Rajant Corporation BreadCrumb LX4 User manual

BreadCrumb® LX4
USER GUIDE
User Guide Version: 2.02
Software Version: 10.24
Date: June 21, 2011
Corporate Headquarters
Rajant Corporation
400 East King Street
Malvern, PA 19 55
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
http://www.rajant.com
Document Part Number: 03-100117-001

ii
FCC Comp iance Statements
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a lass A digital device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the F Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection
against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This
equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in
accordance with this instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.
Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case
the user will be required to correct the interference at their own expense.
CAUTION: hanges or modifications not expressly approved by Rajant orp. could void the user's
authority to operate the equipment.
WARNING: This equipment complies with the F RF radiation exposure limits set forth for an
uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum
distance of 30 centimeters between the radiator and all persons while the device is operating.
This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or
transmitter.
The antennas used for this transmitter must be installed to provide a separation distance of at least
30cm from all persons and must not be located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or
transmitter.
IC Comp iance Statements
1) This lass A digital apparatus complies with anadian I ES-003.
et appareil numérique de la classe A est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du anada.
2) Under Industry anada regulations, this radio transmitter may only operate using an antenna of a
type and maximum (or lesser) gain approved for the transmitter by Industry anada. To reduce
potential radio interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain should be so chosen that the
equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) is not more than that necessary for successful
communication.
onformément à la réglementation d'Industrie anada, le présent émetteur radio peut fonctionner
avec une antenne d'un type et d'un gain maximal (ou inférieur) approuvé pour l'émetteur par
Industrie anada. Dans le but de réduire les risques de brouillage radioélectrique à l'intention des
autres utilisateurs, il faut choisir le type d'antenne et son gain de sorte que la puissance isotrope
rayonnée équivalente (p.i.r.e.) ne dépasse pas l'intensité nécessaire à l'établissement d'une
communication satisfaisante.
3) This radio transmitter has been approved by Industry anada to operate with the antenna types
listed below with the maximum permissible gain and required antenna impedance for each antenna

type indicated. Antenna types not included in this list, having a gain greater than the maximum gain
indicated for that type, are strictly prohibited for use with this device.
Le présent émetteur radio (identifier le dispositif par son numéro de certification ou son numéro de
modèle s'il fait partie du matériel de catégorie I) a été approuvé par Industrie anada pour
fonctionner avec les types d'antenne énumérés ci-dessous et ayant un gain admissible maximal et
l'impédance requise pour chaque type d'antenne. Les types d'antenne non inclus dans cette liste, ou
dont le gain est supérieur au gain maximal indiqué, sont strictement interdits pour l'exploitation de
l'émetteur.
Frequency Range
(MHz)
Antenna Gain (dBi) Antenna Type Impedance (Ohms)
912 - 917 5 Omni-directional 50
2412 - 2462 5 Omni-directional 50
4810 - 4930 6 Omni-directional 50
5745 - 5825 6 Omni-directional 50
4) This device complies with Industry anada licence-exempt RSS standard(s). Operation is subject
to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause interference, and (2) this device must
accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.
Le présent appareil est conforme aux NR d'Industrie anada applicables aux appareils radio
exempts de licence. L'exploitation est autorisée aux deux conditions suivantes : (1) l'appareil ne doit
pas produire de brouillage, et (2) l'utilisateur de l'appareil doit accepter tout brouillage
radioélectrique subi, même si le brouillage est susceptible d'en compromettre le fonctionnement.
5) High-power radars are allocated as primary users (i.e. priority users) of the bands 5250-5350 MHz
and 5650-5850 MHz and that these radars could cause interference and/or damage to LE-LAN
devices.
De plus, les utilisateurs devraient aussi être avisés que les utilisateurs de radars de haute puissance
sont désignés utilisateurs principaux (c.-à-d., qu’ils ont la priorité) pour les bandes 5 250-5 350 MHz
et 5 650-5 850 MHz et que ces radars pourraient causer du brouillage et/ou des dommages aux
dispositifs LAN-EL.

