Sony ISSUE 3 User manual

CCTV
The Sony Guide to
this is not a rehearsal.
Issue 3

Introduction
Case Studies
What is Closed Circuit Television?
When and Where should it be used?
Light
Choosing a Camera
Selecting the Correct Lens
Which Monitor?
Transmission of Video Signals
Video Switching and Multiplexing
CCTV Systems Control
Recording
Sony CCTV Products
Basic CCTV Terminology
1
2
6
7
8
11
15
18
20
23
25
26
28
32
Contents

In recent years...
there has been no shortage of innovations in the CCTV
industry with manufacturers competing to better meet
the needs of crime prevention. Most visibly, more
surveillance cameras have appeared in more public areas
than ever before, proving their effectiveness and generating
interest in maximising the benefits of operating a surveillance
system.
The bewildering choice of different equipment and the desire for practical
knowledge in this area demonstrates that, as with most disciplines, a little research
into the subject will yield higher quality decisions and an improved cost/benefit
ratio. It is intended that this Guide should assist you to ask the right questions and
direct you towards the best possible solution.
The generalised use of crime statistics, of which there are many varieties, conceal
the fact that every situation is different and requires a tailored approach. Most
businesses, for example, take an economic approach to the use of security measures
– how much will a system cost and how much loss will it prevent? An often quoted
but nevertheless true precept is that businesses, particularly retail, often
underestimate the true extent of losses.The importance of conducting a detailed audit
and survey before even considering technology cannot be over-emphasised.
Where CCTV is used in town centre schemes, the principal objective is to
improve the quality of life for the inhabitants by reducing actual and perceived
crime. Continuing Government support for video surveillance in public areas reflects
the value of a properly specified scheme and its place in providing information for a
measured police response.
To be an effective deterrent, the system must provide actual as well as
theoretical results and be introduced as one part of an overall crime prevention
initiative.Where this‘system credibility’ has been established,the greatest benefits
have been derived.
Included in this Guide are some examples of highly credible surveillance
schemes where the users have achieved the maximum benefit from their systems,
together with detailed background information on the selection and operation of
CCTV.We have also included information about how new technology is offering
higher levels of performance in video surveillance than ever before.
Brian Kelly,
Marketing Manager, CCTV & Components
Sony Broadcast & Professional UK
1
Introduction

The Sony Guide to CCTV .Issue 3
2
Sony gives Newham
a clearer picture
Newham District Council has the largest local authority CCTV control room in
the country, monitoring over 200 cameras in the heart of London’s East End.
Recently, it has installed additional Sony Trinitron colour video monitors, bringing
the total in the system to 73 screens.As well as fighting crime, the system is used
for traffic surveillance, including monitoring a new bus lane system, controlling
vandalism, general council activity and ensuring local authority response to
maintenance problems.
The Newham Control Room is also the first in the country to use facial
recognition technology and has recently acquired a Sony Mavica digital camera.
The camera is being used in the prevention of doorstep fraud to build up a
database of employees for the production of ID cards.
The new colour video monitors – nine SSM-20N5E
and two SSM-14N5E – were chosen for their
clarity and sharpness of picture – particularly
suited to surveillance monitoring.The
Trinitron CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), which
has upgraded resolution from a typical
250 to 600 lines, gives a markedly
crisper and more stable image.The
face of the Trinitron is based on the
shape of a cylinder rather than a sphere
ensuring that not only is the geometry of
the image more accurate, but operator
eye-fatigue is reduced.
Operations Manager Bob Lack explains:“The
Council has a policy of making the best use of the technology currently available
and with the help of optimum funding obtained through the CCTV Challenge
scheme and support from local businesses, we have invested £2 million in the last
four years.
“We already had 54 Sony SSM-20 and eight SSM-14 monitors in the system,
some of which were installed when the control room was first set up five years
ago.As the control room monitors are never switched off, durability has also been
an important factor.”
case study

