Ricoh XR-2s User manual

Ricoh XR-2s
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DESCRIPTION OF PARTS
1. Film Rewind Knob/Back Cover Lock Release Knob
2. Film Rewind Crank
3. Film Speed Dial (ASA)/Exposure Compensation
Dial
4 Film Speed Lock Button
5. Flash Ready Signal Contact
6. Hot Shoe/Flash Contact
7. Shutter Speed Index Line
8. Shutter Speed Dial
9. Automatic Exposure
Lock Button
10. Cable Release Socket
11. Shutter Release
Button
12. Shutter "ON-OFF''
Index Mark
13. Film Advance Lever
14. Battery Check Ring
15. Exposure Counter

16. Neck Strap Eyelet
17. Self-timer Lever
18. Depth of Field Preview Button
19. Lens Release Lever
20. Lens Locator Node
21. Focusing Ring
22. Distance Scale
23. Depth of Field Scale
24. F-Stop Ring
25. Aperture Relay Port
26. Sprocket Teeth
27. Multi-exposure Button
28. Multi-exposure Lock Lever
29. Viewfinder Eyepiece Blind Lever
30. Viewfinder Eyepiece
<<< update - I have been told a Olympus or
Pentax eyecup and other accessories will
work on XR cameras >>>
31. Flash LED
32. Film Rail
33. "X" Flash Terminal
41. Winder Coupler
42. Positioning Hole
45. Film Pressure Plate

34. Film Rewind Shaft
35. Film Chamber
36. Battery Compartment Cover
37. Tripod Socket
38. Winder Contacts
39. Shutter Release Connection
40. Film Rewind Release Button
43. Film Take-up spool
44. Back Cover
46. Microprism-image Band
47. Split-image Spot
48. Exposure Meter Needle
49. Shutter Speed Indicator
50. Battery Power Check Zone
51. Aperture Readout Window
We are most gratified that you have selected the XR-2s which we are sure will give you many delightful! years
of picture-taking pleasure.
The XR-2s is a 35 mm fully automatic electronically controlled exposure system (aperture-priority) SLR
camera which assures you of superb optics and outstanding mechanical performance and reliability and which
will justify your choice for years to come.
Before Using Your XR-2s
Please read this instruction booklet carefully and familiarize yourself with the equipment and its features
thoroughly. Your pleasure in using your XR-2s will be greater if you know your camera properly.
If you press a shutter release button without batteries in the camera, a mirror will stay up. Therefore.
please do not forget to insert batteries into the camera first.
BATTERY LOADING
The built-in through-the-lens CdS exposure metering system of your XR-2s operates on power activated by two
1.5V LR-44 alkaline batteries. which are supplied together with your camera.
1. Remove Battery Compartment
Cover (36) by unscrewing it
counterclockwise with a coin (Fig. 1)
2. Place the two batteries into the
compartment with the plus (+) side
down, as illustrated in the battery
holder of Battery Compartment Cover
(36) (Fig. 2). Make sure that the
batteries are correctly placed. If
incorrectly placed, Exposure Meter
Needle (48) in the viewfinder will not
move at all.

3. Replace Battery Compartment Cover (36) by screwing it clockwise until it stops but do not force. Tips for
Better Results
* If the shutter release button is pressed when there are no batteries or they are worn out, the mirror will stay up
and the shutter cannot be released. To put the mirror back'. to its proper position, turn the shutter speed dial to
"X" or "B'', and be sure to insert new batteries immediately. If you wish to take pictures without using batteries,
use ''X" (1/90 sec.) or "B.".
* Before loading, wipe off the surfaces of the batteries with a clean and dry cloth to ensure they are free of
fingerprints or stains.
* When your camera is not used for a long period, remove the batteries and keep them in a cool, dry place.
* The batteries will last for about half a year in normal use.
* The batteries may explode if disposed of in fire.
BATTERY CHECK
Check the power of the silver-oxide batteries after loading them.
1. Turn Battery Check Ring (14)
clockwise until it stops (Fig. 3)
2. If Exposure Meter Needle (48) in
the viewfinder swings into Battery
Power Check Zone (50), the batteries
have sufficient power (Fig. 4).
3. If Exposure Meter Needle (48) does not move or stays below Battery Power Check Zone (50), the batteries
must be replaced. For replacement, use two new Mallory MS76, Eveready S76 or equivalent.
Tips for Better Results * Do not turn Battery Check Ring (14) often in order to avoid unnecessary consumption
of the batteries.