Copyright Statement
You may use the software provided with the products only on personal computers owned by the
purchasing individual or entity, and may not use, load, or run any such software on any network or in
any type of service bureau, time-sharing operation, or non-purchasing individual or entity's
equipment.
B Admin and B API are trademarks; Rajant, the Rajant logo, Bread rumb, Instamesh,
B | ommander, and Bring Your Network with You! are registered trademarks of Rajant orp. in
the United States and certain other countries.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide
opyright © 2009–2011 Rajant orp. All rights reserved.
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Tab e of Contents
FCC Compliance Statements.........................................................................................ii
IC Compliance Statements.............................................................................................ii
Copyright Statement......................................................................................................iv
Preface..................................................................................................................................vii
Purpose and Scope...........................................................................................................vii
User Information................................................................................................................vii
Related Documentation.....................................................................................................vii
1 Introduction to BreadCrumbs..........................................................................................1
1.1 What is a BreadCrumb?...............................................................................................1
1.2 Mobility through Meshing.............................................................................................2
1.2.1 Mesh – A Definition...............................................................................................2
1.2.2 BreadCrumb Mesh Connections..........................................................................2
2 Description of a BreadCrumb LX4...................................................................................5
2.1 Radios..........................................................................................................................5
2.2 Enclosure.....................................................................................................................9
2. Antenna Connectors..................................................................................................10
2.4 19-Pin Amphenol Connector......................................................................................10
2.4.1 Power..................................................................................................................11
2.4.2 Ethernet...............................................................................................................11
2.4. USB.....................................................................................................................12
2.5 Status LED.................................................................................................................12
2.6 LED Configuration / Zeroize Keys and Restore Factory Defaults Switch ................1
2.6.1 LED Configuration..............................................................................................1
2.6.2 Zeroize Keys and Restore Factory Defaults.......................................................14
3 Using BC|Commander....................................................................................................15
4 Dep oying the BreadCrumb Wire ess Network............................................................17
4.1 Addressing.................................................................................................................17
4.1.1 BreadCrumb Device Addresses.........................................................................17
4.1.2 DHCP..................................................................................................................17
4.2 Channel Assignments................................................................................................17
4. Physical Placement and other Considerations..........................................................18
4. .1 Line-of-Sight.......................................................................................................18
4. .2 Distance..............................................................................................................18
4. . Weather..............................................................................................................19
4. .4 Interference.........................................................................................................19
4. .5 Placement of BCWN Components.....................................................................20
4.4 Deployment Guidelines and Methodology.................................................................20
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4.4.1 Deployment Guidelines......................................................................................20
4.4.2 Deployment Methodology...................................................................................21
5 BreadCrumb LX4 Firmware Upgrade............................................................................23
5.1 Over The Air Firmware Upgrade................................................................................2
5.2 USB Firmware Upgrade.............................................................................................2
6 Troub eshooting..............................................................................................................25
6.1 Sporadic Network Connectivity..................................................................................25
6.2 BreadCrumb Device Cannot Connect to BCWN.......................................................26
6. BreadCrumb Power and Start-Up Issues..................................................................26
Appendix A: Error and Warning Codes..........................................................................A-1
List of Figures
Figure 1: All BreadCrumbs use the same ESSID...................................................................
Figure 2: ESSID of BreadCrumb C changes to "lonely.".........................................................
Figure : BreadCrumb LX4 Enclosure Features (Front).........................................................9
Figure 4: BreadCrumb LX4 Enclosure Features (Rear).........................................................9
Figure 5: 19-Pin Amphenol Connector..................................................................................11
List of Tab es
Table 1: 2.4 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies...............................................................5
Table 2: 900 MHz Radio Channel and Frequencies..............................................................6
Table : 5 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies...................................................................6
Table 4: 4.8 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies...............................................................7
Table 5: 4.9 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies...............................................................8
Table 6: Status LED Color Codes........................................................................................1
Table 7: Setting and alternate display states of the Status LED..........................................14
Table 8: Default Channel Assignments................................................................................18
Table 9: Sporadic Network Connectivity Issues...................................................................25
Table 10: BreadCrumb to BCWN Connectivity Issues.........................................................26
Table 11: BreadCrumb Power and Start-Up Issues.............................................................26
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Preface
Purpose and Scope
This manual provides information and guidance to all personnel who are involved with and use
Rajant orporation’s Bread rumb LX4.
