0 islightest, 2 isdarkest) and
then press 2nd - LINES.
Forexample, ifthe stylus is
printing too light,press2- 2nd -
LINESandthe markingsonthe
chart paper should become
darker
Thisfeature is usefulwhena
stylus becomesold. By usingthe
'2"level or darkest level,the
printing canimprove.If,when
usingveryslow paperspeeds, the
record has muchoverprint due to
multiple stylus strikes in asmall
area, the'0"or lightestlevel can
PAPER SAVE
LEVEL CHART SPEEDREDUCEDTO
1 1/2
2 1/
3 1/4
4 1/5
5 1/6
6 1/
7 1/
FIGURE 4
Co,e
AnSI.I
O.pth
L. 7ft lIltI
II" 4 I
III' 11 13
1240 28 7' I
50'
100'
150'
200'
8°at3db
4 25
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keyboard
the initial pulse length
desired and then press the PULSE
key. Forexample,toset theinitial
transmitpulselengthto 100micro-
seconds,press 1 -0-0- PULSE.
This will override the micro-com-
puter'sselection and set theinitial
transmitterpulse lengthto 100
micro-seconds.P
=100 will be
printed atthe bottom ofthepaper
tosignify that
theentry has been
confirmed. (Note:When aninitial
transmit pulse length is set, this
lengthwill befixedfor all depth
settings until changed.)
To returncontrol backtothe
micro-computer,press0- PULSE
and the micro-computerwillselect
the initial pulse length.
ALTERNATE
TRANSMIT AND
PRINT
When usingtheX-16 in deep
water, or ifyouwishtosimply
conservepaper,itmaybedesir-
ableto slow thepaper speed even
more thanthe automaticsystem
allows. However, when doing so,
you mayget over print" orvery
dark, heavy printing over anarea
that is difficultto read. Much detail
canalso belostdue tothis.
Afeaturethatisavailableon the
X-16isthe Alternate Transmitand
Printfunctionwhich, whenacti-
vated,causes the stylus toprint
every other revolutioninstead of
everyrevolution.Thisaccom-
plishesfourthings:
1. Sincethestylus only prints
every other revolution,the
recorded informationdoesn'thave
the"overprint"problem, therefore
good records are attainable at
slowerpaperspeeds. Also, the
scale numbers are spread out
more, makingthem more legible.
2. Reducesthepossibility of 24
"wrap-around".Thisisthe undesir-
ableoccurrenceofthesecond or
third bottom echoprinted on the
paper atthetop ormiddle ofthe
page. Many times this can inter-
ferewithfish or other
targets
that
youwishtosee.
3. Reducesthe reverberation
effect.Thishappens mainly on
lowerfrequency units, but it can
happen onhigherfrequency mod-
els. Reverberationis heavy,
scatterednoisemarks caused by
thetransmitted signal becoming
trapped between thesurface and
thebottom, usually scattered in
heavy plankton layers orbaitfish
schools. Thiscausesa great many
lines tobe printed onthe page. By
enabling the Transmitand Print
function, thetransmitter istrig-
gered only halfas many timesas
normal, puffing less energy into
thewater (same amount oftrans-
millerpower,just not asoften)
which reduces theamountof
noiseseen.
4. Divides thepaperspeed by
two. Asignificant amount ofpaper
canbe saved by usingtheAlter-
nate Transmitand Print feature.
To turnthisfeature on, simply
press the 2nd key, then press the
"4" key. Thepaper speed will
immediatelyslowdown, signifying
thatthefunction isenabled.
To turntheAlternate Transmit
and Printfeature off, simply press
the2nd key and then pressthe
"7" key. Thepaper speed will
immediately speed up, signifying
thatthefunction has been turned
off.
PAPERSAVE
Although theAlternate Transmit
and Printfunction will slowthe
paperspeed, thePaper Save
function is an even more powerful
Thus, you would usea20
degreetransducer when looking
for fishor strubture,toeasily
find
drop-offs or reefs,and to seefish
that are around you. . . not just
below you. However,
the 20
degree transducer won't
penetrate
to greater depths as well asthe 8
degreetransducer, norwill itshow
asharp drop-off aswell. In a
deep-waterenvironment (100 feet
ordeeper) or whereyou're looking
atsharp drop-offs,the narrow
cone angle cansometimesbe
moredesirable because itcan
more accurately detecttheloca-
tionofthe drop-offwithout
displaying thefish. In deep water,
with thesound energy being con-
centrated in asmaller area, the8
degree transducer canreachto
greater depths.
Both the8degreeandthe20
degreetransducers give accurate
bottom readings,even though the
bottom signal is muchwideron
the 20degree model becauseyou
are seeing more ofthebottom.
Remember,the shallowedge of
the signal shows youthetrue
depth. Therest ofthe signaltells
youwhether youare over rocks,
mud, dropoffs,etc.
Thanks tothe LSB-200Atrans-
ducer switch
box, you can have
thebestofboth worlds. Byinstall-
ingthe LSB-200A near the
operator,both a20degree and an
8 degree cone angle transducer
maybe mounted onaboat and
connected tothe switch box.A
cablefromtheswitch boxisthen
connected totheX-16.Now
eithertransducer maybeused as
conditions dictate. Use the20
degreetransducer when in shal-
lowto medium depthsand then
switch tothe8degreetransducer 5
whenin deep water orwhen you
need justnavigation information.
