Motorola Canopy T1 User manual
Canopy™ T1/E1
Multiplexer
User Guide
T1E1Mux-UG-en
Issue 1
June 2004
TABLEOFCONTENTS
1
Understanding the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer ....................................................... 7
1.1
Using This User Guide ............................................................................... 7
1.1.1 Using the Latest Information............................................................................7
1.1.2 Searching This User Guide..............................................................................7
1.1.3 Interpreting Typeface and Other Conventions.................................................7
1.1.4 Getting Additional Help....................................................................................9
1.1.5 Sending Feedback...........................................................................................9
1.2
Introduction to Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer ................................................ 10
1.2.1 Ethernet Interface ..........................................................................................11
1.2.2 Standards.......................................................................................................11
1.2.3 IDU Physical Description...............................................................................11
1.2.4 Rear Panel.....................................................................................................11
1.2.5 Front Panel ....................................................................................................13
1.2.6 Features.........................................................................................................14
1.2.7 Specifications.................................................................................................15
1.3
Configuration Settings from Canopy Factory ........................................... 17
1.3.1 Bit Handling Capability...................................................................................17
1.3.2 License Keys..................................................................................................17
1.3.3 Power Adapters .............................................................................................17
1.4
Product Labels ......................................................................................... 17
1.5
Functional Description of the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer ......................... 18
1.5.1 Channel Modes..............................................................................................18
1.5.2 Encoding........................................................................................................18
1.5.3 Signaling........................................................................................................20
1.5.4 Timing............................................................................................................20
1.5.5 Ethernet Throughput......................................................................................24
1.5.6 VLAN Support................................................................................................25
1.5.7 Round-Trip Packet Delay...............................................................................25
1.5.8 Alarms............................................................................................................25
2
Installing and Configuring Your Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexers ............................. 26
2.1
Safety Information .................................................................................... 26
2.1.1 Compliance....................................................................................................26
2.1.2 Lightning Protection.......................................................................................26
2.1.3 Electrocution Hazard .....................................................................................26
2.1.4 Power Supply Unit .........................................................................................26
2.2
Installation Procedures............................................................................. 26
2.2.1 Package Contents..........................................................................................26
2.2.2 Preparing for Installation and Setup ..............................................................27
2.2.3 Mounting the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer .......................................................27
2.2.4 Connecting the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer....................................................28
2.2.5 Connecting Power to the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer.....................................29
2.3
Initial Configuration Procedures ............................................................... 30
2.3.1 Installing Software from the CD-ROM ...........................................................30
2.3.2 Using EMS Software to Configure the Unit ...................................................31
2.3.3 Accessing the CLI using a PC + HyperTerminal ...........................................32
2.3.4 Configuring the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer using the CLI..............................32
2.3.5 Creating a Login Account ..............................................................................33
2.4
Configuration Procedures Using the CLI.................................................. 34
2.4.1 Logging into the System................................................................................34
2.4.2 Changing the Administrator Password ..........................................................34
2.4.3 Select Line Type T1 or E1 .............................................................................35
2.4.4 Select Line Coding.........................................................................................36
2.4.5 Configure Ports..............................................................................................36
2.4.6 Configure Timing............................................................................................41
2.5
Configuration Procedures Using the EMS................................................ 43
2.5.1 Logging into the System................................................................................43
2.5.2 Changing the Administrator Password ..........................................................45
2.5.3 Select Line Type T1 or E1 .............................................................................46
2.5.4 Select Line Coding.........................................................................................46
