RGB Photonics Qwave User manual
User Manual
RGB Photonics GmbH
Qwave Spectrometer
Version: 1.3.0
Date: July 11, 2016
This document is protected by copyright. Do not copy or publish this document or parts
of it without written permission of RGB Photonics GmbH.
Product specifications and descriptions in this manual are subject to change without
notice. RGB Photonics GmbH will not be responsible for errors and omissions in this
manual or for direct or incidental damages in connection with the use of this device or
information.
© 2016 RGB Photonics GmbH
Donaupark 13
93309 Kelheim
Germany
Telephone: +49 9441 1750 33 0
Website: http://www.rgb-photonics.com
Contents
1Introduction......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Product Overview.......................................................................................................................1
1.2 System Requirements...............................................................................................................2
1.3 Package Contents.......................................................................................................................2
1.4 Optional Accessories.................................................................................................................2
2Installation.........................................................................................................................3
2.1 Device with USB interface........................................................................................................3
2.2 Device with UART interface.....................................................................................................3
2.3 Optical Setup...............................................................................................................................4
2.4 Troubleshooting.........................................................................................................................5
3Operation...........................................................................................................................7
3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................7
3.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................................7
3.3 Taking Spectra.............................................................................................................................8
3.4 Spectrum Display.......................................................................................................................9
3.5 Working with spectra..............................................................................................................10
3.6 File Operations..........................................................................................................................11
3.7 Spectrum Analysis....................................................................................................................11
3.8 Absorption, Reflection and Transmission Measurements...........................................13
3.9 Calibration..................................................................................................................................15
3.10 Triggering and I/O Port........................................................................................................18
4SoftwareDevelopmentKit.......................................................................................20
4.1 Prerequisites..............................................................................................................................20
4.2 Getting started..........................................................................................................................20
4.3 Classes Overview......................................................................................................................20
4.4 Adding the SDK library to your project............................................................................21
4.5 Taking a spectrum....................................................................................................................22
4.6 Deploying your project..........................................................................................................22
5Technical Support........................................................................................................23
5.1 Getting Help...............................................................................................................................23
5.2 Software Updates.....................................................................................................................23
6Specifications.................................................................................................................24
6.2 Pin Assignment.........................................................................................................................26
7Certifications and Compliance................................................................................28
Introduction
1
1Introduction
1.1 Product Overview
With its focal length of 75 mm, the Qwave spectrometer offers technical specifications
that you would normally expect to find in much larger spectrometers. It is controlled and
sophisticated algorithms for data acquisition and evaluation, but also provides these
features through a clear and straightforward interface. This makes the Qwave to be the
ideal spectroscopic instrument for all scientific applications that require a resolution of
0.2 to 0.5 nm and a numerical aperture of up to 0.10.
QwaveHardwareFeatures
Miniature design
Spectral resolution of 0.5 nm (across full VIS range)
High sensitivity and dynamic range
Exceptional thermal stability
Optical input via SMA fiber connector or free focused beam (other options
available)
4 I/O channels for external triggering, light source control and general purpose I/O
Controlled and powered via USB2.0
Waves SoftwareFeatures
Take and display series of spectra
Dynamic exposure control with dark spectrum interpolation
Import most ASCII-based file formats
Export as ASCII table to almost anynumerical analysis software
Comprehensive tools for displaying and analyzing spectra
for comparing characteristic values between multiple spectra
including peak follower
Graph printing and export to PDF
Dynamic peak finder (no need to set a threshold level)
Automated wavelengthcalibration
Dark spectrum interpolation
Transmission, Reflection and Absorption measurements
Colorimetry
QwaveUserManual
2
Applications
Light analysis
Chemical research
Raman spectroscopy
Forensic analysis
Systemintegration
Process control and monitoring
andmany more
1.2 System Requirements
Windows 7, Vista or XP (32 or 64 bit)
.NET Framework Version 3.5 (available on the CD and as a free download)
USB 2.0
1.3 Package Contents
Qwave spectrometer
USB cable
CD-ROM with Waves spectroscopy software including device driver, software
development kit and this manual as PDF
Printed user manual
1.4 Optional Accessories
I/O port adapter
IllumiCell cuvette holder withlight source
Fiber optical cable
LightBox broadband light sources
Visit us at www.rgb-photonics.com if you need any accessories for your spectrometer.