Saltwater boats need to have
thetransducer
painted with athin
coat of anti-foulant paintto prevent
organisms fromgrowing. If un-
checked, barnacles and other
marine growth will cause a
decrease inthetransducer's sen-
sitivity. Do not useametal based
anti-foulant paintas itwill de-
crease thetransducers sensitivity
also. There are special paints on
the market specifically designed
fortransducers and are carried
by
most marine dealers.
BASIC OPERATION
On-Off and Sensitivity Control —
Rotate theSensitivity knob
clockwise toturntheunit on. The
Sensitivity knobworks much like
the volume control on a radio, that
is,weaker signals will bedetected
with highersettings ofthe knob.
When cruising, oratothertimes
when
justsimple bottom contour
information isdesired, the Sen-
sitivitysetting canbe low. Indeep
water orover soft, muddy bottoms,
(which produce weak echoes),the
setting will havetobe higher.
When highSensitivity settings
are used, asecond bottom echo
will appear.This is normal and is
caused bythe returning signal
reflecting offthesurface ofthe
water,making asecond tripto the
bottom and back.
Ifdetailed information about
brush piles, individual fish,orthe
thermocline is desired, theSen-
sitivityknobshouldberotated to
approximatelythe ¾point.Refer
tothe illustrations onpage6to
see whateffect theSensitivity
control setting has onthe recorded
information.
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Recording individual fish withan
"arched" signature
canusually be
accomplished attrolling speed
withthe Sensitivity
knob atthe¾
point, orhigher. Refertothe
section 'ArchedSignatures"for
more information about this impor-
tant function ofthe recorder.
12.0
244 / b'240
36,0 360
480
FIGURE 6
CLEARENTRY
TheCLEARENTRY keyis used
whenamistakehasbeen made
whenentering acommand to the
unit. If, forexample, you wishto
setthe lower depth limitto500
feet, and byaccident, you press
509. BEFORE youpress the
LOWER LIMIT key, you can press
the CLEAR ENTRY key which
erases themistake, and allows
youto re-enter the correct
command.
DISCRIMINATION
Noise pulses are thelargest
complaint most oftenreceived
about sonar units.Lowrance has
had thepatented Suppression
system for many years which is
quite effective ateliminating noise
from thedisplay.Theonly draw-
backtotheSuppression system is
that itincreases the transmitter's
pulselength whichdecreases res-
olution and causes
targets thatare
close together to merge intoone
"blob" instead oftwodistinct
images.
Discrimination is aprogram
installed inthe X-16's micro-
processorthatenables itto
processthe output
from the
receiver, determine which signals
are noise and eliminate them,then
print only the legitimate echoes.
Using thisconcept, thetransmit-
ted pulse doesnothave to be
increased,therefore records with
high resolution and high noise
immunity can beachieved.
Discrimination is interlaced with
Suppression,however,and some
suppressionis used when higher
levels ofDiscrimination are
chosen. Fora complete explana-
tionofSuppression and
Discrimination,seetheAdvanced
Operationsection entitled "Sup-
pression".There are five levels of
Discriminationthatcanbeused.
(0) is thelowest level whereas the
highestvalue (4) isthestron9est
level and shouldbe used only
when severenoiseispresent.
Another advantage ofDiscrimi-
nation is itsabilitytofilterout
interferencefromother depth
sounders. Thisallows the simul-
taneous operation ofadigital
depth sounder and the X-16. Turn
both unitson. If interference from
Suppressor levelby using the
Suppressorcontrol atany level
above3. TheSuppressor control
will overridethe automatic selec-
tionthat Discrimination chose. Ifa
suppressionlevel greater than0 is
selected bythe operator, thenthe
X-16willprintan"F'afterthe
Discrimination level, For example if
the Discriminationlevel is1 and
the Suppressorlevel isset (or
"fixed") to3,then theX-16will
print"D=
1F'.Thisisareminder
that some level ofsuppression is
inuse. (SeeFigure43.)
- —
lab - 12.0
24.0 - - 84,0
36.0
4S.0—
60,0FT——B1F--L0URAr1CE 60
OFT-j
FIGURE 43
PULSE
In theSuppressor section ofthis
manual, we explained therelation-
ship between pulselengthand
targetseparation. Aspulselength
increases,targetseparation, As
pulse length increases, targetsep-
arationorresolution isdegraded
but deepwater penetration
improves.However,ifthe pulse
width isdecreased, resolution
becomesmuch better.TheX-16
allows youtotake advantage of
this factbymaking itpossible to
overridethe initial transmitter
pulselength setting fromwhatthe
micro-computer selects according
tothe Lower Limit.
Theinitial transmitter pulse
length canbe setfrom 30 ps to
1700 ps byentering itonthe
keyboard. By setting the initial
transmitter pulsewith to 100 jis,a
three inch resolutionisobtained,
50 ps equivalent toan inch and a
half, and 30 ps initial transmit
pulse
length is equalto one inch
resolution!No other graph
recorderinthe market todaycan
give you this feature. Aftersetting
theinitialtransmitter pulselength,
theDiscriminationfunction can be
used to eliminatenoise and still
have good resolution.