This manual begins with an introduction to the Bread rumb Wireless Network (B WN). It then
characterizes the features of the Bread rumb LX4. Finally, it describes common deployment
scenarios and provides concise step-by-step instructions for each scenario.
Note Throughout this document, unless otherwise stated, the terms LX4 and BreadCrumb
are used to refer to Rajant BreadCrumb LX4.
User Information
The user of this manual is encouraged to submit comments and recommended changes to improve
this manual. Please send any comments or changes to [email protected]. Be sure to include the
version number of the manual you are using and please provide the page numbers related to your
comments wherever possible
Related Documentation
For additional information, refer to these documents:
●Rajant BC|Commander® User Guide: This document contains information on the
B | ommander management application, which is used to configure Bread rumbs before or
during a deployment. This now includes a Bread rumb VLAN Guide.
●BreadCrumb® Video Guide
●Rajant Troubleshooting Range User Guide
●R Component Installation and Verification in BreadCrumb® Networks
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1 Introduction to BreadCrumbs
Rajant orporation's (http://www.rajant.com) Bread rumbs utilize the 802.11 wireless networking
standards to form a wireless mesh network. The network is mobile, self-integrating, self-meshing,
self-healing, and secure. The focus is on flexibility, adaptability, and simplicity.
The Bread rumb Wireless Network (B WN) is intended for rapid deployment of a broadband
wireless network into a situation or “hot zone.” The network can be deployed as a stand-alone
wireless network, or bridged to another network (such as the Internet) utilizing available reach-back
communication links (such as a DSL, cable, or satellite modem).
Bread rumbs provide high bandwidth for applications to stream video, audio as well as data over
large distances. The network traffic can be secured by using different security features offered by
the B WN. This makes the network optimal for tactical deployments as well as emergency
response situations since it offers robustness, stability and ease of setup in mission critical activities.
1.1 What is a BreadCrumb?
A Bread rumb is an IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) and Ethernet compatible networking device which has the
capacity to connect to other Bread rumbs or networking devices to form a Bread rumb network. A
Bread rumb is specifically designed for the following scenarios:
Temporary Wireless Networks
Networks that must be established quickly and with minimal effort for short-term use (e.g., a
network established to provide First Responder support at the site of a disaster).
Mobile Wireless Networks
Networks in which the network infrastructure itself is mobile, in addition to client devices (e.g., a
convoy viewing a video stream from a UAV).
Wireless Network Extension
Networks in which a wireless network must be quickly extended around or through obstacles that
block wireless communications (e.g., urban canyon networks, tunnels/caves, etc.)
Wired Network Extension
Networks in which two or more wired LANs at different locations must be connected wirelessly
(e.g., to securely connect combat service support computers with logistics bases)
Any ombination of the Above
Most Bread rumb deployments include elements from more than one of the above scenarios.
In many cases, Bread rumbs will perform all of these tasks as shipped with no configuration
necessary at all, providing an instant TAN (Tactical Area Network). Moreover, because
Bread rumbs use industry-standard 802.11 communications, client devices such as laptops or
handheld computers require no special hardware, software, or configuration to access a B WN.
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1.2 obility through eshing
The key component to a B WN is a technique known as Meshing. While this is generally handled
automatically by Bread rumbs, complex deployment scenarios require a basic understanding of how
Bread rumbs establish and maintain a mesh.
1.2.1 Mesh – A Definition
A mesh is a collection of network devices (in our case, Bread rumbs), each of which is linked to one
or more other Bread rumbs. Data can move between Bread rumbs via these links, possibly passing
through several intermediate Bread rumbs before arriving at its final destination.