Installation
3
2Installation
2.1 Device with USB interface
Installing the Qwave spectrometer is very straightforward. You just need to install the
software and then connectthe device to a USB port.
Please install the software by double-clicking on the WavesSetup.exe file on the CD-
ROM. The setup package then installs the application software and the device driver. For
first before attaching the device.
The software is tested with 32 and 64 bit versions of Windows 8.1, 8, 7, Vista and XP. It
requires the Microsoft .NET framework version 3.5 or 4.0, which is already installed on
most PCs. If this framework is not installed, the setup package asks you to install it first.
You can find the setup file for the .NET framework on the CD or download it from
You can install the software on as many computers as you like. For example, you may
want to install it in the lab for measurements and in your office for further spectrum
-ROM at hand, you can also download the software from
our website.
After the software is installed, please connect your Qwave spectrometer to a USB port on
the computer. You can use the provided USB cable or almost any other Mini-USB cable.
The USB port needs to supply an electrical current of up to 500 mA, so you need to either
connect the spectrometer directly to your computer or to an externally powered USB
hub. A flashing red LED on the device indicates that the port does not supply enough
power.
When you start the Waves software, it automatically searches for spectrometers and, if it
finds one, initializes the device. If you attached it just before, it may take a few seconds
before the spectrometer isproperly recognized by the operatingsystem.
If the software finds no or several spectrometers while starting, it displays a dialog
ed toevaluate the software
without connecting an actual device. You can access this dialog window later on by
2.2 Device with UART interface
The Qwave is optionally available with a UART interface. This is almost the same as a
regular RS-232 interface, but the voltage levels on the data lines are 0 V (low) and +3.3 V
(high) instead of the RS-232-specified positive and negative voltages. This makes it easier
QwaveUserManual
4
to connect the spectrometer to an embedded microcontroller, but if you would like to
connect it to a regular RS- special cable with a level shifter.
This cable is includedwith the regular retail version of the Qwavewith UART interface.
The mechanical connector for the interface on the device is the same Mini-USB
receptacle as for the USB version, but the data lines on this connector for the UART
interface are RX and TX instead of the USB data lines. Please see chapter 6.2 for the
pinout. Do not connect a Qwave with UART interface to a USB host! Doing so may
damage the device or thehost.
Even though most users of this interface are going to connect the device to their own
custom hardware, we recommend that you try to operate the spectrometer using a PC
and our application software Waves first in order to get familiar with the device.
To use the Qwave with UART interface with a PC, please use the data cable that was
included with the spectrometer and connect it to a serial port on a PC. Because a regular
serial port does not provide a supply voltage, you also need an external power supply to
power the spectrometer. Please connect the red and black wires coming from the data
cable to a 5 V power supply (+ 5 V and GND, respectively).
When you connect the device to power, the red LED should flash briefly and the green
LED should be lit continuously. If the green LED is off, the device probably does not get
enough power.
To install the application software Waves, please proceed as described in the previous
chapter. When using Waves with a UART interface, please note that there are two
differences to the USB version:
The data transfer is slower. The speed was intentionally reduced to 230400 baud in
order to ensure compatibility with most serial port interfaces. If you use your own
hardware, you can set the datarate as high as 3 Mbaud.
-
rrect COM port.
In order to connect the Qwave with UART interface toyour owncustom hardware, please
refer to the connector pinout in chapter 6.2
2.3 Optical Setup
The light enters the Qwave spectrometer through a 20 µm slit (other slits are available as
custom modifications). You can see this slit if you look into the fiber optical connector on
the front side of the device.
If the light you wish to measure is quite strong, you may simply point the spectrometer
towards it. For example, you can test the spectrometer by pointing it towards your
computer screen or your desk light.
Installation
5
possible. In order to guide the light from the probe to the spectrometer, most users
prefer a simple fiber optical cable with SMA connectors. Alternatively, youmay also focus
the light directly onto the entrance slit without fibers using your own optics.
We recommend standard fiber optical cables with a core diameter of 200 µm and a small
better resolution and sensitivity, but you may find it more difficult to focus the light into
coming out of the fiber and the stray light is slightly increased.