TheX-16willdisplay the initial
transmitter pulselength atthe
bottom ofthe paperwhen
you
over-ridethe micro-computer. To
distinguish the initial transmitter
pulse fromtheother information
printed onthepaper,
the graph
will print P=100 (ifthepulse
isset
to 100 micro-seconds.)
A50 ps
initial pulse lengthwould be dis-
played asP=50. (See Figure 44.)
NOTE:Ifa
pulselength 110
micro-secondsorless ischosen
by theoperator,
theSuppressor is
disabled. Also, lessthan max-
imum power istransmittedwhen
thepulse lengthisless than 100
micro-seconds.
Tosetthe initialtransmitter
pulse length,simply press onthe
FIGURE 5 SENSITIVITY: TOO LOW
0.0 0
-' L\ 4
SENSITIVITY: PROPER SETTING
Figure44
6 23
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selected, thetransmitpulse length
would be: 525 + 200 = 725
micro-seconds. Weadded theini-
tialtransmitpulse of525 micro-
seconds which is listed inthe
initial transmitpulse
chart, to200
micro-seconds, whichis Sup-
pressor level 3, according to the
Discrimination -Suppressor chart.
So thetotalinitial transmit
pulse
length is 725 micro-seconds. Now,
ifwe want,
we can increase the
PAPERSPEEDCONTROL
Thiskey adjusts thespeed of
thechart paper. Its range is0to7.
When theX-16isfirst turnedon,
the paperspeed is setto level 5.
This setting isgood fordetailed
graphs, in shallow tomedium
depths whentrolling.
Itwill show proper fisharchesat
low speeds andkeepshigh speed
information frombeing com-
pressed. Thepaperspeed should
beturned downwhenusing the
unitin deepwater.Thiswill pre-
vent gaps fromappearing inthe
record. Infact, the microcomputer
will automatically slowthemax-
imum speed ofthe chart paper
when operating in deep water.
To change thespeed ofthe
chart paper,simplypress the new
leveldesired, from 0to7,then
pressthe PAPER SPEED key. The
paper speed should change
immediately.
Remember,ifgapsin the record
appear,turnthepaper speed
down until asolid record is
achieved.Thepaper speed may
also beslowed whennotlooking
forfish or tosimply conserve
paper.Ifheavy printing, or"over-
strike" occurs, turnthepaper
speed up.Overstrike happens
whenthe papermovestoo slow
pastthe stylus, which causes the
stylus toprintover a large portion
ofthe previous mark. Thismakes
heavy,black marks on thechart
paper.Usually, the easiest way to
solve thisproblem istoturnthe
paper speed up. However,
Alter-
nate Transmit and Print orthe
Paper Save function listed in the
Advanced Operationsectioninthis
manual, may help also.
GRAYLINE CONTROL
TheGRAYLINE function canbe
SUPPRESSOR LEVEL INITIAL TRANSMIT PULSE INCREASE
(micro-seconds)
0 AUTOMATIC
1 0
2 100
3 200
4 330
5 450
6 600
7 800
the digital showsup on theX-16
• (random short lines running ver-
tically across the paper), then
increase the Discrimination level
until theyare gone.
To usetheDiscrimination func-
tion, simplypress thelevel of
noise rejection desired, from 0to
4, then the Disc (Discrimination)
key. There should bean immedi-
atechange in theamountofnoise
present onthe paper.TheDiscrim-
ination setting is printed atthe
bottom ofthe papereach timethe
level is entered andat intervals
thereafter.When theX-16is
shipped fromthefactory,the Dis-
crimination level isset to 1.
TheDiscrimination function can
bedisabledat anytime bypress-
ingO-DISC.
Example: Entera Discrimination
level of4.
IFINITIAL TRANSMIT PULSE LENGTH IS LESS THAN 500 MICRO-
SECONDS:
DISCRIMINATIONLEVEL SUPPRESSOR LEVEL
0 1
1
2 2
3 3
4 4
IFINITIALTRANSMITPULSELENGTH ISGREATERTHAN500
MICRO-SECONDS:
DISCRIMINATION LEVEL SUPPRESSOR LEVEL
0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
FIGURE 7 ----0.0--—
is automaticallyincreasedwhen
the Discrimination levelis
increased. This isdone forbetter
noise rejection.Thefollowingchart
shows therelationshipbetween
Suppression and Discrimination.
Remember,Suppressorvalue 1
adds nothing tothe initial transmit
pulse length.
In other
words, ifthe lower limit
selected was 525 feetand a
Discrimination level of2was
PRESS: 4 - DISC FIGURE 8
—nfl ———-— —— — ——__________ -
12.0 • 12.0
24.0 fl' --
• ' • -•
48,0
22 7
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used tooutline thebottom contour
whichmightotherwise behidden
beneathtrees and brush; itcan
also give cluestothecomposition
ofthebottom. A hard bottom
returns avery strong signal caus-
ing awidegray line. Asoft, muddy
orweedy bottom returns aweaker
signal which is emphasizedwitha
narrow gray line. Donotadvance
thecontrol toofar or itwillgray
line on thetargetcompletely,
showing noblack, which makes
thetargetdifficulttosee.
RANGE
Therangefunction utilizesthe
keyboardtoselectanyrange
between 0and8000'in 1 foot
increments. Pleasereadthissec-
tioncarefully
togetthemost outof
theX-16's range capabilities.
LOWER LIMIT
When you firstturnon theX-1
6,
the range will be0-60feet.