For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340
Underground
Security
Expanded
The latest phase in London Underground’s
multi-million pound refurbishment programme
includes the installation of 60 Sony CCTV
cameras at three of South London's busiest
central stations: Brixton, Pimlico and Vauxhall.
Part of an integrated passenger security system, pictures from the cameras at all
three stations can be selected and received at a specially built control room at the
Brixton station where Sony S-VHS time-lapse VCRs are located, providing real-time
recording when necessary.
At Vauxhall and Pimlico, individual control rooms are also equipped with two
Sony recorders set in real-time mode, which receive pictures from their own
station cameras.
The SSC-DC50P CCD colour cameras are line-fed, simplifying installation by using
a single coaxial cable to send both video and sync signals. Chosen for their high
degree of resolution and identification capability,the cameras are located on
platforms, in passages and ticket halls as well as close to the new Help Points where
customers can communicate with London Underground staff (or with British
Transport Police).
As British Transport Police Public Affairs Manager, Simon Lubin explains,crime on
the Underground has reduced by 22 per cent since 1990 with one important
contributing factor being the installation of CCTV throughout the system.
“CCTV is a vital weapon in the police armoury helping to prevent and deter crime,
as well as to detect it. Our customer surveys show that CCTV also reassures people
travelling and is an important investment by London Underground in passenger and
staff security.
“Officers are using CCTV daily as a key investigative tool to trace and confirm
identities of suspects, as well as to obtain evidence for presentation in court. If it is
to perform those functions effectively, picture quality has to be as high as possible.”
The SSC-DC50P cameras use digital signal processing and Sony HyperHAD
technology to achieve high quality pictures in the most demanding circumstances.
3
case study

The Sony Guide to CCTV .Issue 3
Daewoo savings
with Sony PMS
In the face of rising manned guarding costs, Daewoo Cars has installed a new
remote surveillance alternative – a monitoring codec from Sony.
Daewoo was spending over £1 million a year on manned guarding services for its
25 forecourt and showroom sites until a remote video monitoring service
introduced a complete design, commissioning and monitoring package based
around remote CCTV surveillance.
Daewoo's brief was to protect
vehicles and premises while
allowing customers free access to
the forecourt even after showroom
hours.At the same time there had
to be an obvious deterrent and the
means to identify criminal activity
and summon assistance.
Key to the effective running of
the system has been a pilot of the
Sony PMS 400/500 at Daewoo’s
Slough showroom.
The Sony Codec is designed to
control CCTV equipment and
transmit information from any
number of remote sites, in the form
of high quality pictures and audio,
to a central point using a dial-up
ISDN telephone line.The use of the
ISDN line eliminates the
considerable costs associated with
the laying of cables for
transmission, such as fibre optics.
Any suspicious activity on a
Daewoo forecourt or in the
showroom, such as attempts to steal car radios,trim or wheels, can now be quickly
identified, confirmed and acted upon from the central monitoring station.
4
case study

For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340
Farsight Chooses
the HSR-1P
One of the UK’s largest remote video monitoring
companies has chosen the Sony HSR-1P to replace
its existing complement of time-lapse video recorders and multiplexers.
On a weekly basis Farsight (UK) Ltd, based in Peterborough, makes and receives in
excess of 20,000 video patrols/alarms from its diverse mix of clients situated
throughout the UK.
Farsight is currently using two HSR-1P digital surveillance recorders and 40
DV270 tapes to meet all its recording requirements. Farsight Operations Manager,
Paul Dadford,explains:“Traditionally, all video was recorded toVCR. However, as
each video receiver requires a VCR and at least 30 tapes, retrieving video data from
archive was a time-consuming, inefficient and labour-intensive task.”
Farsight’s R&D department was therefore tasked to provide a recording solution
that would reduce the time taken to retrieve archive video and reduce the overall
effort required to manage video recording across 14 video receivers.
Four digital surveillance recorders were chosen for evaluation. Only the HSR-1P
provided a complete integrated solution with the digital recording cached to hard
disk and then copied to the integral DV tape.
Paul Bromley, Farsight IT Manager, says the HSR can be linked with Sony’s PMS
video transmission system, allowing both units to be controlled from one software
platform giving a totally integrated solution. “The use of DV technology gives the
HSR-1P an impressive storage capability.The system is easy to use, compact and
extremely robust.”
The integration of the DV tape also had unexpected benefits, in that software
written at Farsight to log the incoming and outgoing video patrols, now controls the
HSR-1P directly, enabling retrieval of archive video footage in minutes instead of
hours as was the case with the old VCR recording system.
“Instead of wading through banks and banks of video cassette tapes, I only have
to enter the time and date in search mode and the incident is immediately retrieved.
Additionally, the unique Sony water-mark on every recorded frame gives our client
base a guarantee that no digitally stored information has been tampered with.
“The introduction of the HSR-1P has enabled us to provide better quality video
recording for our clients while at the same time reduce the overall work required to
administer a complex video recording system.”
5
case study