PLEASE NOTE: The calibration for the spectral sensitivity correction and the optical
power was made with a 200 µm fiber optical cable. If you use a different fiber or
especially if you just point the spectrometer towards the light source, the measured
spectrum might not be accurate. If you have a calibrated light source, you can always
recalibrate the spectral sensitivity for any optical setup (see chapter 3.9).
lowest stray light if youmake sure that:
The focused light iscentered onthe entrance slit,
the height of the light spot on the entrance slit is 200 µm or smaller and
the numerical aperture of your focusing optics is close to 0.1, matching the
numerical aperture of the spectrometer.
The Qwave spectrometer does not detect light from outside a cone that corresponds to a
numerical aperture of about 0.1. Therefore, if your focusing optics has a larger aperture,
you lose some intensity inside the spectrometer. On the other hand, numerical apertures
significantly smaller than 0.1 may lead to a decrease in resolution.
2.4 Troubleshooting
The green light on the spectrometer is off, the red light is flashing or lit
continuously and the device does not react
This indicates that the device has turned itself off because the USB port was not able to
supply enough power. This also may happen if the USB cable is too long or damaged.
Please disconnect the device andtry a different USBport or cable.
Waves cannot find the device
P
please restart your computer and try again.
Please also check our website www.rgb-photonics.com for software updates.
If the software still cannot find the device, you may check the Device Manager in the
QwaveUserManual
6
branch. If you double click on this
should read: "Driver Provider: RGB Photonics" and "Driver Version: 2.8.14.0" (or later). If
your spectrometer is marked with an exclamation or question mark, please remove the
device, uninstall the software from the Windows Control Panel, restart the computer and
install the software again.
If your spectrometer is not listed at all in the Device Manager, please try a different USB
port. If the device does not work on one computer, but works on others, the USB port
externally poweredUSBhub. al Support Team (see chapter 5.1).
Operation
7
3Operation
3.1 Introduction
Waves was designed from the ground up to provide a clean and straightforward user
interface that does not stand in your way, without compromising advanced features or
precision.
spectra without having to worry about details like calibration or dark spectra. otice a few
differences:
There is just one mode of operation that includes all relevant types of
measurements (absorption, irradiance, scope and so on) through a consistent and
clear interface.
Waves favors a simple self-explanatory terminology instead of complicated terms
that need to be explained. For example, we
integratedhere.
There are no wizards to help you with complicated tasks, because wizards tend to
3.2 Overview
When you start Waves, the software searches for an attached Qwave spectrometer. If it
finds one, it automatically initializes it. Afterwards, the software presents the main
window:
QwaveUserManual
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The main window consists ofseveral panels:
1. The Exposure Toolbar, where you can start and stop taking spectra and set the
acquisition parameters.
2. The Spectrum List shows all spectra that are currentlyin memory.
3. The Properties Panel consists of four tab pages and displays many parameters and
values of the spectrum currently selectedin the Spectrum List.
4. The Main Diagram Panelshows all spectra marked with acheck mark in the list.
5. The Display Parameters Panel determines how the spectra are displayed.
In order to get more screen space for the main diagram, the other panels can be
minimized by clicking on the buttons with two triangles nextto the panel title.
3.3 Taking Spectra
In order to take a spectrum, just choose an exposure time or select auto exposure and
click on one of the green buttons ([ ] for a single shot or [ ] to start a continuous
measurement). You can increasethe exposure timein order to decrease the noise level. If
the amount of light detected duringthe exposure istoo large for theCCD detectorinside
appears at the top of the diagram. In this case, you need to decrease the exposure time.
You can further increase the sensitivity by averaging across multiple exposures with the
If a spectrum acquisition takes longer than one second, you can monitor the progress in
the status bar at the bottom of the window. The acquisition may finish before the
progress indication reaches the end position, because the spectrometer is triggering on
the end of the exposure period (see chapter 3.10 for details). You can stop the data
acquisition by clicking on the red stop button [ ].
If you choose auto exposure, the exposure time for each new spectrum is set
automatically based on the intensity of the previous spectrum. It may take a few spectra
before the auto exposure control has reached its optimum. In auto exposure mode, you
Operation
9
can set a maximum exposure time in order to prevent very long exposure times in cases
when there is simply no signal.
Spectra can be taken with or without spectral sensitivity correction (see chapter 3.9 for
more details). If the lightmeter button [ ] is selected, the spectral sensitivity of the
spectrometer is automatically corrected and the intensity axis ismeasured in nW/nm.