To change to adeeper range,
simplypress thedesired depth on
the keyboard, and then press the
LOWERLIMITkey.
NOTE: Remember, anydepth may
be used as a lower limit displayed
atthebottom ofthe chart paper.
Example: Change range to0-256
Press: 2-5-6- LOWER LIMIT
Note thatthepaperspeedslows
automatically at this range setting.
downto a minimum whenlooking
forfish.
However,it is helpful sometimes
to have longerpulse widthwhen
resolution isnotaconcern. When
usingasonarin deeperwater, it is
easierforthe unitto detect a
longer pulsecomingbackfrom the
bottom orfromfish. Thisiscalled
"Probabilityof Echo Detection".
Theprobability ofthe unitbeing
abletodetect an echoreturning
fromdeep wateris diminished
becausethefurtherthesound
pulse has totravel, theweaker it
becomes. Bybroadening the pulse
length, in essence, a largersignal
istransmitted and itis easier for
the receiver to detect it.
Forthisreason, the micro-com-
puter
intheX-16automatically
increases the initial pulse length of
the unitas deeperlower limits are
setby theoperator. (Note: Initial
pulse length isthe pulselength of
the unitwhenthe Suppressor
control isset to minimum.)
From 200 feetto599feet, the
initial pulse length increases atthe
same rate asthedepth.For
example, with the LOWER LIMIT
setto260 feet, the initial transmit
pulse length would be 260 p5. If
theLOWER LIMIT issetto390
feet, theinitialtransmit
pulse
would be390 ps. Thepulse
length from 600 - 879 feetisthe
depth plus4 micro-seconds Qis)
perfoot OVER 600 feet. In other
words, withalower limit of700
feet, the initial transmit
pulse
length wouldbe 1100 micro-
seconds.
Thetransmit
pulse length can
be increasedfromthe initial point
atanytimeby using the
Suppressorcontrol. Themaximum
amount ofpulse length added to
the initial transmitter pulselength
isapproximately800micro-
seconds. Inotherwords, ifthe
LOWERLIMIT isset to 420 feet,
andtheSuppressorcontrol is
increasedtothe maximum, (press
7-2nd -9)thetransmitter pulse
lengthwould be 1220 micro-
seconds. (420initial + 800 =
1220.)
Theamountthattheinitial
transmit
pulse length isincreased
withsuppressionislisted in the
followingchart. Remember,the
numberinthe right hand column
istheamount addedtothe initial
transmit pulse length.
When Suppressor level 0"is
chosen,thesuppressor level is
automatic.Thisties in with the
Discriminationfeature. As different
levelsofDiscrimination are
selected,and theSuppressor level
issetto 0", thesuppression level
— 12.0— 120—
—240 -
—240-—-
—360—--———- — 260—
—400--—— ——480—
feet.
—
60.OFT——3=1—-—— LOIJRAMCE - - - 60.OFT
FIGURE 11
Example: Change range to0-75
Press:7-5- LOWER LIMIT
FIGURE 9 —15.0—--— _——-—15.0—
—
30.0 - ________—---— 30.0——
45.0 - ———-—450
600——-———--—-— — —600
—75OFT— 111
——— —LD4RFMCE——-—75OFT
FIGURE 12
FIGURE 10 GRAYLINE"ON"
INITIAL
LOWER TRANSMIT
LIMIT PULSE WIDTH
(feet) (micro-seconds)
1-19 110
20-29 130
30-199 160
200
-
599 Same as LOWER LIMIT
600
-
879 Same as LOWERLIMIT + 4ps/ft
over 600'
880
-
maximum 1700
j.s
feet.
8 21
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0:THH
t; H'
j/ 'yL
j/'11 if,
FIGURE 40
graph record becomes coarse and
theabilityto separatefishfrom the
bottom orfromotherfishwill be
decreased. (SeeFigure41 &42.)
Therefore,thelower
the
suppression setting, the better.
Increasethe Suppressorsetting
only asfaras necessary to
removethe erratic, unwanted
noisemarks. Mostofthetime at
lowortrolling speeds, no
suppressionwill be necessary.
To usethe Suppressor,simply
press the desired amount of
suppression desired, from0to7,
andthen press the2nd key and
the 9 key. Forexample, ifyou
wanted to increase the
suppression levelto5, then you
would press: 5- 2nd -9, in that
order.When anySuppressor level
other than 0is chosen, the level is
printed on thebottom line ofthe
chart paper. Forexample, ifthe
suppressor level isset to5, then
theX-16willprint: SUP=5.
Theonly disadvantage tothis
system isthat resolution, or the
ability toseparate targets, is
diminished whenthe pulse length
is increased.A 200 is(micro-
second) transmitter pulselength
used onthe X-16whenpower is
firstturnedon,will allow
theunit
to display two fish ortargets that
are only 6inches apart.Inother
words, iftwofishthatare 6 inches
apartare displayed onthegraph
paper,theywill show up astwo
separate arches whenthetrans-
mitter is operating witha200 ps
pulse
length. Now, ifweincrease
thetransmitter's pulselengthto
400 ps,(by increasing the Sup-
pressor) thosesametwo fish
archeswill blend together and
show up asonefish or
possibly even a'blob"on the
paper.