2.5.5 Configure Ports..............................................................................................47
2.5.6 Configure Timing............................................................................................49
3
Managing Your Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexers ......................................................... 50
3.1
Remote Management through Control Port ............................................. 50
3.2
T1/E1 Alarms............................................................................................ 51
3.3
System Reset ........................................................................................... 53
3.4
T1/E1 Loopback ....................................................................................... 54
3.4.1 Invoking a T1/E1 Loopback using the CLI.....................................................55
3.4.2 Invoking a T1/E1 Loopback Using the EMS..................................................55
3.5
Measurements from Diagnostics.............................................................. 56
3.6
License Key Upgrades ............................................................................. 56
3.7
Terms of Warranty.................................................................................... 58
3.7.1 Software License Terms and Conditions.......................................................58
3.7.2 Hardware Warranty in U.S.............................................................................60
3.8
Obtaining Technical Support .................................................................... 61
3.9
Invoking Your Warranty Rights................................................................. 62
4
Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer Reference Information ............................................... 63
4.1
CLI Commands to Get Status Information ............................................... 63
4.2
Regulatory Compliance Information ......................................................... 67
4.2.1 Federal Communication Commission Declaration of Conformity Statement 67
4.2.2 Department of Communications – Canada ...................................................68
4.2.3 European Telecommunications Standards Institute......................................68
4.3
Trademarks, Product Names, and Service Names .................................. 68
4.4
References ............................................................................................... 69
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure 1: Examples of admonitions..................................................................................... 8
Figure 2: Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer with Canopy BHs ..................................................... 10
Figure 3: Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer rear panel ................................................................ 11
Figure 4: Rear panel with standard 110-v source power supply ....................................... 12
Figure 5: Standard adapters for global use....................................................................... 12
Figure 6: Rear panel with optional −48 v power supply adapter for battery backup ......... 12
Figure 7: Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer front panel................................................................ 13
Figure 8: Master and secondary clock settings (top view) ................................................ 22
Figure 9: Master timing set to Loopback mode ................................................................. 23
Figure 10: Slave timing set to Recovered mode ............................................................... 23
Figure 11: Network timing scenarios................................................................................. 24
Figure 12: Front panel and front bezel removed ............................................................... 27
Figure 13: RJ-45 Ethernet connection pin-outs (LAN side)............................................... 28
Figure 14: Rear panel Option 2: −48 v DC polarity ........................................................... 30
Figure 15: File drop-down menu in GUI ............................................................................ 31
Figure 16: Config drop-down menu in GUI ....................................................................... 31
Figure 17: Command Line Interface window..................................................................... 33
Figure 18: Login dialogue box.......................................................................................... 43
Figure 19: T1/E1 Multiplexer EMS main menu ................................................................. 44
Figure 20: Change Password dialogue box ...................................................................... 45
Figure 21: Remote management overview ....................................................................... 50
Figure 22: Canopy T1/E1 Mux Alarms window ................................................................. 52
Figure 23: EMS reset confirmation box............................................................................ 53
Figure 24: Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer in T1/E1 Loopback mode....................................... 54
Figure 25: T1/E1 Port Upgrade window ............................................................................ 56
Figure 26: Key accepted window ...................................................................................... 57
Figure 27: Invalid key entry window .................................................................................. 57
Figure 28: Canopy T1/E1 Mux Configuration window....................................................... 58
LISTOFTABLES
Table 1: Font types ............................................................................................................. 7
Table 2: Admonition types................................................................................................... 9
Table 3: LED status indicator descriptions........................................................................ 14
Table 4: Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer physical specifications .............................................. 15
Table 5: T1 port specifications .......................................................................................... 15
Table 6: T1 framing specifications .................................................................................... 16
Table 7: E1 port specifications.......................................................................................... 16