PLEASE NOTE: If you take a spectrum with spectral sensitivity correction, the noise in the
spectrum is not evenly distributed, because some parts of the spectrum are more
amplified than others. On the other hand, if this button is not selected, the spectral
sensitivity is not corrected and the intensity axis displays values as they are produced by
the spectrometer hardware. In this case, you may find an uneven distribution of the
sensitivity across the spectrum. For precise measurements, it is recommended to turn on
spectral sensitivitycorrection.
Dark spectra for the spectrometer are stored in the device and used automatically when
taking spectra (see chapter 3.9 for details). If you have background radiation, you can
compensate for it by taking a background spectrum (see chapter 3.8). In the Exposure
Toolbar you can also select the triggering mode (see chapter 3.10) and choose a
reference spectrum for absorption, reflection and transmission spectroscopy (see chapter
3.8).
3.4 Spectrum Display
The Main Diagram Panel displays all spectra that are marked by a check mark in the
Spectrum List. If no spectrum is checked in the list, then the currently selected spectrum
(marked by a gray bar) is displayed. You can check and uncheck all spectra at once by
clicking on the corresponding button [ ] or [ ] on top of the Spectrum List.
The peaks in the spectra are automatically determined. This not only works pretty reliable
for clearly defined peaks, but alsofor those lyingin the side of another peak orthose that
are just above the noise level. If necessary, you can fine-tune the parameters for finding
In this window
you can choose three settings:
in order to be considered as apeak.
minima before and after it inorder to be considered as apeak.
considered when calculating the peak position.
Peak positions and widths are only displayed for the currently selected spectrum. The
peak positions, heights and widths are also displayed in the Properties Panel and can be
In the Display Parameters Panel below the diagram you can select how the spectra are
displayed. These settings affect the diagram display, but do not modify the actual data.
QwaveUserManual
10
Here you can change the scaling of both axes, the unit of the wavelength axis, turn the
display of the grid, peak positions and peak heights on and off and see thecoordinates of
the current position of the mouse pointer.
If you zoom into the wavelength axis, a scrollbar appears at the bottom of the diagram
for easily moving the displayed part of the spectrum. Alternatively, you can grab and
move the axis withthe mouse. You can also dragthe intensity axis in order to change the
maximum value and quicklyenlarge weaker parts ofthe spectrum.
If you would like to determine the intensity value at the position of the mouse pointer
relative to a reference value, just move the mouse to that reference value, click with the
You can select a single wavelength or a range of wavelengths by clicking or clicking and
dragging in the diagram. This selection can be used to compare wavelength values, to
display statistical data just for the selection (see chapter 3.5) and to zoom into it (by right-
clicking).
3.5 Working with spectra
In Waves, you can have several spectra loaded at the same time for easy comparison and
analysis. On the upper left side you can see the Spectrum List. Whenever you take a new
keep this spectrum and take another one, just
click on the single push pin button [ ]. This prevents the current spectrum from being
t from being overwritten. You can also choose to
keep all new spectra by selecting the button with multiple push pins [ ] in the Exposure
Toolbar.
When you have multiple spectra in the list, one spectrum is always selected (marked by a
gray bar). All metadata and additional information for this spectrum is displayed in the
Properties Panel on the lower left side. The Properties Panelhas five Tab pages:
General: matically set to the current Windows user name, but
user. You can change the color of the spectrum by clicking on the color box. Please
the list.
Values: Displays statistical values both for the whole spectrum and within the
selection (if you have selected a range of wavelengths in the diagram).
Color: Displays colorimetric values. For precise color measurements please also
read the section on calibration accuracy in chapter 3.9.
Peaks: Displays peak positions, heights and widths. This list can be saved to a file
Data: Displays a list of all values of the spectrum.
Operation
11
Some of the values in the Properties Panel are saved when saving the spectrum to a file.
The others are recalculated when the spectrum is reloaded.
3.6 File Operations
You can save the selected spectrum or the whole Spectrum List using the commands in
the File menu. You can also open spectrum files to load them back into Waves for further
evaluation (sounds obvious, but surprisingly, many spectroscopy
support this).
The file format for spectra is a simple ASCII table with columns delimited by the TAB
character and some header lines containing the metadata. This allows the spectrum files
saved by Waves to be read by almost any numerical analysis software like Origin, Excel or
.spz .spz file in
Window Explorer, it is opened with the Waves application.
In Waves, you can also open spectrum data files written by other applications, if they are
saved as ASCII tables or .csv files. Waves tries its best to automatically determine the file
structure and is able to open many different file formats.