With a400 istransmit
pulse
width, thosesametwofish will
have to beatleast12inches apart
before theywill show upastwo
separate arches onthegraph.
Thisiswhyit isimportant
toleave
the Suppressor control turned
20
256.OFT 01 LOIJRAIICE 256.OFT
FIGURE 13
UPPER LIMIT
Many times it is desirable to
expand asection ofthe area that
isdisplayed onthegraphrecorder
toshow more detail.This ismade
possible bythe X-16toshow
segments oftheunderwaterworld
by using the UPPER LIMIT func-
tion. Using the UPPER LIMIT key
allows youto display anydepth
range atthetop ofthechart
paper.
Example: Turn on unitand set
rangeto 20-60feet.
Press:2-0- UPPER LIMIT
Press:6-0- LOWERLIMIT
20.0 -—-- ---20,0 -:
23.0-- — —-----—- - -28.0
36.0
——--- —-
36.0
44.0-— --—— —-— 44.0
52.0 —---— —
66.2 61.2-—-
_ —— —- 66.6- -
?2.OFT
--- 31-— —-
LPMCE —72.PFT—
FIGURE 15
TheUpper and Lower Limits
canbe used in various combina-
tionsto show segments fromthe
surface tothe bottom andany-
where in between. Aonefoot
segment ofthedepth canbe
displayed at anytime, ifdesired.
Representativesamples
of chart
paperare shown inthe backof
this manual.
Ifyouwishto display your depth
settings
at anytime,simplypress
the2nd key and thenthe SCALE
key. Thecurrent rangewill be
printed onthe paper immediately.
This will not change thedepth
selling.
NOTE:
Although the maximum
lowerlimitofthedepth range is
8000 feet, the actual depth that
the X-16will reach isdependent
on water conditions, bottom condi-
tions, and the quality ofthe
transducer installation. Typically,
theX-16will reach a depth of
approximately 1000feetwithouta
powerbooster.You may getmore
orless depending on conditons.
LINES
When theX-16isfirstturned
on,-depth lines will be printed on
thepaper. Ifyou desire toturnthe
Lines
off, press the LINES key. To
turnthe linesbackon, press the
LINES key again.
-on ___0.0
l;f 'F'?Ii1irr;ç, flr!il..6!r1j!jI!!!I
0.0 l,O — -
-51.2 —- 51.2— —- -- 50.4 -
102.4—--— —-—--——--—-——— 102.4
653.6 —— 153.6--
FIGURE 42 SIJPPRESSION:TOOHIGH
— —-- —— 204.0 --
-. —-,- \...
-' - , ' ekF
'4,':
$'SWC
c
- r ' ''1 ''
4rzrr—" OURAIICE
FIGURE 41 PROPER SETFING I.
60.6FT
——
21----——---- LOURAIICE—--—-- 60.0FT
-
FIGURE 14
Example: Setrange to 45-72
feet.
Press:4 - 5 - UPPER LIMIT
Press:7 - 2- LOWER LIMIT 9
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12.0
24.0
26.0
49.0
60.0Ft 21 L0IJRAHCE
FIGURE 16
MARKER
Anevent marker function is
included intheX-16so that events
may bemarked whendesired. To
usethemarker, simplypress the
MARK key and avertical line will
be displayed across the entire
page. Hold the MARK key down
andavertical linewillbe printed
for as long asthekey isheld
down.
Example:
Press: MARK
SCALE
Thenumbers that indicatethe
depth orscalemay be deleted if
desired. PressingtheSCALE key
once will stopthe printing ofthe
scale numbers. Thescale maybe
displayed again by pressing the
SCALE key.
Remember,thescale maybe
displayed atanytime by pressing
the2ndkeyandthen theSCALE
key.
Example:
Press: SCALE
—
FIGURE 18
MEMORY/RESET
TheLowrance X-16has an
internal battery that keeps power
supphedtothe memory circuits
even when
thepower switch is
turned off. Thepowercablemay
beunplugged fromtheunit and
theX-16will still remember the
last settings thatwere in effect
when the unitwas turned offor
removedfromthe boat.To reset
theX-16's functions totheirfactory
settings, turnthe uniton and
press the2nd keyand thenpress
the MARK key. Theunitwill then
beset up asfollows:
FUNCTION
RANGE
DISCRIMINATION
PULSE WIDTH
SUPPRESSION
PRINT INTENSITY
PAPERSPEED
5CC
PAPERSAVE
TheSCCcontrol tracks the
lower limitdepth range and works
onthe upper60%ofthechosen
range, with zero always being the
upperlimit, regardless ofthe
upper limit displayed onthepaper
Themaximum effectivedepth for
SCCis 255 feet.
Theeffect on surface clutter
should immediately beseen. Use
onlytheamountofSCCrequired
to reduce the clutter,asfish
signals canbeeliminated by using
this method, also.
Ifyouwishto turnthe5CC
function OFF, simply press 0 -
SCC andthe SCCfunction will be
disabled.
12.0 - t2.0—
240 240—
36.0 26.0
49.0
60.0FT
—
01— 62
—LOl/RANCE 60.0st
FIGURE 38 - SCC: 2
SUPPRESSOR
TheSuppressor is a noise
suppression system consisting of
apatented pulse
length
discrimination suppressioncircuit.