Table 8: E1 framing specifications .................................................................................... 16
Table 9: Local terminal and control interface specifications.............................................. 16
Table 10: Frequency off-set by clock type ........................................................................ 21
Table 11: Canopy BH20 Ethernet throughput for programmed T1/E1 connections.......... 25
Table 12: T1/E1 port connector pin-out............................................................................. 28
Table 13: Comparison of diagnostic measurements......................................................... 56
LISTOFPROCEDURES
Procedure 1: Affixing the Multiplexer to a rack mount....................................................... 27
Procedure 2: Connecting cables to T1/E1 unit.................................................................. 29
Procedure 3: Connecting the AC adapter (+3.3 v DC power source) ............................... 29
Procedure 4: Connecting the −48 v DC power source...................................................... 29
Procedure 5: Installing Software from the CD-ROM ......................................................... 30
Procedure 6: Configuring serial port ................................................................................. 32
Procedure 7: Changing Administrator password using the CLI ........................................ 34
Procedure 8: Selecting line type T1 or E1 using the CLI .................................................. 35
Procedure 9: Configuring line coding using the CLI.......................................................... 36
Procedure 10: Configuring the Ethernet ports using the CLI ............................................ 36
Procedure 11: Configuring the T1 ports using the CLI...................................................... 37
Procedure 12: Configuring the E1 ports using the CLI...................................................... 39
Procedure 13: Configuring timing using the CLI ............................................................... 41
Procedure 14: Logging in using the EMS.......................................................................... 43
Procedure 15: Changing Administrator password using the EMS .................................... 45
Procedure 16: Selecting line type T1 or E1 using the EMS .............................................. 46
Procedure 17: Configuring T1 line coding using the EMS ................................................ 46
Procedure 18: Configuring E1 line coding using the EMS ................................................ 47
Procedure 19: Configuring the Ethernet ports using the EMS .......................................... 47
Procedure 20: Configuring the T1 ports using the EMS.................................................... 47
Procedure 21: Configuring the E1 ports using the EMS ................................................... 48
Procedure 22: Configuring timing using the EMS ............................................................. 49
Procedure 23: Displaying the alarms using the CLI .......................................................... 51
Procedure 24: Displaying alarms using the EMS.............................................................. 52
Procedure 25: Resetting the system using the CLI........................................................... 53
Procedure 26: Resetting the system using the EMS......................................................... 53
Procedure 27: Invoking a T1/E1 loopback using the CLI .................................................. 55
Procedure 28: Invoking a T1/E1 loopback using the EMS................................................ 55
Procedure 29: Installing a license key to enable an additional port .................................. 56
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1UNDERSTANDINGTHECANOPYT1/E1
MULTIPLEXER
1.1 USINGTHISUSERGUIDE
This guide should be used with Canopy T1/E1 Mux Management Application Software
Version 3.1. The audience for this document includes system operators, network
administrators, and equipment installers.
1.1.1 UsingtheLatestInformation
When Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexers are shipped, the latest issue of this document is
included on CD-ROM with the shipment. However, the latest issue at any time is
available on the Canopy web site: http://www.motorola.com/canopy, posted among the
user guides that support other Canopy products.
You can distinguish the latest information by the issue number on the cover and in page
footers. Issues that follow Issue 1 contain a section titled New In This Issue, which lists
the significant changes that were made to the document since the previous issue. Check
that section before you proceed to the information for which you are visiting the
document.
1.1.2 SearchingThisUserGuide
To search this document, look in
◦the Table of Contents for the topic.
◦the Adobe Reader
®
search capability for keywords that apply.
1
1.1.3 InterpretingTypefaceandOtherConventions
This document employs distinctive fonts to indicate the type of information, as described
in Table 1.
Table 1: Font types
Font Type of Information
variable width bold
Selectable option in a graphical user interface or settable
parameter in the web-based interface to a Canopy
component.
constant width regular Literal system response in a command-line interface.
constant width italic Variable system response in a command-line interface.
constant width bold Literal user input in a command-line interface.
constant width bold italic Variable user input in a command-line interface.
This document also employs a set of consistently used admonitions, as shown Figure 1.
1
Reader is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Incorporated.
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NOTE:
The time displayed at the top of this page is static unless your browser is
set to automatically refresh.
RECOMMENDATION:
Vary the days and times when you analyze the spectrum in an area.
The RF environment can change throughout the day or throughout the
week.
IMPORTANT!
In a network where VLAN tagging is applied, QoS information is displaced
in the frame structure. For this reason, the high-priority channel is not
available where VLAN tagging is applied.
CAUTION!
Selection of Low can cause a link to a distant BHS to drop. If a link drops
when Power Control is set to low, the link can be re-established by only
Ethernet access.
WARNING!
From this point until you remove power from the AP, stay at least as far
from the AP as the minimum separation distance specified.
Figure 1: Examples of admonitions
Each of these types of admonitions has a general purpose that underlies the specific
information in the box. These purposes are indicated in Table 2.