1
you choose the page
half shows selected metadata and values.
The printing options are designed for the most common tasks. If youhave further specific
requirements for printing, you may also decide to export the diagram and then use a
graphical design software or word processor forprinting.
You can export the diagram either as a bitmap image or as a PDF vector graphic. Both
After choosing a file name, you can set the height and width of the image and the
resolution, if applicable. Please note that the text sizes and line widths are constant.
Therefore, if you choose a larger export size, the labels and line widths appear to be
smaller.
3.7 Spectrum Analysis
The Analysis menu offers several ways to evaluate and modify spectra:
1
In case you have a spectrum file written as ASCII data and you are unable to open it in Waves, please
QwaveUserManual
12
AdjustOffset
This adds a constant value to all data points of the selected spectrum. The software
suggests an estimated value for compensating an offset, but you may also choose any
other value.
Normalize
This multiplies all data points of the selected spectrum by a constant factor. The default
factor is chosen for themaximum value to be scaled to 100.
Differentiate
This differentiates the spectrum with respect to the wavelength.
SpectralAveraging
This substitutes each data point by the average of the surrounding data points. You can
choose how many data
ArithmeticOperations
This creates a new spectrum by adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing two spectra.
Adjust Wavelength
This allows to assign a new wavelength scale to all spectra in the list based on the
parameters for the fourth-order polynomial function used for wavelength calibration. It
may be useful if you took spectra with an incorrect wavelength calibration.
Duplicate
This creates a copy of the selected spectrum and may be useful if you would like to
modify a spectrum, but also keep the original one.
Peak WidthDiagram
This opens a window displaying the widths of the detected peaks (Full width at half
maximum).
Operation
13
Show Strip Chart
You can use the Strip Chart window to display a characteristic spectrum value as a
function of another value for all spectra in the list. The most common task is to display
the temporal evolution of a characteristic value. This window can be kept open while
taking new spectra to see the changes as they happen.
In the lower left side of the StripChart window, youcan choose which values to assign to
the x and y axis of the chart. You can choose all numerical valuesthat are displayed in the
Properties Panel in the main window. If you want to view the temporal evolution of a
spectrum into a number. So for example,
value are used for the corresponding axis.
In the Strip Chart diagram, the currently selected spectrum is marked by a slightly larger
point. Points corresponding to spectra that are currently not visible in the main window
are drawn in a lighter red color.
ShowLoupe
This opens a window with a magnified display of the spectrum around the mouse
pointer. It may be used in order to study small features in the spectrum as an alternative
to zooming in.
3.8 Absorption, Reflection and Transmission Measurements
Principle
In absorption, reflection and transmission spectroscopy you direct light from a
broadband light source onto a sample. Then you take a spectrum 𝐼(λ) of the light that is
transmitted through or reflected from the sample. In order to get meaningful results that
are independent of the light source, you also take a spectrum of the light source 𝐼0(λ) as
a reference.
The spectral transmittance 𝑇(λ)or reflectance is then simply the fraction of transmitted
or reflected light:
𝑇(λ) = 𝐼(λ)
𝐼0(λ)
This formula gives values in the range between 0 and 1. The transmittance is usually
written as a percentage. The spectral absorbance 𝐴(λ) is defined as:
𝐴(λ)= log 𝐼0(λ)
𝐼(λ)
QwaveUserManual
14
Please note that the absorbance is sometimes defined as the base 10 logarithm and
sometimes as the natural (base e) logarithm. In Waves, you can choose in the Options
window from the File menu which logarithm to use.
Measurement
In order to measure absorption, reflection or transmission you need to take a reference
spectrum of the light source first. If your measurement setup is not in complete darkness,
it is also generally recommended to take a background spectrum before the
measurement.
To take a background spectrum, turn off the light source, set an appropriate exposure
time and click ] on the Exposure Toolbar. In
].
If you take a spectrum afterwards, the background spectrum is automatically subtracted
from the measured spectrum, eliminating unwanted background signals.
To take a reference spectrum for transmission or absorption spectroscopy, turn on the
light source again, remove the sample, set an appropriate exposure time and temporal
se
], you can take spectra of your sample for measuring
absorption or transmission.
To take a reference spectrum for reflection spectroscopy, you need a white reference
sample to calibrate the setup for 100 % reflection. However, all real-world reference
samples have a reflection of less than 100 % and an uneven spectral distribution.