6The Sony Guide to CCTV .Issue 3
What is Closed Circuit
Television?
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is a television system which operates on a
‘closed loop’ basis. Unlike broadcast television, which is available to anyone
with a suitable receiver, CCTV pictures are only available to those directly
connected to the loop.
CCTV was first used in the 1950s and has since become an essential element in
any professional security system.
In most installations, the loop is a physical link – a cable which carries the
picture from the camera to the viewer.With very few exceptions, the pictures are
transmitted as a composite video signal at 75ohms, 1 volt peak-to-peak.Where
very high resolution (>400TV lines) is required, some equipment offers aY/C facility
where the luminance signal (Y) and the chrominance (C) is divided. Over long
distances, for example in Town Centre systems, fibre optic transmission has
become popular.Where this option is too expensive, ISDN offers a cost-effective
alternative for event-driven surveillance systems.
As well as the full range of property protection and control applications, CCTV
offers benefits in many other areas, for example:
■ Assisting police authorities in the monitoring of traffic flow and the
implementation of prompt action in case of accidents and other emergencies
■ Supporting process industry managers as they control the flow of work, identify
production bottlenecks and take corrective action
■ Monitoring of hostile environments that are not accessible to man, i.e.nuclear
reactors, furnaces, etc.
Video Out
(Coaxial cable)
DC12 V
DC12 V
power supply AC outlet
Colour Video Monitor

When and where
should it be used?
Security and surveillance are the most accepted applications for CCTV
systems. With the use of CCTV, managers and supervisors can control risks
and minimise costs efficiently and with the minimum of disruption.
Security applications
As well as acting as an effective deterrent, CCTV helps managers to monitor:
■ Access to secure areas
■ Unauthorised activities
■ Theft or criminal damage
■ Personal safety
Surveillance applications
CCTV has many applications in public safety:
■ Traffic control
■ Alarm Verification
■ Crowd control
■ Insurance claim assessment
■ Public access
■ Staff control
■ Car park security
■ Shopping precinct security
■ Industrial process control
Benefits
CCTV offers increased efficiency and the faster
detection of problems.As a result, its benefits include:
■ Reduced security running costs
■ Faster response to problems
■ Increased peace of mind
■ Simplicity and reliability
■ Improved quality of environment for owners, operators and the public
■ Easier identification of suspects
■ Increased management control
7
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340

Light
The human eye and the camera lens operate on completely different lines.
Although the human eye adjusts automatically to various light conditions,
the camera is inherently less flexible.
In a CCTV system, lighting has to be ‘designed in’ from the beginning if the best
results are to be obtained.The type of lighting used, and the correct positioning, are
vital to maximum security.
Everyday ‘white light’ is actually a mixture of colours of different frequencies.
CCTV is more receptive to certain colour combinations than others.The best results
are usually obtained by matching the spectral response of the camera to the light
illuminating the scene.
The amount of light reflected from an object determines how ‘bright’ it appears.
Here are some typical reflective figures:
These figures relate to the minimum level of lighting required for security purposes
to everyday light. It can easily be seen that today’s CCTV technology will give good
results under very low light levels. Sony ‘Exwave’ cameras can operate in colour as
low as 0.8Lux (F1.2) without switching to monochrome or reducing frame rate.
8The Sony Guide to CCTV .Issue 3
Asphalt 5%
Foliage 10-20%
Concrete 25-30%
Red Brick 35%
Snow 95%