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Table 2: Admonition types
Admonition Label General Message
NOTE:
informative content that may
◦defy common or cursory logic.
◦describe a peculiarity of the Canopy implementation.
◦add a conditional caveat.
◦provide a reference.
◦explain the reason for a preceding statement or provide
prerequisite background for what immediately follows.
RECOMMENDATION: suggestion for an easier, quicker, or safer action or practice.
IMPORTANT!
informative content that may
◦identify an indication that you should observe.
◦advise that your action can disturb something that you may not
want disturbed.
◦reiterate something that you presumably know but should
always remember.
CAUTION! a notice that the risk of harm to equipment or service exists.
WARNING! a notice that the risk of harm to person exists.
1.1.4 GettingAdditionalHelp
Help is available for problems with supported products and features. The sequence of
actions that you should take if these problems arise is provided under Obtaining
Technical Support on Page 61.
1.1.5 SendingFeedback
We welcome your feedback on Canopy system documentation. This includes feedback
on the structure, content, accuracy, or completeness of our documents, and any other
comments you have. Please send your comments to
technical-documentation@canopywireless.com.
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1.2 INTRODUCTIONTOCANOPYT1/E1MULTIPLEXER
This user guide provides the installation and configuration requirements for the Canopy
T1/E1 Multiplexer, a modular gateway that works with Canopy Backhaul Modules to
enable up to four T1 (or up to three E1) circuits to be extended over Ethernet networks.
The Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer is available in two power configurations:
◦an external 3.3-v DC power source from a 120/240-v AC adapter (supplied
by Canopy)
◦a connection to an external −48 v DC supply.
The Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer is illustrated with Canopy Backhaul Modules (BHs) in
Figure 2.
Figure 2: Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer with Canopy BHs
The T1/E1 Multiplexer converts the data stream from T1/E1 ports into Ethernet packets
that are then transported over the Canopy BH link. This device can be used to extend
T1/E1 services. You can configure the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer to operate as either a
T1 or an E1 device.
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1.2.1 EthernetInterface
The Ethernet physical layer auto-negotiation should be set to on for both sides of the
Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer.
RJ-45 connector pin-outs for the Ethernet cable from the BH to the Canopy port of the
Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer are illustrated in Figure 13 on Page 28.
1.2.2 Standards
The Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer conforms to the following standards:
◦G.703 ◦TR-AT&TG2411
◦G.823 ◦IEEE 802.3
◦G.824 ◦EMC Class A compliance – EN 55022 Class A
◦ANSI T1.403
1.2.3 IDUPhysicalDescription
The unit provides a compact, simple to configure, and easily scalable solution for
transporting T1/E1 services over Canopy’s wireless Ethernet-based networks.
1.2.4 RearPanel
Interface connections and the power port are located on the rear panel of the unit.
Figure 3: Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer rear panel
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Figure 4: Rear panel with standard 110-v source power supply
Figure 5: Standard adapters for global use
Figure 6: Rear panel with optional −48 v power supply adapter for battery backup
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The recommended sequence of connection is:
1. Connect a PBX or TDM CPE to the T1/E1 port(s). (See Figure 3 on Page 11.)
2. Connect the Ethernet cable from the Canopy Backhaul Module to the jack
labeled Canopy. (See Figure 3 on Page 11.)
3. Connect the selected power adapter to the T1/E1 Multiplexer. (See Figure 4 and
Figure 5.)
4. Power the T1/E1 Multiplexer on. (See Figure 4.)
5. As required to configure the T1/E1 Multiplexer, connect a PDA or notebook
computer to the jack labeled CONTROL on the front panel of the T1/E1
Multiplexer. (See Figure 7.)
1.2.5 FrontPanel
The control port and indicator LEDs are located on the front panel of the unit.
Figure 7: Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer front panel
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Status LEDS
The status indicator LEDS on the front of the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer are listed in
Table 3.