FILM LOADING
Your XR-2s is designed to accept any standard 35 mm color or black and white film roll in cartridge. (12, 20,
24 or 36 exposures).
1. First of all, press Shutter
Release Button (11) to see that
the shutter has been released.
(Refer to
"METER/SHUTTER ON/OFF
CONTROL'').
2. Pull up Film Rewind Knob
(1) until Back Cover (44) snaps
open (Fig. 5). Then, pull it out
all the way to allow for
insertion of the film cartridge.
3. Swing open Back Cover (44) and place a film cartridge into Film Chamber (35) (Fig. 6).
4. Push down Film Rewind Knob (1)
to its original position by turning
Film Rewind Crank (2) clockwise or
counterclockwise so that Film
Rewind Shah (34) engages the film
cartridge and that the film cartridge
is seated in place (Fig. 7).
5. Draw the film leader across the
camera back and insert it into one of
the slits of Film Take-up Spool (43)
(Fig. 8). To bring the slit into a
convenient position, rotate Film
Take-up Spoof (43) in the direction
of arrow with your finger.

6. Rotate Film Take-up Spool (43)
by advancing Film Advance Lever
(13) to take up any slack in the film
and check to see that the film tip is
firmly hooked onto Film Take-up
Spool (43) (Fig. 9) and that sprocket
holes on the film are fully engaged
on Sprocket Teeth (26) (Fig. 10).
7. Close and press Back Cover (44)
firmly until it snaps shut.
8. Advance Film Advance Lever
(13) two or three times, after
depressing Shutter Release Button
(11) each time, until the number "1"
is opposite the index line in
Exposure Counter (15) (Fig. 11),
because the first portions of the film
can not be used for picture taking as
they have already been exposed to
light and two or three blank
exposures should be made before
taking your first picture. Now it is
ready for your first picture.
Tips for Better Results
* Always load your camera in the shade or in a poorly-lit place, never in direct sunlight or other bright light.
* As you advance the Film Advance Lever (13), the Film Rewind Knob (1) will simultaneously rotate
counterclockwise indicating that the film is advancing properly.
* When making blank exposures with Shutter Speed Dial (8) set at ''AUTO'', set F-Stop Ring (24) to the
smallest f-stop (the largest lens opening) so that you can make next blank exposure quickly, otherwise a slower
shutter speed will be result which could be an annoyance.
SETTING FILM SPEED
Each type of film, color or black and white. has its own sensitivity to light. This sensitivity is assigned by a
numerical value described as an ASA rating (U.S.A. Standard) or a DIN rating (Europe and most other
countries). In most cases. both ASA and DIN ratings are imprinted on the film package, as well as the data sheet
packed with the film and the film cartridge itself. The higher the film speed rating. the more sensitive the film is
to light: that is, less light is required for a proper exposure. The film speed. therefore. is an important element in
insuring that the through-the-lens metering system of your camera determines the correct shutter speed and f-
stop combinations for a given lighting situation.

1. Depress Film Speed Lock Button
(4) (Fig. 12) and rotate Film Speed
Dial (3) until the ASA number of your
film is exactly opposite the index line
and click stops. For example. if the
film is ASA 100. make the correct
setting at ''100" (Fig. 13).
2. Take your finger off Film Speed
Lock Button (4) to lock the film speed
setting in the camera.
Tips for Better Results
* Each time a film with a new film speed rating is loaded in you camera. the film speed must be set to assure
accurately expose photographs,
* The scale represents the relation between ASA and DIN number is illustrated on the inside of Back Cover
(44)
(Fig. 14).
METER/SHUTTER "ON-OFF" CONTROL
Film Advance Lever (13) controls shutter release "LOCK-UNLOCK' to protect your camera from accidental
shutter release when not taking pictures and Shutter Release Button (11) controls exposure meter
"ON-OFF" to avoid unnecessary depletion of the batteries.
1. When Film Advance Lever (13) is
moved to "ON" position (Fig 15).
Shutter Release Button (11) is
unlocked.
2. When Shutter Release Button (11)
is pressed half way down, the electric
circuit is switched on and Exposure
Meter Needle (48) in the viewfinder
starts to move.
Tips for Better Results * Whenever picture-taking is completed, be sure to move Film Advance Lever (13) to
"OFF position (Fig. 16).