It isthesameasthe one used on
all Lowrance variable suppression
flashers andgraphs. Basically,it
works ontheprinciple that most
noise
pulses are ofrelativelyshort
duration, Ifthereceivercircuit can
beadjusted so that itwill accept
only longpulses, then theshort
pulses will becancelled out, and
only thedesired information(fish,
bottom, structure, etc.) will be
displayed. Ofcourse, the
transmitter's pulse length would
haveto be increasedatthesame
timeso thatthereturn echoes
would beaccepted bythereceiver.
Thisis exactlywhatthe
Lowrance suppressionsystem
does. Thetransmitter's pulse
length is increased by usingthe
keyboard,andthe receiver 'tracks"
the amount ofincreasedpulse
length, cancelling outanynarrow
noise
pulses, and displaying only
thereturn echoes from fish orthe
bottom, etc. (Note:receiver
sensitivity is notdiminished atall
bythis process.)
Noise, inelectronic terms, is
anyundesired signal. Itcanbe
caused by an electrical source,
(such asthe engine's ignition
system) orby airbubbles in
disturbed water which is called
cavitation. In both cases,the noise
could produce unwantedmarks on
the paper. (See Figures 39&40.)
Fortunately,noise pulses are
relativelyshortin timecompared
toreal sonar signals. Increasing
the Suppressionwillcausethe
system to reject these unwanted,
short pulses without
reducingthe
sensitivity in anyway.
Thispatented design is
exclusivewith Lowrance. However,
with high suppressionsettings, the
Example: Turn lines off:
Press: LINES key
12.0
240
36.0
40.0
60.0FT
12.0
240 -
36.0
40.0
60.OFT 91
FIGURE 17
12.0
24.0
26.0
40.0
L0URAMCE LEVEL
0-60 FEET
0 (automatic)
0 (automatic)
0
0
FIGURE 39
to 19
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washedperiodically with mild
soapy water to remove anyaccu-
mulated roadgrime oroilyfilm.
This isessential to have good
contact between thetransducer
and the water.
Periodically,the rubber roller on
thepaperdrive shouldbe cleaned
withaclothdampened withalco-
hol toimprove thefrictionon the
metering roller drive.
Don't open the caseorthe
transport assembly
whentheunit
is running.Thestylusholder and
stylus maybedamaged or per-
sonal injurymay result.
TROUBLESHOOTING
ADVANCED OPERATION
SurfaceClarity Control (SCC)
Thesurface markings atthetop
ofthechartpapercan,attimes,
extendmany feet below the
surface.Thisoften interferes with
fishsignals or othertargets. This
iscalled Surface Clutter andis
causedby algae and plankton, air
bubblescaused bywave action or
boat wakes, baitfish, or
temperatureinversions.
Thesurface cluttermarkings
can be reducedoreliminated by
usingtheSOC control key on the
frontpanel keyboard.
Tousethe3CC, press key 1
thru7 (dependingupon the
amount of3CCdesired) and then
theSCCkey. 1 has a minimum
effect on surface clutter,7hasthe
maximumeffect on reducing
surface clutter. 2thru6 have
intermediate effects. Theamount
of SCCthat is used is printed at
thebottom ofthechart paper.If
onelevel ofSCCisused, then
3CC-i is printed. Two levels,
SCC-2, etc.
POWERBOOSTER OFF
ALTERNATETRANSMIT &
PRINT OFF
LINES ON
SCALES ON
FREQUENCY
CONVERTER OFF
BATTERY BACKUP ON
Ifyoudo not recognizesome of
thefunctions listed above, look in
the AdvancedOperation section of
this manual formore instructions.
TheMemory function canbe
turned on oroffas desired. When
theMemory function isturned off,
onlythe depth mode (Feet,
Fathoms,or Meters) willbe
retained.
To turntheMemory function off,
press ii-2nd-5.
To turn theMemory function on,
press 10-2nd -5.
FEET, FATHOMS,
METERS
TheX-i6will display thedepth
in feet, fathoms, ormeters.
Although the unitwill revert back
tothefeet modewheneverthe
2nd -MARK feature isused(see
above),itissimple tochange to
any mode youwishby pressing
the 2nd key and then 1 forfeet,
2nd -2for fathoms, and 2nd -3
for meters.
When the unitisin the Feet
mode, the letters 'PT"will be
displayed nexttothe lower limit
depth scale. Inthe Fathom mode,
the letters "FA" willbe displayed,
and the letter "M"willbe
displayed whenthe unitis in the
meters mode.
6.0
0.0----—
to.0FA-— - 01— L0tdHCE— —IO.DFA—
FIGURE 19
Bylooking atthe lower limit
scale printed on thechartpaper,
onecandetermine ifthe unit is in
feet(FT), fathoms (FA),ormeters
(M). Theunit can beswitched
from one modetoanother atany
time.
END-OF-PAPER MARKER
Thegraph paper used in the
X-i6hasared line printed atthe
bottom ofthe paper tosignify
when there isonly 2to 3feet
before theend ofthe paper.
ZEROADJUST
Occasionally, whenchanging
the stylus orstylus belt,the zero
line doesnot print atthe same
Example: Display Fathoms
Press: 2nd -2
— 2.0---
Symptom
On/Off switch is "ON",butthe
stylus andpaperdon'tmove
On/Off switch is "ON",havezero
mark,butnobottom signal or
echoes.