Table 3: LED status indicator descriptions
LED
LED indicator descriptions
PWR ON when main power supply is OK; OFF when a malfunction is
detected
RDY ON when self-test is successfully completed; OFF during self-test; and
BLINKING when self-test fails
CANOPY LINK OFF when line is not active; ON when Canopy BH Ethernet line is OK
CANOPY ACT OFF when no activity; BLINKNG when frames are being transmitted or
received on the line
LAN LINK OFF when line is not active; ON when line is OK
LAN ACT OFF when no activity; BLINKING when frames are being transmitted or
received on the line
T1/E1 Sync ON when the port is synchronized (no alarm); OFF when Loss of signal
(LOS); one LED for each T1/E1
1.2.6 Features
The Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer
◦installs easily.
◦multiplexes up to 4 T1 or 3 E1 circuits onto a Canopy Backhaul point-to-point
link.
◦enables T1/E1 extension over Ethernet networks.
◦supports
−synchronous TDM-based services over wireless Ethernet networks.
−CAS signaling transparent to all other signaling protocols on T1/E1.
−10Base-T/100Base-TX uplink to the network.
−management interfaces.
−simplified troubleshooting through T1/E1 line loopback test.
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1.2.7 Specifications
Physical Specifications
Table 4 lists the physical specifications for the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer.
Table 4: Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer physical specifications
Specification Description
Option 1: 100/240 v, 47−63 Hz, 0.4 A (+3.3 v DC)DC Power
Option 2: −48 v DC
LAN Connection 2-100Base-TX, RJ-45 cable provided
T1/E1 Connections 4
Control Port RS-232, DB9 (female)
Indicators power, ready, Canopy BH Ethernet link; Canopy BH Ethernet
activity; LAN Ethernet link; LAN Ethernet activity; T1/E1
synchronization (one per port)
Temperature 0° C to 40° C
Humidity 95% non-condensing
Dimensions 1.52” (3.86 cm) high x 5.57" (14.15 cm) wide and 7.50" (19.05 cm)
deep
Weight 1.5 pounds (680 grams)
Technical Specifications
The following tables list the technical specifications for the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer.
Table 5: T1 port specifications
Specification Description
Ports 1, 2, 3, and 4
Compliance ANSI T1.403
Connector RJ-45, 8-pin
T1 Data Rate 1.55 Mbps
T1 Line Code B8ZS, AMI
Line Impedance Balanced: 100 ohms
Signal levels Receive: 0 to -27 dB
Transmit: +2.7 v + 10%, adjustable, measured in range 0 to 655 feet.
Jitter Performance AT&T TR-62411, G.824 Standards
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Table 6: T1 framing specifications
Specification Description
Compliance ANSI T1.403
Framing D4, ESF (transparent)
Signaling CAS (Robbed bit signaling); CCS (transparent)
Table 7: E1 port specifications
Specification Description
Ports 1, 2, and 3
Compliance ITU-T G.703
Connector RJ-45, 8-pin
E1 Data Rate 2.048 Mbps
E1 Line Code HDB3, AMI
Line Impedance Balanced: 120 ohms
Signal levels Receive: Per G.703
Transmit: Per G.703
Jitter Performance ITU-T G.823
Table 8: E1 framing specifications
Specification Description
Compliance ITU-T G.703
Framing transparent
Signaling transparent
Table 9: Local terminal and control interface specifications
Specification Description
Type RS-232 via DB-9 Female Connector
Mode DTE
Baud Rate 19.2 kbps
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1.3 CONFIGURATIONSETTINGSFROMCANOPYFACTORY
1.3.1 BitHandlingCapability
As shipped, Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexers transparently pass all T1 or E1 bits regardless of
◦user framing as
−D4
−Extended Superframe (ESF)
◦user encoding as
−AMI
−B8ZS
−HDB3
However, user encoding is helpful for generating meaningful bipolar variation (BPV) data.
Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexers are factory preset to the B8ZS encoding for T1, though easily
changed to another encoding scheme, and are preset as master or slave for timing.
NOTE: To receive the highest level of performance from these units, the user should
understand
◦clock recovery timing.
◦packet/frame loss concepts.
◦delay and latency.
◦jitter.
1.3.2 LicenseKeys
Each Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer is purchased and shipped as 1-port enabled or 4-port
enabled. You can upgrade any pair of 1-port enabled Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexers through
the purchase and installation of
◦two keys, one per unit, to transform both to 2-port enabled.