* To prevent unnecessary consumption of the batteries, do not press Shutter Release Button (11) often.
* The Film Advance Lever can be set at two angles in click stage positions. Choose the one suitable for your
own shooting style.
SETTING SHUTTER SPEED DIAL
The shutter controls the length of time the light is allowed to strike the film. The speed at which the shutter
opens and closes is measured by the numbers on Shutter Speed Dial (8). In automatic exposure operation,
correct shutter speed is set automatically.
* Simply turn Shutter Speed Dial (8) until the desired shutter speed is set opposite Shutter Speed Index Line (7).
(1) "AUTO" stands for AUTOMATIC. Setting the dial at "AUTO'' makes the camera ready for
automatic exposure control.
(2) The numbers 1000, 500 etc. to 2 stand for 1/1000 sec., 1/500 sec., etc. to 1/2 sec.
(3) The numbers 1, 2, 4, stand for 1 sec., 2 sec., and 4 sec.
(4) This button locks the dial at 'AUTO" setting. When you move the dial off AUTO", press the button
and rotate the dial.
(5) "X" stands for mechanical shutter for the speed of 1/90 sec. This setting is used when the
batteries have not sufficient power or taking picture without batteries. Flash photography is also
possible at this setting.
(6) "B" stands for Bulb. The "B" setting is used for long night exposure using street lights or
electric signs as a light source, or under poor lighting conditions when flash can not be used.
When set at "B", the shutter will remain open as long as Shutter Release Button (11) is depressed
(preferably by a cable release).
Tips for Better Results
* Do not set Shutter Speed Dial (8) between marked speeds, but at a click stop in
accordance with indicated speeds only.
* Shutter Speed Dial (8) does not revolve between "AUTO" and ''B"
* When Shutter Speed Dial (8) is set at "B" or "X", set the desired f-stop and expose
manually because metering with the built-in exposure meter is not possible.
* When making extremely long time exposure at "B" setting, remove the batteries to
avoid unnecessary consumption of the batteries.

SETTING APERTURE
The lens opening determines the amount of light entering the lens and exposing the film. The smaller the f-stop
(f/2.0, f/2.8 etc.), the wider the lens opening and the greater the amount of light entering the lens. The larger the
f-stop (f/16, f/11 etc.), the smaller the lens opening and the smaller the amount of light entering the lens. As the
lens opening is moved from F/16 to f/11, the amount of light entering the lens is doubled As the lens opening is
moved from f/2.0 to f/2.8, the amount of entering light is cut in half (Fig. 17).
Tips for Better Results
* Rotate F-Stop Ring (24) until the
desired f-stop is opposite the aperture
index line (Fig. 18). Click stops are
provided to prevent accidental
movement from the setting made.
* If necessary, you may set F-Stop Ring (24) between two f-stops.
CORRECT EXPOSURE
Automatic Exposure
Your XR-2s has a built-in through-the-lens full aperture CdS exposure meter coupled to aperture-priority
automatic exposure control system which selects and sets correct shutter speed automatically for correct
exposure.
Set the camera to "AUTO"

1. Turn Shutter Speed Dial
(8) until the "AUTO" is set
opposite Shutter Speed
Index Line (7) (Fig. 19).
Shutter Speed Indicator
(49) in the viewfinder
indicates "A", showing that
the camera is set for
automatic exposure control
(Fig. 20).
Preselect the aperture
2. Preselect the desired aperture by rotating F-Stop Ring (24). Fstop is visible through Aperture Readout
Window (51). For preselecting the aperture, refer to the following rough guide when using ASA 100 film.
Outdoors in bright sunlight f/8.0 ~ f/16
Cloudy weather or in shade f/2.8 ~ f/5.6
Indoors f/1.4 ~ f/4.0
Exposure checking
3. After moving Film
Advance Lever (13) to
"ON" position. press
Shutter Release Button
(11) lightly half way
down until the Exposure
Meter Needle (48) begins
to move. The Exposure
Meter Needle (48) in the
viewfinder indicates the
shutter speed you will be
shooting at. ["1000" is
1/1000 sec., "125" is
1/125 sec., "4" is 1/4 sec.,
" 1 " is one full second
and " 2'' is 2 seconds.].
If the needle goes above "1000" (Fig. 21), close down the aperture until the needle moves below
"1000". If the needle goes below "B.X." (Fig. 22), open up the aperture until the needle moves above "
B.X.".Tips for Better Results
* At slow speeds (below 1/30 sec.), use a tripod or other firm support to prevent camera movement and blurred
pictures. In shooting with a telephoto lens, be careful to minimize the camera shake especially. When using
telephoto lenses, a good rule of thumb is "use a shutter speed faster than 1/focal length of the lens''. For
example, with a 135 mm lens, use a shutter speed faster than 1/125 sec. Otherwise, a tripod is suggested.

