
10
Description
The following answers frequently asked questions by providing a general overview of the design and
operational characteristics of MIURA Boilers.
The MIURA boiler design comprises straight water tubes between upper and lower headers. Both headers
are encased in a castable refractory leaving only the tubes exposed to combustion gases. There is very little
water and consequently very little energy stored within the steam boiler. Water remains exclusively inside the
tubes, with only incidental bubbling in the upper header. Therefore, the design features no natural circulation
such as the riser or downcomer effect common to natural circulation boilers.
Water is forced into the bottom header and tubes by means of a feed water pump. The water is flashed into
steam in the tubes, realizing a dynamic bubbling system that also cools the tubes. This bubbling action may
be best described as a “steam gradient,” with more steam at the top of the tubes than at the bottom. Steam
is accumulated in the upper header with a final separation in the external separator. Condensate separated
in the external separator is fed back into the lower header.
As a result of this steam gradient characteristic, there are no strictly defined steam and water levels, and
thus, the boiler requires no sight glass. Furthermore, special modifications are incorporated into the boiler
construction and safety system in order to accommodate this.
First of all, the water control system relies on an electrical conductance system — specifically, when water
makes contact with a probe, a circuit is formed. Three such probes control the boiler feed, with a short probe
for low-fire, a medium length probe for high-fire, and a long probe for low water cutout. This safety
configuration may seem confusing to the inspector who encounters the MIURA Steam Boiler in the field for
the first time, particularly because a water column typically suggests a fixed water level. This is not true for
our steam boilers, however, because of the low water content and the fierce boiling action of the steam
gradient. Control of this dynamic system has been made possible by adding a special modification in the
form of the water column in order to create an artificial level. The flanged pipe leading from the boiler body
runs through the column, with three holes drilled in the pipe to realize an orifice effect. Nevertheless, even
with this orifice effect, the artificial level oscillates — especially with swings in system load. This oscillation is
desired and is directly proportional to the volume of water in the boiler tubes.
Secondly, the water volume control relies on electrical resistance, and the bubbling action is what cools the
tubes. As the volume of water in the steam boiler is consumed, there is less bubbling at the top of the tubes,
increasing the amount of electrical resistance. Should the water volume ever become so low as to lose
effective contact with the low-water cutout probe, the boiler will shut down. In certain models, an extra probe
will activate the feed water pump until the bubbles re-establish effective contact with the probe.
Third in the list of safety modifications are thermocouples, attached directly to the tubes. These
thermocouples measure the temperature of the tubes and will shut down the boiler if a low water volume
condition is detected due to insufficient bubbling, if dry fire occurs, or if scale buildup is detected. Scale
formation reduces heat transfer rates and is therefore monitored directly based on any increase in tube
surface temperature. The early detection of scale formation is an important factor in maintaining a high
efficiency boiler. According to the US National Bureau of Standards, 1/4” of scale buildup on heating units
requires up to 55% more energy to attain the same temperature.
The boiler will not operate should any of these low-water safeties fail. Only through tampering could the
boiler operate without these safeties and give rise to a dry fire condition. Even in the unlikely event that such
a situation should occur, by the time the tubes superheat to the level required to overcome the steel’s tensile
strength, the amount of energy contained in the remaining water would be so small that the possibility of a
pressure explosion is negligible. The MIURA Steam Boiler design has been used for more than 50 years,
and over 200,000 units are presently in operation worldwide. There is no record of ANY pressure vessel
explosion.