Therefore, for accurate measurements you also need to supply a reference spectrum for
your reference sample. To take a reference spectrum, place the white reference sample
time and ]. In the
following dialog window, you can also specify a data file that includes a calibrated
[ ], you can measure reflectivity spectra.
The y axis of the spectrum now shows the relative intensity of the measured spectrum
choose different units for displaying the spectra:
Ratio shows the ratio of the measured spectrum to the reference spectrum as in
the formula for 𝑇(λ)above.
Percentage shows the same value 𝑇(λ), but written as a percentage (i.e. multiplied
by100).
2
This unit is usually usedfor transmittance.
Absorbance shows the spectral absorbance 𝐴(λ)according to the formula above.
You can choose between naturaland base 10 logarithm.
2
Operation
15
These options only determine how to display the spectra in the diagram. The do not
modify the actual spectrum data.
If your light source does not cover the full range of the spectrometer, the calculated
spectrum may show large amounts of noise outside of the wavelength range of your
light source. This is normal and reflects the fact that the measurement has a large
uncertainty at these wavelengths.
These measurements are quite sensitive to changes of the sample illumination. If in
doubt, you may want to take another reference spectrum to check if it is still valid.
3.9 Calibration
The calibration for the wavelengths, dark spectra and spectral sensitivity are stored on
the device and loaded automatically during device initialization. So in contrast to almost
e automatically.
If the device has been used for a long time or if you need a very precise measurement,
you can easily recalibrate the spectrometer within Waves, if you have a suitable light
source. Recalibration may also be required if the device temperature is outside of the
calibrated temperature range. The device temperature is continuously monitored by the
spectrometer and a warningis displayed, if the temperature haschanged considerably.
After you have recalibrated the spectrometer, you can always restore the factory
CalibrationAccuracy
The wavelength calibration is very accurate and changes only little with time or
wavelengths.
The dark spectrum calibration depends on the temperature. If the temperature has
changed considerably, a warning message is displayed recommending recalibration.
However, if in doubt or if you need as little noise as possible, you can always easily
recalibrate it because no calibration light source is required.
The calibration for the spectral sensitivity depends a lot on your optical fiber, your
measurement probe and how the light is coupled into the spectrometer. During
production of the Qwa
to be. Therefore the factory calibration for the spectral sensitivity and especially the
absolute intensity is not to be considered as a precise measurement, but rather as a first
estimate. If
sensitivity of the whole system including fiber and probe.
In addition, please note that after changing the exposure time, it takes a few spectra
before the CCD sensor inside the spectrometer reaches its new equilibrium. This means
that after changing the exposure time, the intensities of the following 5 to 10 spectra
QwaveUserManual
16
may not be as accurate as later measurements. Therefore, for precise measurements we
recommend not to use the auto-exposure feature and to set a fixed exposure time
instead.
Wavelengths
The mapping of the individual pixels of the spectrum to wavelengths is done using a
third-order polynomial. The four parameters for this function are measured during
manufacturing and stored in the device. Usually, this wavelength calibration does not
However, if the ambient temperature has changed substantially, if the device has been
used for a very long time or if you just would like to make sure that the wavelengths are
really correct, you can recalibrate the wavelength if you have a suitable light source with
several sharp atomic emission lines. These wavelength calibration sources are usually
low-pressure gas discharge lamps filled with Krypton, Neon, Mercury, Argon or Xenon
gas.
To recalibrate, take a spectrum of this light source first. Make sure that the relevant peaks
Menu.
list, you need to supply your own calibration lines. In this case, please take a look at the
CalibrationLines xxx.dat
create a new similar file containing the spectrum lines of your light source.
e tries to match
the peaks in the measured spectrum and the given spectrum lines for your light source
automatically. Not all of the given spectrum lines have to be present in the measured
spectrum, but all measured peaks must be known spectrum lines. If a match has been
found, the average deviation is displayed. If the match seems to be successful, it is
displayed in green, otherwise in red. You can also graphically display the deviations by
fully been identified,
device.
Dark Spectra
Inside the Qwave spectrometer, the spectra are detected with a CCD line sensor. Like all
image sensors, this sensor detects a small signal even if there is no light entering the
spectrometer. This signal depends on the individual pixel, the exposure time and the
temperature. In order to obtain
from the actual measurement.
Table of contents