The intelligence of a B WN is in how it adapts rapidly to the creation or destruction of the links in
the mesh as devices are moved, switched OFF or ON, blocked by obstructions, interfered with by
other devices, or otherwise affected. This adaptation takes place automatically and immediately as
needed.
Note
Although all Bread rumbs can be access points, most access points do not provide
mesh capability. Traditional access points simply allow wireless devices within
range to connect to a wired network; they do not extend range through other access
points.
1.2.2 BreadCrumb Mesh Connections
In order for two Bread rumbs to establish a mesh link to each other, they must be set to the same
radio channel, and the same ESSID, and have the same InstaMesh key settings. An ESSID is
essentially a name for a wireless network. By default, Bread rumbs use the ESSID "breadcrumb54-
v10” if programmed with version 10 firmware. InstaMesh key settings include the Network
Authentication Key (NAK) and the Network Encryption Key (NEK).
Assuming that the security settings are the same, the following examples illustrate how the use of
channels and ESSIDs can establish or break mesh links:
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Example 1:
Suppose you have three Bread rumbs, called A, B, and . Each has two radios. Bread rumb A’s
radios are on channels 1 and 8, B’s are on 8 and 11, and ’s are on 1 and 11. All three Bread rumbs
are using the default ESSID of "breadcrumb54-v10." Assuming that all three Bread rumbs are
within radio range of one another, the network will be connected, as shown below:
Example 2:
Now suppose that you change the ESSID of Bread rumb to "lonely". The network will adjust to
this change, resulting in the following configuration:
Note that Bread rumb can no longer communicate with A or B, and vice versa.
3
Figure 1: All BreadCrumbs use the same ESSID.
CHANNEL 1
CHANNEL 11
CHANNEL 8
RADIO 2
BREADCRUMB B
RADIO 1
RADIO 1
BREADCRUMB C
RADIO 2RADIO 1
BREADCRUMB A
RADIO 2
Figure 2: ESSID of BreadCrumb C changes to "lonely."
CHANNEL 8
RADIO 2
BREADCRUMB B
RADIO 1
RADIO 1
BREADCRUMB C
RADIO 2RADIO 2
BREADCRUMB A
RADIO 1

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2 Description of a BreadCrumb LX4
Bread rumb LX4 is a portable, wireless device deployable in almost any environment. It is light in
weight, offers up to 4 external antennas and is designed to be completely mobile as worn by an
individual. The Bread rumb LX4 must be powered by an external source.
2.1 Radios
The Bread rumb LX4 contains between two and four radios. 802.11g radios are used in the 900
MHz and 2.4 GHz bands, and 802.11a radios are used in the 4.9 GHz and 5 GHz bands. The radios
support the channels and frequencies listed in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the United States and anada.
Note
Not all channels are allowed for use everywhere around the world. heck with the
corresponding wireless spectrum regulatory body to determine the subset of
channels authorized for use in your country.
Table 1: 2.4 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies.
Channel Number Center Frequency MHz)
1 2412
2 2417
3 2422
4 2427
5 2432
6 2437
7 2442
8 2447
9 2452
10 2457
11 2462
The default channel for a 2.4 GHz Bread rumb radio is 11 (2462 MHz).
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Table 2: 900 Hz Radio Channel and Frequencies.
Channel Number Center Frequency MHz)
5 912
6 917
The default channel for a 900 MHz Bread rumb radio is 5 (912 MHz).
Table 3: 5 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies.
Band Channel Center Frequency MHz) Turbo Capability
U-NII Upper Band
(5725 - 5825 MHz
/
ISM Band
(5725 - 5875 MHz
149 5745 No
152 5760 Static Turbo
153 5765 No
157 5785 No
160 5800 Static Turbo
161 5805 No
165 5825 No
The default channel for a 5 GHz Bread rumb radio is 152 (5760 MHz). Some 5 GHz channels
support a feature called Static Turbo mode. In this mode, the radio binds two standard 20 MHz
channels to obtain a wider bandwidth 40 MHz channel. The end result is improved throughput
and/or communication range for the radio. Users should refer to the applicable compliance
regulations in the intended region of deployment for use of these frequencies.