◦four keys, two per unit, to tranform both to 3-port enabled.
◦six keys, three per unit, to transform both to 4-port enabled.
1.3.3 PowerAdapters
For connection to power sources, the 110-volt power supply pictured in Figure 4 on
Page 12 and the global adapter set pictured in Figure 5 on Page 12 are included with the
purchase of each Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer. The −48 v screw-down adapter for battery
backup pictured in Figure 6 on Page 12 is an option.
1.4 PRODUCTLABELS
Labels on the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer include
◦ESN — Electronic Serial Number, the Media Access Control (MAC) address
◦MSN — Model Serial Number, which allows tracking of the product
◦Factory Configuration, which identifies the product as
−Master Unit or Slave Unit
−1-Port Unit or 4-Port Unit
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1.5 FUNCTIONALDESCRIPTIONOFTHECANOPYT1/E1
MULTIPLEXER
The Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer has a LAN Ethernet port, a Canopy Backhaul Module
Ethernet port, and four ports as follows:
◦up to four available when the unit is configured for the T1 transmission scheme.
◦up to three available when the unit is configured for the E1 transmission scheme
(to support Canopy BH20 Backhaul link traffic).
Configuration and management are provided using the command line interface (CLI) or
EMS GUI.
1.5.1 ChannelModes
T-1 Channel Mode
While in T1 mode, the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer operates as a DSX-1 interface in a DSU
channel mode. There are no user options to change this mode. The DSU channel mode
can operate within five line lengths, each providing compensation for the length of the T1
line. The line lengths are:
◦0-133 ft. / 0.6dB
◦134-266 ft. / 1.2dB
◦267-399 ft. / 1.8dB
◦400-533 ft. / 2.4dB
◦534-655 ft. / 3.0dB
E-1 Channel Mode
While in E1 mode, the transmit line build-out meets the short haul requirements specified
in Recommendation ITU G.703.
1.5.2 Encoding
The Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer transparently passes all T1/E1 bits, including framing,
encoding and zero suppression, through to the far end T1/E1 using the Canopy BH
Module Ethernet port.
For T1 mode, no user settings are required for D4 or Extended Superframe (ESF)
framing types, or for T1 signaling bits. Both 56-kbps and 64-kbps channels are
transparently passed. The user must identify which type of T1 is being used; Alternate
Mark Inversion (AMI) or Binary Eight Zero Substitution (B8ZS) in order for the Canopy
T1/E1 Multiplexer to properly ascertain bipolar violations (BPV). A bipolar violation is a
non-zero signal element in an AMI signal that has the same polarity as the previous non-
zero signal element.
For T1 mode, the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer supports the following:
◦Transparent support of the T1 channel, including
−D4
−Extended Superframe (ESF)
−56-kbps and 64-kbps channels
−Zero suppression
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◦AMI
◦B8ZS
◦up to four ports
For E1 mode, no user settings are required for framing types or for E1 signaling bits. The
user must identify which type of E1 is being used; Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) or High
Density Binary Three Bit Zero Substitution (HDB3) in order for the Canopy T1/E1
Multiplexer to properly ascertain bipolar violations (BPV). A bipolar violation is a non-
zero signal element in an AMI signal that has the same polarity as the previous non-zero
signal element.
For E1 mode, the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer supports the following:
◦Transparent support of the E1 channel
◦AMI
◦HDB3
◦up to three ports
Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)
The template of the DS-1 signal is bipolar. This means that a plus voltage, a zero voltage,
and a minus voltage are important to the coding of the signal. The code that is used in T1
is called Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI). The requirement is that if a “1” (or Mark) is
coded as a positive voltage, the very next “1” must be coded as a minus voltage or the
result will be a bipolar violation (BPV). Another one of the requirements of the coding
sequence is that a “1” bit is sent to maintain the timing synchronization. A signal that is
sending all “0s” would be a constant zero voltage line. The eventual result would be that
the system’s timing would be lost. In order to overcome the potential situation where a
string of “0s” causes a loss of the system’s timing, a number of zero suppression
techniques have been designed. Common techniques are used to handle zero
suppression requirements are:
◦1 in 15 Requirement
◦B8ZS.