* Coupling range of the exposure control for ASA 100 film is from 2 sec. at f/1.4 to 1/1000 sec. at f/11 (EV O ~
17) (Fig. 23).
* The shutter speed is automatically determined at any speed within the range of approx. 8 sec. to 1/1000 sec.,
according to the lighting conditions of your subject.
Manual Exposure
Manual exposure setting is used when taking flash photography or when you wish to preselect the shutter speed.
1. Press Automatic Exposure Lock Button (9) and move Shutter Speed Dial (8) off "AUTO" (Fig. 24). Then set
the desired shutter speed opposite Shutter Speed Index Line (7) by rotating Shutter Speed Dial (8). Shutter
Speed Indicator (49) in the viewfinder indicates the shutter speed you just set.
2. Move Film Advance Lever (13) to "ON' position.
3. Hold your camera, look at your subject through the Viewfinder Eyepiece (30) and press Shutter Release
Button (11) lightly half way down.
4. While keep pressing Shutter
Release Button (11) half way down.
rotate F-Stop Ring (24) and align
Exposure Meter Needle (48) with
Shutter Speed Indicator (49) (Fig.
25). F-Stop is visible through
Aperture Readout Window (51) . If
Exposure re Meter Needle (48) goes
above Shutter Speed Indicator (49),
this means overexposure: select a
faster shutter speed or a smaller lens
opening. On the contrary, if the
needle goes below Shutter Speed
Indicator (49), this means
"underexposure": choose a slower
shutter speed or a larger lens opening.

Tips for Better Results
* Do not make an exposure setting by pressing Depth of Field Preview Button (18) or turning Battery Check
Ring (14) because these will incorrectly influence the meter's reading.
EXPOSURE COMPENSATION DIAL
The dial is used when exposure compensation (intentional over- or under-exposure) is necessary in
AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE operation. In unusual lighting conditions, the desired effect or the correct exposure
will not be obtained in the final picture and exposure compensation is necessary.
* Lift up the outer ring of Exposure Compensation Dial (3) and rotate it until the index line on the ring is
opposite the corresponding number (+2. +1. - 1. - 2) and click stops (Fig. 26).
When the light is behind the subjects Set the dial at + 1 or +2. Spot-lighted subjects and dark backgrounds Set
the dial at -1 or -2.
Tips for Better Results * When exposure compensation is unnecessary, be sure to set Exposure Compensation
Dial (3) at "0''.
* Do not set Exposure Compensation Dial (3) between marked numbers, but at a click stop in accordance with
indicated numbers only.
VlEWING AND FOCUSING
Since you are viewing through the lens, there is no parallax problem.....
What you are viewing in the viewfinder will exactly appear in your picture. This enables you to determine the
exact composition of your subject before pressing Shutter Release Button ( 11). Even when you shoot close-ups,
there is no danger of accidentally cutting off a portion of your subject. To assure the sharpest possible pictures,
your XR-2s has a three way focusing screen with diagonal Split-image Spot (47), Microprism-image Band (46)
and Fresnel field, and you can select three way focusing according to your subject.
1. Look into Viewfinder Eyepiece (30) to compose your picture.
2. Split-image Focusing is helpful for the subject with either vertical or horizontal lines.
Rotate Focusing Ring (21) until the split image in Split-image Spot (47) forms a single image. When it is out of
focus, your
subject is split into two parts (Fig. 27).

3. Microprism Focusing is good for the subject which lacks clear vertical or horizontal lines.
Rotate Focusing Ring (21) until the image in Microprism-image Band (46) appears sharp (Fig. 27).
4. You can also focus with any part of the area surrounding Microprism-image Band (46). This is most useful
when taking pictures with ultra telephoto lenses or in close-up photography with bellows unit, macro lenses or
extension rings because the other focusing aids may darken appreciably.
UNLOADING FILM
After the last picture on the roll of film has been taken, rewind the film and unload your camera.
1. Press Film Rewind Release Button (40) (Fig. 28).
2. Lift up Film Rewind Crank (2) and turn it clockwise until Film Rewind Release Button (40) stops revolving
and you feel the film tension released (Fig. 29). This indicates that the film has been completely rewound into
the cartridge.
3. Open Back Cover (44) by pulling up Film Rewind Knob (1).
4. Remove the film cartridge and have the film processed as soon as possible.