Caution
Most 5 GHz antennas only support a subset of the 802.11a 5 GHz frequency
channels the Rajant radio is capable of operating at. Before changing the channel of
a 5 GHz radio, verify that the channel is supported by the connected antenna.
Caution
Since the radios operate at different frequencies, you must be careful to use the
correct type of antenna with each radio. As an example, a 2.4 GHz antenna will not
work with a 5 GHz radio and vice versa.
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Table 4: 4.8 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies.
Channel
Number
Center Frequency
MHz)
Channel
Number
Center Frequency
MHz)
162 4810 175 4875
163 4815 176 4880
164 4820 177 4885
165 4825 178 4890
166 4830 179 4895
167 4835 180 4900
168 4840 181 4905
169 4845 182 4910
170 4850 183 4915
171 4855 184 4920
172 4860 185 4925
173 4865 186 4930
174 4870
The default channel for a 4.8 GHz Bread rumb radio is 164 (4820 MHz). If a second 4.8 GHz radio
is present, it's default channel is 184 (4920 MHz). If a third 4.8 GHz radio is present, it's default
chanel is 174 (4870 MHz)
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Table 5: 4.9 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies.
Channel Number Center Frequency MHz) Channel Bandwidth
5 4942.5 Quarter (5 Mhz)
10 4945.0 Half (10 Mhz)
15 4947.5 Quarter (5 Mhz)
20 4950.0 Full 20 Mhz)
25 4952.5 Quarter (5 Mhz)
30 4955.0 Full (20 Mhz)
35 4957.5 Quarter (5 Mhz)
40 4960.0 Full (20 Mhz)
45 4962.5 Quarter (5 Mhz)
50 4965.0 Full (20 Mhz)
55 4967.5 Quarter (5 Mhz)
60 4970.0 Full (20 Mhz)
65 4972.5 Quarter (5 Mhz)
70 4975.0 Full (20 Mhz)
75 4977.5 Quarter (5 Mhz)
80 4980.0 Full (20 Mhz)
85 4982.5 Quarter (5 Mhz)
90 4985.0 Half (10 Mhz)
95 4987.5 Quarter (5 Mhz)
The default channel for a 4.9 GHz Bread rumb radio is 20 (4960.0 MHz).
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2.2 Enclosure
The LX4 enclosure has been designed to operate in extreme conditions, with protection against
ingress of dust as well as protection against immersion in water. The enclosure dimensions are 195
mm x 187 mm x 61 mm (7.683” x 7.352” x 2.400”). The external features of the enclosure are
shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
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Figure 4: BreadCrumb LX4 Enclosure Features (Rear)
Figure 3: BreadCrumb LX4 Enclosure Features (Front)

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2.3 Antenna Connectors
The Bread rumb LX4 provides up to four Type N female antenna connectors. One connector is
located on the front side of the enclosure (see Figure 3), the other three connectors are located on
the back side of the enclosure (see Figure 4). In general, only one antenna port per radio is utilized.
Some Bread rumb models offer the 900 MHz antenna diversity feature, in which case two antenna
ports on the 900 MHz radio are utilized. There are many different LX4 Models available, each with
a different configuration of radios and antennas. Each antenna connector will be labeled with the
frequency of its corresponding radio.
Because the antennas are mounted top and bottom and on opposite corners of the unit, the only
viable means of using the LX4 with all antennas attached is by using the pole mount option. are
should be taken to make sure the pole is mounted plumb (or possibly carefully tilted to account for
altitude differences) for reasons noted below:
●The 802.11a 5 GHz Vertically Polarized Omni antenna (OD5WM-6) has an extremely
narrow coverage plane. It only extends 5 degrees above and below the center-line, even at
relatively short range. This means that two units using these antennas will have to be at the
same altitude with the antennas plumb to see each other.
●The 802.11g 2.4 GHz Vertically Polarized Omni antenna (OD24M-7) covers a more lenient
18 degrees above and below center at distance and an even wider range up close. Therefore,
it is much more forgiving of imperfect placement than the 802.11a antenna.