LUX* DESCRIPTION
50,000 British summer sunshine
5,000 Overcast sky
500 Well lit office
300 Minimum for easy reading
50 Passageway/outside working area
15 Good main road lighting
10 Sunset
5 Typical side road lighting
2 Minimum security risk lighting
1 Twilight
0.3 Clear full moon
0.1 Typical moonlight/cloudy sky
0.001 Typical starlight
0.0001 Poor starlight
*Metric unit of measurement of light.
9
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340
Light

Backlight Compensation
It is also important to consider whether there are bright spots in the picture such as
car headlights which can make identification of the vehicle registration or model
impossible.
This can also be a major problem where it is necessary to identify persons who
are moving from bright daylight into artificial light.Very often this will result in the
subject becoming an unidentifiable silhouette.The problem is exacerbated where
bright spots in the images cause vertical smearing.
The answer is to specify a camera which has effective backlight compensation.
This can be operated automatically by Smart Control within the camera or, where
the position of the subject is pre-determined, can be pre-selected.
It is helpful to be able to see how effective the backlight compensation is before
making final camera selection.
10 The Sony Guide to CCTV .Issue 3
Light

Choosing a
Camera
The camera is the ‘eye’ of a CCTV
system and at its core lies CCD
(charge coupled device) technology.
The CCD is comprised of about 500,000 light sensitive cells called picture elements
(pixels) which convert the light falling onto its surface into an electrical signal.The
performance of the camera, and ultimately the surveillance system, is more
dependent upon the quality of the CCD than any of the other camera components.
Currently, the popular formats are:
■ Half-inch High performance for high sensitivity and low noise
■ Third-inch Most popular and ideal for a wide range of applications
■ Quarter-inch A more recent development
Benefits of CCD Technology
■ Long Life Produced with a design life of up to 10 years
■ Shock Resistant Much more rugged than older tube technology
■ Size and Weight Have enabled the miniaturisation of cameras
■ Spectral Response Responsive in the near infra red area
Pixels (Picture Elements)
■ Total Pixels This is the total number of pixels on the CCD faceplate.
They are not all usable
■ Active Pixels This is the real figure giving the number of pixels
that are actually in use
11
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340

Sensitivity
Colour cameras generally perform less well in low light than monochrome cameras,
all other things being equal. Sensitivity is usually measured by reference to the lux
level at which a camera can produce an image (see page 9).
The lux valuation, although usually referred to as a metric unit of measurement
of light, is very often applied subjectively to the ability of a camera to produce
images.
Comparisons based on the lux levels given by different manufacturers do not
usually lead to a valid determination.A more valid comparison can be made where
the F-stop of the lens is also quoted together with the video level, although the best
solution is to make a live visual evaluation of the cameras under consideration.
i) Lux level at the face plate
This measures how the camera performs when all light falls directly on the chip
faceplate. Whilst technically valid, this never actually happens. You cannot get a
picture unless you use a lens and the lens cuts down the available light.
ii) At the lens
This is closer to the specification we are looking for because it goes some way to
describing the specification in real life.
Which lens?
The lower the ‘F’ number of the lens used the better the result.For example:
■ Camera one quotes 0.8 lux full video with an F1.0 lens
■ Camera two quotes 0.8 lux full video with an F1.2 lens
Camera two is the more sensitive camera as it quotes 1 lux with a slower F1.2
lens.With the faster F1.0 lens, it would probably give a full video signal at only
0.6lux.
Colour Rendition
Any assessment of a camera’s operating capabilities should include how accurately
it can reproduce colour. If,for example, a target subject is dressed in a brown
jacket and blue trousers it will not be helpful for the police if they are looking at a
CCTV image of a person apparently wearing an orange jacket and turquoise
trousers.This will also have severe limitations on the evidential value of such an
image. Cameras offering better colour rendition will have both auto and selectable
white balance to handle varying lighting conditions.
12 The Sony Guide to CCTV .Issue 3
Choosing a Camera