Tips for Better Results * Always unload your camera in the shade or in a poorly-lit place, never in direct
sunlight or other bright light.
* When you reach the end of the roll film, Film Advance Lever (13) will tighten and refuse to advance. If this
happens, do not advance Film Advance Lever (13) by force for "just one more shot", otherwise the film will be
torn out of the cartridge.
* Film Rewind Release Button (40) will remain in place once it is pressed, and return automatically to its
original position when Film Advance Lever (13) is advanced.
MULTI-EXPOSURE
Your XR-2s has a
multi-exposure
device which will
give you a lot of
creative fun (Fig. 30).
1. Make the first
picture in the normal
way.
2. Release the lock by
sliding the Multi-
exposure Lock Lever
(28) to the left until
the red dot appears.
(Fig. 31)
3. For the second
exposure, advance
Film Advance
Lever ( 13) while
keep pressing
Multi-exposure
Button (27) firmly
with the other
hand (Fig. 32).
This will set the
shutter for the
second exposure
without advancing
the film and
Exposure Counter
(15).

Tips for Better Results
* Good results in multi-exposure depend on careful shutter speed and lens opening setting. This means, in order
to prevent overexposure of the final picture, we suggest that the first picture should be underexposed by
adjusting either shutter speed or lens opening.
* If you want, repeat the same action for the third exposure or afterwards.
* Whenever advancing the Film Advance Lever ( 13) for second exposure or afterwards, make sure that the
Multi-exposure Button (27) is pressed firmly with the other hand and watch to see that Exposure Counter (15) is
not advanced, indicating that multi-exposure picture is ready to be taken.
* When multi-exposure shots are not required, be sure to lock the Multi-Exposure Button by sliding the Multi-
Exposure Lock Lever (28) towards the right until the red dot disappears.
Take practice shots to get yourself accustomed to the multi-exposure technique and take creative pictures of
your own.
TAKING FLASH PICTURES
You can use a flash at night or in a dimly lit room as well as for supplementary lighting in outdoor photography.
The camera and electronic flash will be fully synchronized with the shutter speed at "B'', "X" and 4 sec. to 1/125
sec. Since proper flash exposure may not be obtained by automatic exposure setting, always override Shutter
Speed Dial (8) from "AUTO" setting.
The RICOH XR Speedlite 240 is available exclusively for use with the RICOH XR-2s.
How to Use the RICOH XR Speedlite 240
1. Attach XR Speedlite 240 to the XR-2s.
2. Turn on the power source switch on the flash unit.
3. When the flash unit is fully charged, the FLASH LED (31 ) on the frame of the view-finder eye-piece will
turn red indicating it is ready for use.
4. When the shutter speed on the camera is set to "AUTO", it is automatically synchronized at 1/90 sec. This
avoids the trouble of having to set the correct speed yourself.
5. With ASA 100 film, the F-stop should be set at 5.6, and the flash unit will automatically control the amount
of light to give the correct exposure.
Tips For Better Results * Do not use other makes of flash units that have a special signal pin exclusively for
their cameras, as this will result in incorrect exposure or may even damage the circuitry.
* The XR Speedlite 240 has a range of synchronization of "AUTO", "B", "X'', and from 4 sec. to 1/125 sec.

IN CASES WHERE YOU DO NOT USE THE XR SPEEDLITE 240
A. Cordless Electronic Flash Unit
If you are using an electronic flash unit with a built-in hot shoe contact, it can be attached directly to Hot Shoe
(6) on top of the camera pentaprism.
B. Electronic Flash Unit with Connecting Cord
If your flash unit does not have a built-in hot shoe contact, attach it to Hot Shoe (6) and plug the flash cord into
the 'X' Flash Terminal (33).
Tips for Better Results
* "125" (1/125 sec.) on
Shutter Speed Dial (8)
and 'X' on Hot Shoe (6)
are marked in red as a
reminder for electronic
flash synchronization
(Fig. 33).
* When using FP, M or ME class bulb, refer to the Chart (Fig. 34), showing the synchronizing ranges of shutter
speeds.
C. Exposure for Flash Photography
The exposure is determined by the guide number of the flash bulb or electronic flash unit. The guide number
represents a relationship between the light output of the flash and the speed of the film. Guide numbers for flash
bulbs can be found on the package and guide numbers for electronic flash units are found in the technical