Warning To avoid possible damage to the Bread rumb radio(s), always connect or
disconnect external antennas with the power to the Bread rumb LX4 off.
2.4 19-Pin Amphenol Connector
The majority of the signals and features of Bread rumb LX4 can be accessed through the 19-pin
Amphenol connector on the enclosure (see Figure 3 and Figure 5). The most important of these
interfaces are external power, Ethernet, and USB, which are described in more detail in the
following sections. The 19-pin Amphenol connector interfaces to the LX4 cable assembly that
provides access to input power, Ethernet and USB ports of the device.
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2.4.1 Power
The input power interface to the Bread rumb LX4 resides on the 19-pin Amphenol connector (see
Figure 3 and Figure 5). The device accepts external power in the range of 24 VD to 48 VD . The
peak power consumption of Bread rumb LX4 is 20 W with two radios, 25 W with three radios, and
30 W with 4 radios at 24 VD .
2.4.2 Ethernet
Bread rumb LX4 contains two 10/100 Base-TX Ethernet ports, which can be accessed through the
19-pin Amphenol connector on the enclosure (see Figure 3 and Figure 5). Both ports support Auto
MDI/MDIX allowing the use of either straight-through or crossover data cables for connections.
The data interface includes electrostatic discharge, and electrical fast transient/burst immunity
compliant to the IE 61000-4-2 ESD, and IE 61000-4-4 EFT standards, respectively.
The ETH0 connector also supports Passive Power over Ethernet (Passive PoE), and therefore acts as
a dual function Ethernet and D power input port for the Bread rumb LX4. An external inline
injector is used to merge D power for the Bread rumb LX4 with data from a LAN port or a wired
client.
Warning In order to avoid sparking and possible damage to the unit, be sure to connect the
powered Ethernet cable to the Bread rumb LX4 before applying power to the
power supply.
To ensure proper operation of the Bread rumb LX4, the inline injector must output a D voltage
between 24 VD to 48 VD @ 20 W (two radio operation), 25 W (three radio operation) or 30 W
(four radio operation) minimum. Using a higher output voltage facilitates longer cable runs between
the inline injector and the ETH0 port on the Bread rumb LX4.
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Figure 5: 19-Pin Amphenol Connector

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The Bread rumb LX4 ships with a standard 48 V A /D Passive PoE injector. The Rajant
VHD -24 is an optional accessory, and supports powering the Breadcrumb LX4 from an
unregulated D supply.
2.4.3 USB
The signals that interface to the Bread rumb LX4 device's USB port are located on the 19-pin
Amphenol connector on the enclosure (see Figure 3 and Figure 5). The port is compliant to the
Enhanced Host ontroller Interface (EH I) and USB Transceiver 2.0 Macrocell Interface (UTMI+)
Level 2 specifications. The port supports all three standard data transfer rates of low speed
(1.5Mbps), full speed (12Mbps), and high speed (480Mbps). The power switch for the port includes
over current protection, thermal protection, in-rush current limiting, and hot-plug noise filtering.
The USB port can be used to perform Bread rumb firmware upgrades. It can also interface to an
optional GPS receiver accessory available from Rajant.
2.5 Status LED
The Status LED (see Figure 3) is capable of displaying warning and error codes, and link states. The
LED Mode can be configured in B | ommander to be ON (switchable), ALERTS ONLY
(switchable), OFF (non-switchable), or OFF (switchable). When the LED Mode is ON, the
Bread rumb LED alternates between displaying the link state and any warnings or errors. When the
LED Mode is OFF, the Bread rumb LED does not display any warnings, errors, or the link state.
When the LED Mode is set for ALERTS ONLY, the Bread rumb LED alternates between displaying
the link state and any warnings or errors only if there are warnings or errors to report. If there are no
warnings or errors, the LED displays nothing.
The Status LED combines the three base colors of red, green and blue to display a broader spectrum
of colors which indicate the current status of a Bread rumb. The meanings of the color code
indicators are given in Table 6.
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