Camera Resolution
The higher the resolution the sharper the picture.The best resolution available at
present for CCD cameras is approaching 750 horizontal lines (TV lines) (3-CCD,
DXC-950P) and 500 vertical lines.
Resolution is not necessarily the key decision point. Low resolution CCTV, which
is usually lower cost, is often perfectly adequate and the final choice depends on
the combination of camera features and build quality together with site conditions
and available funds.As a general rule, a high resolution is preferable in low light
levels and when identification of points of fine detail are required.
Sony ExwaveHAD CCD Technology
A key question to consider is whether colour or black and white cameras should be
selected. Not many people now watch black and white television in their homes – a
colour picture is easier to interpret, provides more information and is more natural
than a monochrome one.
In surveillance applications, the split currently between colour and monochrome
is about 50/50. In recent years, the price difference between the two has
diminished.The principal limiting factor against the use of colour cameras has been
the ability of colour cameras to operate effectively in poorly lit areas.
To meet this demand for colour images in low light, manufacturers have
13
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340
Choosing a Camera
TURNER TO
INSERT IMAGE
(GLASS YOU
SCANNED!).
ADJUST PIC BOX
IF NEC.

developed a range of
solutions, the most
popular of which include
hybrid cameras that
operate in colour when
lighting is adequate,
switching to monochrome
as darkness falls. Some
cameras operate in low
light by reducing the
number of frames
captured to produce a
brighter picture although
this causes problems
when there is movement
within the image.
Sony has developed a
more radical approach by
improving the sensitivity
of the CCD chip. On Chip
Lens technology (OCL)
increases the surface
area and sensitivity of the
CCD by locating a microlens on each pixel which results in more light being
collected on the photosensitive layer.This technology has been developed most
recently with the introduction of the ExwaveHAD CCD which has a highly advanced
OCL structure.The result of these developments is a degree of sensitivity that can
handle twilight light levels while still producing accurate colour images even with
rapidly moving objects.
Smear is caused by the leakage of light onto the vertical shift register, creating
a vertical bar across the image which can render it useless and is a common
problem with cameras in low light or where there are bright spots in the picture.
With ExwaveHAD, this leakage is reduced because the improvement in the
structure of the CCD minimises the undesirable reflection of light onto its surface.
As a result, smear is reduced to a minimal level of -120dB – comparable to the
frame interline transfer CCDs commonly used in broadcast cameras.
Sony now produces both colour and monochrome cameras which benefit from
the advanced technology of ExwaveHAD technology.
14 The Sony Guide to CCTV .Issue 3
Choosing a Camera
Hyper HAD CCD Ineffective area
Transfer register Hole accumulated layer
Exwave HAD CCD

Selecting the
Correct Lens
The quality of the lens is vital in determining the quality of the final image.
The basic optical characteristics of a lens are the focal length (in zoom lenses
the focal length range) or angle of coverage, and the aperture range. We’ll
look at these two characteristics together with a third important
characteristic, the format.
Focal Length (F)
The focal length represents the distance from the optical centre of the lens to the
point at which the image is in sharpest focus and where the pick-up device in the
CCTV camera is located.
The focal length determines the angle of coverage of the lens.The longer the
focal length, the narrower the angle of coverage and the shorter the focal length,
the wider the angle of coverage.
One particular angle of coverage produces a picture very similar to that seen by
the human eye.A lens giving this angle is called a ‘normal’ lens. The focal length of
a normal lens is approximately equal to the diagonal of the picture area. For
example, for a 2/3 inch camera, the normal lens would have a focal length of
16mm.A 1/2 inch camera would have a normal lens of 12.5mm and a 1/3 inch
camera, an 8mm normal lens.
A focal length shorter than a normal
focal length produces a wide angle
view.A longer focal length
produces a telephoto image.
Some lenses have variable
focal lengths and are called
zoom lenses.
15
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340
Basic Lens
F= Focal Length
d= Lens Diameter or Aperture
f= Lens Stop Expressed as a ratio
of Focal Length toAperture
f=F
d
Focal Plane
Fd