Theunitworks properly when
stopped or atslowspeeds, but
loses the bottom signal at high
speed, or makes heavy
black
lines.
Blank spots in record.
Paper stopspulling.
WhatTo Do
Check fuse; checkconnections at
battery fortightness and corrosion.
Be surethetransducer isplugged
intothe unitand the transducer is
making contact with thewater.
Transduceris improperly installed.
Readtransducer installation
instructionsforthe correct
mounting procedure.
Stylus is "skipping" over areas of
thechart paper.Readjust stylus
accordingtothe diagramonpage
?. Ifthisdoesnot help, replace
stylus.
Check paper forbinding or
impropertracking. Straighten the
paper and retape itsquarely onto
thetake-up paper core.
—-.---—:h-n-=
hiao
H-24.0 24.0—i
36,0 36.0
46.0 40.0—
LF1E
FIGURE 20
18 ii
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place
nearthe top ofthechart
paper. Azeroadjust
control has
been placed onthe back inside
walloftheX-16neartheupper
left hand cornerso thatthezero
line position maybeadjusted on
the paper.
Open the casefrontand look for
the decal marked "ZERO
ADJUST". You mayhave to pull
the papertransport assembly
downtoseethedecalforthefirst
time.Push thetransport closed
andturnonthe unit. (CAUTION
—Keep hands awayfromthe
stylusbeltand stylus. High volt-
age is present.)
Insert a6-8' longscrewdriver
with a l/g" blade into thezero
adjusthole and rotate the control
until thezero line is atthedesired
position. (Note:this may also be
adjusted with theunitturned OFF.)
Adjust
the control, then remove
the screwdriverand turnpower
backON. Repeat until thezero
line is in thedesired position.
IVHOW TO READGRAPHS
'rchedSignatures"
Aremarkable advantage ofthe
X-16isthat itcan record individual
fish with acharacteristic arched
mark thatseparates them from
theirstationary surroundings. The
reason forthis is shown on page
10. (The distance toafishwhenit
moves intothe sonar's cone of
sound isshown as "A" in Figure
22). Whenthe fish has movedto
thecenterofthe cone, the dis-
tance toitwill be shorter, (line
"B"), and asit movesoutofthe
cone, the distancewill increase
again asshown in line "C".
8. Closethefrontofthecase.
Latchboth catcheson the top
ofthe case.
STYLUS BELT REPLACEMENT
CAUTION— High voltageis
presentintheelectronicsection
when theunit isturned on.
1. TURN THE UNIT OFF.
2. Release both catches onthe
top ofthecase. Pull out and
down on the topofthe case
frontand the platento expose
the stylus belt.
3.Thestylus belt rides overtwo
pulleys locatedatthe right edge
ofthetransport assembly.Move
thefrontofthe beltDOWNto
position the stylus atthecenter
ofthe platen.
4. Grasp the beltatthestylus
holderwith the thumb and fore-
finger and moveitgently
tothe
leftwhilepushingthe beltoff
thepulleys with the other finger.
(SeeFigure37.)
5. Positionthe new beltonthe
pulleys by reversingthe pro-
cedure used toremovetheold
one. BESURE thefingers of
the new stylus are pointed UP.
6. Close the front ofthecase.
Latch both catches atthe top of
the unit.
MAINTENANCE
Remember,the stylus may be
damaged ifitis infrontofthe
platen when thetransport assem-
blyis pulled down. Always move
thestylus to'the backside ofthe
transport assemblywhen chang-
ing the paper.Thestylus belt
should be rotateddown to remove
thestylus. Never rotate thestylus
beltup.
Black carbon dustis created
during the recording process. Use
asoft, oil-free rag toclean the
viewing doorand transport assem-
bly. Low pressure compressedair
maybe used to blow dust outof
thecaseand awayfrom moving
parts iftheairis dry and free ofoil.
Aftereveryfive rollsof paper,
thestylusbeltand pulleys it rides
onshould bewiped clean with a
softrag moistened with alcohol to
remove carbon dust.
All mechanical connections
should bechecked periodicallyto
besure theyhaven'tworked loose.
Do notapplyanytypeoflubri-
canttothemotors orgeartrains.
High voltage
ispresent in the
transmitter sectionwhen the unit
ison. No attempt should bemade
by anyunauthorized personto
modify orrepair
the electronic
section.
If
corrosion should occur atthe
power plug, fuse holder,power
cordsplices, or battery connec-
tions,clean as requiredand check
tomake sure thatgood contactis
being made atallterminations.
Thefaceofthetransducer,if
exposed tothewater,should be
FIGURE 22
If apartial arch occurs mostof
the timeonyour unit, (themark
curves up, butnotbackdown, or
vice-versa) itis because thetrans-
ducerisnotpointed straight down.
Ifyour
transducer ismounted on
thetransom, adjust
thetransducer
until thefishshow the distinctive
arched signature.Thismaytake
some trial and erroruntil the
correct mounting isachieved.
FIGURE 21 a :4rwt:rr: -' ,-,t - -7' _i'"- -.
- ____
,— fl.8 r——r
UE1-—
D2rt-z-----LUWRSS
FIGURE 23
FIGURE 37
12 17
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10. Pushthetransport assembly
backto itsoperating position.
Besure itengages the catch
inside the case.
11. Close thefrontofthecase.
Latchboth catches on the
top.