◦HDB3
The Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer fulfills the role of a transparent T1/E1 extender. As such, it
is compatible with either AMI, B8ZS, or HDB3 coding of signals. The endpoints determine
which of the zero suppression techniques will be applied to the signal. The Canopy T1/E1
Multiplexer must be set to match the zero suppression settings at the endpoints of the
signal.
The 1 in 15 Requirement (AMI)
The 1 in 15 requirement stipulates that no more than 15 “0s” may be sent be for every “1”
that is transmitted. The easiest approach is to make every bit 8 a “1” and to use only the
lower 7 bits for data transmission. This 7/8 mode yields a rate of 56 kbps instead of the
standard DS-0 rate of 64 kbps. This technique also prevents the use of signaling bits
since bit 8 is now used for a different purpose.
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Configuring the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer to AMI accommodates the stipulations for bit
handling identified in the 1 in 15 requirement.
Binary Eight Zero Substitution Coding
The limitations imposed by the 1 in 15 requirement led to the development of Binary Eight
Zero Substitution (B8ZS) coding. This signal coding technique takes advantage of BPVs
in the data stream to be decoded as signal. With B8ZS coding, each block of eight
consecutive zeros is replaced with the B8ZS code word. The transmitted bit stream will
contain two AMI violations.
The receiver will use these violations for synchronization. The receiver recognizes that
the transmitted bit stream containing the two AMI violations is not true data. The B8ZS is
the standard for “Clear Channel Capability” and is part of ANSI.T1.403-1989.
High Density Bipolar Order Three Encoding
High Density Bipolar Order 3 Encoding (HDB3) is a bipolar signaling technique that is
based on Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI). It inserts bipolar violations (BPVs) whenever
there is a string of 4 or more zeros. The “violation” bit has the same polarity as the last 1-
bit which was sent using AMI encoding. The receiver removes all “violation” bits.
You may select the coding for the Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer using either the T1/E1 EMS
or the CLI manager.
1.5.3 Signaling
All voice and data channel signaling passes transparently between endpoints through the
Canopy T1/E1 Multiplexer.
1.5.4 Timing
T1/E1 circuits are synchronous. This means that the T1/E1 circuits must be synchronized
or clocked with each other. Failure to do so may result in frame slips. The consequence
for which could be a degradation of quality. The clock for a T1/E1 circuit is normally
derived from the incoming T1/E1 signal. T1/E1 circuits are typically connected in a
master-slave configuration where the master has more accuracy than the slave. A clock
in a telecommunications system or network has a quality level or stratum number
assigned to it. This number indicates the clock’s quality and position in the timing
hierarchy. This position is determined by the clock’s stability. The more accurate clocks
are listed at the top of the hierarchy. A conventional hierarchy for T1 is defined and is
used by Local Exchange Carriers (LECs). This hierarchy is called a (Building Integrated
Tuning Supply (BITS) hierarchy and the formal specifications and standards for this
hierarchy are given in the ANSI standards T1.101-1999 and T1.105.09-1996.
The highest quality clocks are called Stratum 1 clocks. These clocks have a frequency
offset of 1x10
-11
or less. This means that Stratum 1 clocks are accurate to within 1
microsecond over a 24-hour period. Stratum 1 clocks are typically Cesium-beam clocks,
but the newer GPS-referenced rubidium clocks have been shown to achieve better than
1x10
-12
frequency offset at any time. The next level of clocks is Stratum 2 clocks.
Stratum 2 clocks have a 1x10
-10
frequency offset and are typically used at toll centers.
Class 5 Central Offices (COs) use Stratum 3 clocks. Stratum 3 clocks have a frequency
offset of 3.7x10
-7
. Stratum 3 clocks have less than 255 T1 slips in 24 hours. Stratum 4
clocks have a frequency offset of 3.2x10
-6
and are found at customer premises
equipment (CPE) in PBXs, channel banks, and routers. Stratum 4 clocks have no hold-
over capability and are used to smooth out jitter and wander and provide a clean clock
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