Aperture range
The aperture is the clear opening in the centre of the lens that allows light to pass
to the pick-up device.
The aperture size is described in relation to the focal length (F). Thus the
aperture is specified by an F number. If the lens has a focal length of 50mm and if
the diameter of the clear opening of the lens is 25mm,then the lens is said to have
an aperture of F:2 (50mm divided by 25mm = 2).A 50mm lens with an aperture of
F:2 has the same light gathering ability as a 150mm F:2 lens but the glass
components will be more complex in order to achieve the telephoto effect.
Most CCTV lenses have a built-in mechanism called an iris.This allows the
aperture to be changed to accommodate varying light levels.The largest aperture
setting is often used to define the maximum light gathering capability of the lens,
the lens speed.A lens with a maximum aperture of F:1.6 is referred to as an F:1.6
lens and is said to be ‘faster’ than, say, an F:4.2 or F:8 lens.
The iris setting of the lens is numbered from the largest F stop down to the
smallest F stop. CCTV systems are rarely installed in situations where light levels
are constant, so lenses with automatic iris adjustment are important components of
most systems.
16 The Sony Guide to CCTV .Issue 3
Selecting the Correct Lens
Focus set to 20m.
Lens f = 1.4
Depth of Field
Lens f = 5.6
Depth of Field
Depth of Field

Another characteristic of lenses is the ‘depth of field’ (see illustration). If a lens is
focused on an object there will be a certain area of sharp focus in front of and
behind the object.The depth of this area of sharp focus is controlled by three
factors: the focal length of the lens, the distance from the lens to the object
and the F stop.
Lens Format
The lens format relates to the camera format, 1/3 inch, 1/2 inch, 2/3 inch.
There are two lens mounting systems. Most CCTV cameras have a ‘C’ mount,
although many now use a ‘CS’ mount.‘C’ mount cameras are not able to use ‘CS’
lenses, however adaptors are available.
To avoid the complexities of lenses with automatic irises, manufacturers have
developed ‘electronic shutters’. These achieve the same light adjustment with
simpler, fixed iris lenses.The CCD iris common to most Sony CCTV cameras
automatically controls image exposure by electronically adjusting the incoming
light levels.
Cameras with Built-in Lens
Some cameras are now available with a built-in lens. Sony manufactures a 1/3 inch
colour camera with an integral 5.4mm - 64.8mm zoom lens (SSC-CX34P) which
can be used in place of the conventional camera and motorised lens set-up.This
saves installation time and the resultant set-up is lighter, allowing the use of more
compact camera housing and pan and tilt head.
17
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340
Selecting the Correct Lens

Which Monitor?
A control room operator may be required to view images on a bank of
monitors for prolonged periods. As the effectiveness of the surveillance
system is crucially dependent upon the degree to which the operator can
remain alert and avoid fatigue, correct monitor selection is vital.
The monitor converts the video signal generated by the camera back into a visual
image. It consists of a cathode ray tube (CRT) and a number of signal processing
circuits.
These circuits separate the ‘luminance’ part of the signal from the‘sync signals’.
The luminance signal is routed to an amplifier, which boosts the signal to a level
that can be used by the CRT.The sync signals are split onto horizontal (H) pulses
and vertical (V) pulses.These in turn are amplified and modified so that they can
control the vertical and horizontal deflection of the final picture.
Where the video signal is being looped through the monitor to another piece of
equipment (for example, another monitor or video recorder), it is important to
ensure that the system is correctly terminated. Some monitors will do this
automatically, but others have a switch located at the rear. This should be set
according to whether the signal is being looped out of the monitor – High
Impedance – or is terminating, in which case it should set to 75 ohms.
The last item of equipment in the system should be set to 75 ohms if it does not
auto terminate.Video signals usually travel over coaxial cable, which has
impedance of 75 ohms.The best and most efficient transfer of the video signal
from camera to monitor is when the camera, cable and monitor all have all the
same impedance values. Contrast levels can be improved where a DC clamp facility
is incorporated into the monitor. This can usually be selected via a switch at the
rear of the unit.
Monitor sizes
Monitor size is designated by the length of a diagonal line measured from one
corner of the viewing screen to the opposite corner.Thus a 9-inch monitor refers to
a 9-inch diagonal picture tube. Sizes typically used in CCTV include 9, 12, 14, 17,
21 and 27 inches with different manufacturers offering different variants.
The choice of size depends in part on the distance between the viewer and
monitor.
18 The Sony Guide to CCTV .Issue 3
This manual suits for next models
18
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