12. Turntheuniton. Move the
Chart Speed knob fullyclock-
wise. Watchthe paper long
enoughto besure itis moving
smoothlyand evenly across
theplaten. If the paper
flutters
orbeginsto run "uphill",
repeatstep6.
STYLUS REPLACEMENT
CAUTION—High voltage is
• presentin theelectronic section
whentheunitisturned on.
1.TURN THEUNIT OFF.
2. Releaseboth catches onthe
topofthe case. Pull outand
• downonthetopofthecase
frontto exposethestylusbelt.
(See Figure24).
3.Thestylusbeltrides over two
pulleys locatedatthe right edge
ofthetransport assembly. Move
thefrontofthebelt DOWNto
positionthestylusatthecenter
ofthe platen.
4. Hold thestylus beltstationary
with one finger, and removethe
oldstylus bystarting atitsleft
edge and moving itoutfrom
underthetabson thestylus
holder.
FIGURE 35
besure it isbent properly by
comparing itto Figure34.
6. Referto Figure35 to besure
the new stylusis positioned
correctly underthetabsonthe
holder.Be sure itmovesfreely
in thetwo slots. Ifnot, bend the
stylusawayfromtheedge itis
rubbing onuntilitdoesmovefreeIt
N2.o 12.0
f ,[ .ai'o.m 41
I
7. Afterinstalling, ifthestylus
won'tprint alltheway down the
paper as shown in Figure36,
bend theright legdown so that
more pressureis exerted
against thestainless steel plate.
Ifitstill does notprint allthe
way, bend theleftleg down
more, but notsofarthatitdigs
intothe paper.
Sharp, well defined signatures
willoccurmost often whenthe
Sensitivity knob is setatthe¾
point, or higher.Remember,that
theremust be some movement
between theboat and thefishto
developthearched mark, Usually
this means trolling atveryslow
speeds with themain enginein
gearatminimum throttle setting.
THERMOCLINES
Thetemperatureofwaterinthe
lake is seldomconstant fromtop
tobottom. Layersofdifferenttem-
peraturesform, and the
junction
of
awarm and cool layerofwater is
called athermocline. (See Figure
23) Thedepth and thickness of
the thermocline canvarywith the
season ortimeofday. In deep
lakes theremaybetwoormore,
at differentdepths. Thermoclines
are important tothefisherman
because they are areaswherefish
are active. Manytimesbaitfish
will teabove the thermocline
whilelarger game fishsuspend
just below it.
Your LowranceX-16candetect
this invisible layerinthewater,but
theSensitivity knob will probably
have to beset atthe 1/2 point, or
higher.
PAPER LOADING
NOTE: There aremany imitators
manufacturingchart paperthatis
inferior toours. Use only
Lowrance LPG-605orLPG-606
chartpaper
in your X-16.
NOTE —Astylus isenclosed with
every package ofLPG—606chart
paper.Forbestresults,installthe
new stylusevery othertimearoll of
chartpaper ischanged.
CAUTION — Highvoltage is
present intheelectronicsection
when theunit is
turned on.
1.TURNTHEUNIT OFF.
2. Release both catches onthe
top ofthecase. Pull outand
downon thetopofthe case
frontto exposethe platen
assembly.(SeeFigure 24).
3. Move the stylus boltDOWN,to
position themarking stylus on
the back side ofthe platen.
NEVER move thebeltup—it
coulddamage the stylus. (See
Figure 25).
13
FIGURE 24
5. Beforeinstalling thenew stylus,
FIGURE 36
FIGURE 34 16
FIGURE 25
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Special Note: Thestylusmay
be damaged ifthetransport
assembly ispulleddown
unless thestylushas been
movedtothe backside ofthe
platen.
4. Pull outanddownonthetab
atthetop center
oftheplaten
assembly toexpose thepaper
spools. (SeeFigure 26).
5. To removethe fulltake-uproll
and the emptysupply spool,
press thetwo metal tabs
together onthe topofthe
transport
assembly,and pull
outand downon the paper
retainer.(See Figure24).The
fulltake-uprollcannow be
easily removed fromthepaper
core shafts.(SeeFigure 27).
6. Pull the empty supplycore
from the right side in thesame
mannerInstall theemptycore
onto the take-up shaft. (See
Figure 29). Align thetwo
notches in the core with the
tabsonthe lower
take-up
spool.
7. Slide afresh roll ofLowrance
chartpaperin position
on the supply side shaft
on the right side oftheplaten
assembly.Thepapermust
spool offthe bottom ofthe roll.
(SeeFigure 30).
NOTE: Use Lowrance LPG-605 or
LPG-606chartpaperonly.
8. Draw the end ofthe paper
across theface ofthe platen,
aroundthe friction roller, over
the take-up core, and tapeit
squarely to thetake-up
core.
(See Figure 31). Small pieces
14 15
oftape maybestored inside
thehousingforthis purpose.
Close thetopofthetransport
assemblyby pressing thetwo
tabs together on the paper
retainerand returningthe
retainerbacktothe operating
position. (See Figure32.)
•0
FIGURE 26 9. Turnthesmall knob atthe
upper lefthand side ofthe
transport assemblytoputa
small amount oftension onthe
paper.Itshould besnug
against the platen.(See
Figure
33.).
FIGURE 29 FIGURE 31 FIGURE 33
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