specifications. Using the guide number, you can determine the correct f-stop for a given flash situation using the
following formula:
F-stop = Guide number / Flash-to-subject distance
For example, if your flash unit has a guide number of 16 (m) or 52.8 (ft.) for the type of film you are using, and
your subject is 2 meters (6.6 h.) from the flash unit as indicated on Distance Scale (22) after focusing, divide 16
(52.8) by 2 (6.6).
The answer is 8: set F-Stop Ring (24) to 8 (f/8).
Tips for Better Results
* If you are using an auto electronic flash unit with power ratio control. follow the instruction sheets
packed with the flash unit.
* Most electronic flash units have a built-in dial or exposure table which enables you to quickly
compute f-stops based on flash-to-subject distances.
VIEWFINDER EYEPIECE BLIND
When shooting with the self-timer or cable release where you v be viewing through Viewfinder Eyepiece (30)
at the time the exposure is made, viewfinder eyepiece blind should be used to prevent stray light from entering
through the eyepiece and affecting the automatic exposure system.
* Move Viewfinder Eyepiece Blind Lever (29) in the direction of arrow (Fig. 35).
USING SELF-TIMER
Your XR-2s has a built-in self-timer which delays the shutter release about maximum of 10 seconds. This
enables you to include yourself in your own picture and is also of benefit in taking close-ups or
photomicrographs where camera movement must be avoided.
1. First, advance Film
Advance Lever (13).
2. Merely move Self-
timer Lever (17)
counterclockwise
(Fig. 36). According
to the degree you have
moved it down, you
can adjust the
operating time. For the
maximum delay,
move it until it stops.
3. Press Shutter
Release Button (11) to
start the self-timer
moving.

Tips for Better Results
* To clear the self-timer setting, turn the lever back to its former position with your finger. (Fig. 37)
* You can set Self-timer Lever (17) firstly and then advance Film Advance Lever (13).
* The camera should be placed on a tripod or other firm support when using self-timer.
* When using a tripod with a long thread length (more than 5 7 mm), be careful not to forcibly screw in the
thread further than the depth of the socket
If you press a shutter release button without batteries in the camera. a mirror will stay up. Therefore.
please do not forget to insert batteries into the camera first.
* Shield the Viewfinder Eyepiece (30) by viewfinder eyepiece blind when using self-timer.
* Please do not try to turn a shutter speed dial while a self-timer is working.
CHANGING LENSES
To mount the lens on the camera
1. Mount the lens by
lining up the red dot
on the lens mount with
the matching dot on
the camera mount
(Fig. 38).
2. Grasp the lens
firmly around the lens
barrel and turn it
clockwise until it
clicks into place. (Fig.
39)

To remove the lens from the camera
1. Grasp the lens
firmly around the lens
barrel in one hand.
2. With the other
hand, hold camera
body and press Lens
Release Lever (19)
and turn the lens
counterclockwise until
it stops (Fig. 40). The
lens now can be
removed.
You can also change lenses without looking even in the dark by means of Lens Locator Node (20). Line up
Lens Locator Node (20) with Lens Release Lever (19) and turn the lens clockwise for mounting the lens. For
removing the lens. press Lens Release Lever (19) and turn the lens counterclockwise until Lens Locator Node
(20) and Lens Release Lever (19) line up.
Tips for Better Results
* Whenever a lens is mounted on the camera. make sure that the lens is perfectly mounted, and clicks into
position.
* Do not touch any of the internal parts or permit dust or dirt to enter the camera body when removing or
attaching lenses.
* Protect the inside of the camera by putting on the body cap whenever the camera is carried or kept with the
lens removed
DEPTH OF FIELD
When you focus on a specific subject, an area in front of and behind the subject will appear acceptably sharp in
your picture. This area of acceptable sharpness is called "Depth of Field". The depth of field is determined by
the f-stop you select and the distance from the in focus subject to the film plane. As you get closer to your
subject, or as you open your lens (for example, from f/16 to f/2.8), the depth of field becomes shallower. By
stopping the lens down (for example, from f/2.8 to f/16), the depth of field becomes deeper. The depth of field
can be pre-determined in the following ways: