Thames & Kosmos Crystal Nightlight User manual

Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Pfizerstr. 5-7, 70184 Stuttgart, Germany | [phone] | www.kosmos.de
Thames & Kosmos, 89 Ship St., Providence, RI, 02903, USA | 1-800-587-2872 | www.thamesandkosmos.com
Thames & Kosmos UK LP, 20 Stone Street, Cranbrook, Kent, TN17 3HE, UK | 01580 713000 | www.thamesandkosmos.co.uk
WARNING — This set contains chemicals and/or parts that may be harmful
if misused. Read cautions on individual containers and in manual carefully. Not
to be used by children except under adult supervision.
Warning.
Not suitable for children under 8 years. For use under adult supervision.
Contains some chemicals which present a hazard to health. Read the
instructions before use, follow them and keep them for reference. Do
not allow chemicals to come into contact with any part of the body,
particularly the mouth and eyes. Keep small children and animals away
from experiments. Keep the experimental set out of reach of children
under 8 years old.
EXPERIMENT MANUAL

Safety information
Notes on disposal of electrical components
First aid information Poison control
None of the electrical or electronic components in this kit should be
disposed of in the regular household trash when you have finished using
them. Instead, they must be delivered to a collection location for the
recycling of electrical and electronic devices. The symbol on the product,
instructions for use, or packaging will indicate this. The materials are reusable in
accordance with their designation. By reusing or recycling used devices, you are
making an important contribution to the protection of the environment. Please consult
your local authorities for the appropriate disposal location.
WARNING.
Not suitable for children under 3 years. Choking hazard — small parts may be
swallowed or inhaled.
Keep the packaging and instructions as they contain important information.
Poison Control Centers (United States)
In case of emergency, your nearest poison
control center can be reached everywhere
in the United States by dialing the
number:
1-800-222-1222
Local Hospital or Poison Centre (Europe)
Record the telephone number of your local
hospital or poison centre here:
Write the number down now so you do not
have to search for it in an emergency.
Advice in case any accidents should
happen during experimentation.
1. In case of eye contact: Wash out
eye with plenty of water, holding eye
open if necessary. Seek immediate
medical advice.
2. If swallowed: Wash out mouth with
water, drink some fresh water. Do
not induce vomiting. Seek immediate
medical advice.
3. In case of inhalation: Remove
person to fresh air.
4. In case of skin contact and burns:
Wash affected area with plenty of
water for at least 10 minutes.
5. In case of doubt, seek medical
advice without delay. Take the
chemical and its container with you.
6. In case of injury always seek
medical advice.

With this crystal growing set, you will
be accompanying your child on a journey
into the fascinating world of crystals. It
is natural to have questions about the
safety of a kit that contains chemicals.
The experimental equipment in this
kit complies with safety standards that
specify the safety requirements for
crystal growing sets. These standards
impose obligations on the manufacturer,
such as forbidding the use of any
particularly dangerous substances. The
standards also stipulate that adults
should assist their children with advice
and assistance in their new hobby.
A. Read and follow these instructions,
the safety rules and the first aid
information, and keep them for reference.
B. The incorrect use of chemicals can
cause injury and damage to health. Only
carry out those experiments which are
listed in the instructions.
C. This experimental set is for use
only by children over 8 years.
D. Because children’s abilities
vary so much, even within age groups,
supervising adults should exercise
discretion as to which experiments
are suitable and safe for them. The
instructions should enable supervisors
to assess any experiment to establish its
suitability for a particular child.
E. The supervising adult should
discuss the warnings and safety
information with the child or children
before commencing the experiments.
Particular attention should be paid to
the safe handling of crystal growing
chemicals and solutions.
F. The area surrounding the
experiment should be kept clear of any
obstructions and away from the storage of
food. It should be well lit and ventilated
and close to a water supply. A solid table
with a heat resistant top should be
provided.
G. Substances in non-reclosable
packaging should be used up (completely)
during the course of one experiment, i.e.
after opening the package.
Hot water is used in the production
of crystal salt solution. You should devote
special care to handling it safely and
assist your child when help is needed.
Make sure there is no fire risk when
heating water on the kitchen stove!
While experimenting, please
be careful not to let the crystal salts
(chemicals) come into contact with the
skin, eyes, or mouth. It is also important
not to let the crystal salts, their solutions,
or especially the finished crystals get into
the hands of young children.
While growing crystals, the
electronic components and the die-cut
figure pieces should be stored safely
in the experiment kit box, in order to
prevent them from getting damaged (by
spilled liquids, for example).
The work area should not be in the
kitchen, as chemicals should be kept
strictly separate from foods and kitchen
equipment. A cool basement room would
be ideal. Do not use any containers or
tools in the kitchen after you have used
them for growing crystals.
Always get any required equipment
and chemicals ready before beginning an
experiment.
We hope you and your child have a lot
of fun growing your crystal nightlight!
Advice for parents and supervising adults
550009-02-100518 1

aid advice (inside front cover of this
manual) and contact a doctor if necessary.
16. Never work alone. An adult should
always be present. Also, pay attention
to the information on the chemical
labels, the “Information about hazardous
substances” on page 3, as well as the
safety information provided with the
individual experiments (for example,
having to do with handling hot liquids).
17. Be particularly careful with hot
burners, and don’t forget to turn them off
after use!
18. Pay special attention to the quantity
specifications and the sequence of
the individual steps. Only perform
experiments that are described in this
instruction manual.
19. When working, wear appropriate
protective clothing (old clothes).
20. Always hold containers of hot
materials such that their openings are
pointing away from yourself or others. Do
not inhale hot vapors that are released
while heating!
21. Read and follow the warnings on the
packages of any additionally required
items, such as the all-purpose glue.
1. Read these instructions before use,
follow them and keep them for reference.
2. Keep young children and animals away
from the experimental area.
3. Store this experimental set and the final
crystal(s) out of reach of children under 8
years of age.
4. Clean all equipment after use.
5. Ensure that all empty containers and/or
non-reclosable packaging are disposed of
properly.
6. Wash hands after carrying out
experiments.
7. Do not eat or drink in the experimental
area.
8. Do not allow chemicals to come into
contact with the eyes or mouth.
9. Do not apply any substances or solutions
to the body.
10. Do not grow crystals where food or
drink is handled or in bedrooms.
11. Do not use any equipment which
has not been supplied with the set or
recommended in the instructions for use.
12. Take care while handling hot water and
hot solutions.
13. Ensure that during growing of the
crystal the container with the liquid is out
of reach of children under 8 years of age.
14. Do not use any eating, drinking,
or other kitchen utensils for your
experiments. Any containers or equipment
used in your experiments should not be
used in the kitchen afterward.
15. If chemicals should come in contact
with eyes, mouth, or skin, follow the first
Safety rules Read this before starting any experiments
NOTE! The additionally required items
are highlighted in italic script in the
individual experiments. Before starting
the experiments, carefully read through
everything that will be required and make
sure to have all the materials ready.
2

Here is information about handling the
substance contained in this kit.
Please note the following hazard and
precautionary statements for the
chemical contained in this kit:
Potassium aluminium sulfate (alum):
Avoid breathing dust. Do not get in eyes,
on skin, or on clothing.
Warning. The following applies to all
chemicals: Store locked up. Keep out of
reach of children.
This primarily applies to young children,
but also to older children who — unlike
the experimenter — have not been
appropriately instructed by adults.
Also follow this precautionary statement:
IF SWALLOWED: Get immediate medical
advice/attention and have product
container or label of chemical substance
at hand.
If any chemicals inadvertently get onto
the skin, rinse off immediately under
running water. Always be careful not to
inhale chemical dust or powder when
experimenting.
Information about hazardous substances
To open the crystal salt packet, cut
the packet open at one corner with
a pair of scissors. Never use your
teeth. Be sure that the printing on the
packet remains legible.
If the crystal salt has formed
clumps, it does not mean there is
anything wrong with the quality
of the contents. It means that some
moisture has gotten in. This will not
affect its function. The age of your
crystal salt will likewise make no
difference.
Advice for growing crystals safely
Cleanliness is especially important
in chemistry. So always clean up any
used containers and your workplace
immediately after finishing the
experiments. Then wash the
containers with clean water and dry
them with a paper towel, which you
should then throw into the trash.
Since you will only be working
with small amounts of a harmless
chemical, you can just wash liquid
waste down the sink with plenty of
water. Solid waste can go into the
household garbage.
3

• Warning. Only for use by children
aged 8 years and older. Instructions
for parents or other supervising
adults are included and have to
be observed. Keep the packaging
and instructions as they contain
important information.
• The wires are not to be inserted
into socket-outlets. Never perform
experiments using household current!
The high voltage can be extremely
dangerous or fatal!
• Two AAA batteries (1.5-volt/LR03) are
required, which could not be included
in the kit due to their limited shelf
life.
• Different types of batteries or new
and used batteries are not to be
mixed.
• Do not mix old and new batteries.
• Do not mix alkaline, standard
(carbon-zinc), or rechargeable (nickel-
cadmium) batteries.
• Batteries are to be inserted with the
correct polarity. Press them gently
into the battery compartment. See
page 13. Always close the battery
compartment of your base with the
lid.
Notes on experimenting with batteries
• Non-rechargeable batteries are not
to be recharged. They could explode!
• Rechargeable batteries are only to be
charged under adult supervision.
• Rechargeable batteries are to be
removed from the toy before being
charged.
• Exhausted batteries are to be
removed from the toy.
• The supply terminals are not to be
short-circuited. A short circuit can
cause the wires to overheat and the
batteries to explode.
• Dispose of used batteries in
accordance with environmental
provisions, not in the household
trash.
• Be sure not to bring batteries into
contact with coins, keys, or other
metal objects.
• Avoid deforming the batteries.
• Have an adult check the base before
you use it so you can be sure it was
assembled properly!
4

Potassium
aluminum
sulfate
Potassium
aluminium
sulfate
oz
125
50
75
100
2
3
ml
KIT CONTENTS
Die-cut black cardboard
Plastic base with lid
Transparent plastic cone
Color-changing LED
Contact springs (2)
Black screws (2)
Silver screws (2)
Black wire with eyelet and
contact latch
Double contact latch
Switch with eyelet and
contact latch
Potassium aluminium sulfate
powder (alum), 50 g (2)
Measuring cup, 100 ml
Wooden spatulas (2)
YOU WILL ALSO NEED: Two clean empty jelly jars (about 600 ml, one with
a lid), paper, pencil, scissors, tape, water, old pot and hot pad, pot holders,
paper towels, a piece of cardboard, sturdy string, ruler, all-purpose glue,
tweezers, small Phillips-head (“crosshead”) screwdriver, two AAA batteries
(1.5-volt, type LR03).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Hey Crystal Growers!
Ready to grow a beautiful crystal and make
it into a cool nightlight that will glow in a
spectrum of colors? First you’ll grow the crystal
from alum powder, then you’ll wire up the
nightlight circuitry, then you’ll put them both
together! Let’s get started! Rocky the Geeker will
be your guide!
Hi! I’m Rocky!
1
2
3
4
9
5
67
8
10
11
12
13
5

TIP!
Use a pencil or a ball-point pen to write
“alum solution” on a narrow strip of
paper or label, then tape the paper to
the glass jar. If you use self-adhesive
labels, cover them with
cellophane tape.
CAUTION!
Have an adult help you! Be careful
not to burn yourself on the hot stove,
and don’t forget to turn the stove off
afterwards!
Growing starter
crystals
You will need:
One packet of alum, measuring cup,
wooden spatula,
2 empty, clean jars, one with a lid,
paper, pencil, scissors, tape, water,
old pot and hot pad, pot holder, paper
towels, piece of cardboard
Here’s how:
1
Pour the entire alum packet (50 g)
into a labeled jar. Pour in 200 ml
of water (measure 100 ml twice).
2
Now get your hot pad ready at the
experiment area. Fill the old pot
with enough tap water to cover
the bottom about 3 cm deep, and
bring the water to a boil on the
stove.
3
Carry the pot carefully to the
experiment area and set it on the
hot pad. Place the jar with the
alum into the pot and stir the
contents with the wooden spatula
until all the alum is dissolved.
When all the alum is dissolved,
take the jar out of the pot with
the pot holder and dry it off with
a paper towel. CAREFUL, IT’S HOT!
THE CRYSTAL
TAKES SHAPE
1
2
3
PART
1
50 g
Alum
200 ml
Water
6

TIP!
If all of the alum did not dissolve,
take the jar out of the pot with the
pot holder and reheat the water on
the stove. Bring the pot back to the
experiment area and heat the liquid in
the jar once again.
4
Place the piece of cardboard in a
safe location and set the jar on
it. Cover it with a paper towel so
no dust falls in. Take a look at it
every now and then to see what’s
happening.
5
Let the jar sit overnight. Once
crystals that are about 5 mm in
size have developed, pour the rest
of the alum solution into a second
labeled jar. Don’t throw it away —
you will still need it!
If you still can’t find any little
crystals, let the jar sit a while
longer. If the crystals have grown
too large, just break them up with
the wooden spatula.
6
Fish the crystals out with the
spatula and let them dry on a
double layer of paper towels.
You will need them in the next
experiment. Screw the lid onto
the jar with the alum solution
and save it for Experiment 3.
4
5
6
GEEK
OUT!
WHAT’S
HAPPENING?
The hot water in the pot heats
the water in the jar. That rapidly
dissolves the alum crystal salt,
which turns invisible. The liquid in
the jar is called an alum solution.
As the solution cools,
transparent pointed shapes form
on the bottom and sides of the jar.
At first they are small, but they
grow larger with time. The first
crystals have formed!
7

71
2
Preparing the plastic
cone
You will need:
Transparent plastic cone, dry crystals
from Experiment 1, sturdy string,
scissors, ruler, all-purpose glue,
tweezers
Here’s how:
1
Cut two pieces of string, each
about 20 cm in length. Tie each
one tightly to one of the little
“feet” of the plastic cone. Trim a
little of the extra string from the
short end where you tied it.
2
Now glue the little crystals all
around the outside of the plastic
cone. Do not fill the flat end
where the opening is! The best
way is to cover one half and let
the glue dry before continuing
with the other half. You can use
a pair of tweezers if you like. Let
the cone dry overnight.
You can put any extra crystals
in the closed jar with the alum
solution. Be sure to wash your
hands very thoroughly after this
experiment!
GEEK
OUT!
WHAT’S
HAPPENING?
Your big crystal is going to grow
on the plastic cone. For that to
happen, the crystal salt particles
in the alum solution will have
to accumulate on the cone. Since
the particles prefer to attach
to already-present crystals, the
first step was to glue on the little
starter crystals.
TIP!
Have a friend hold the plastic cone
while you tie the knot.
8

1
Growing a single
crystal
You will need:
Transparent plastic cone with
crystals from Experiment 2, jar of
alum solution from Experiment 1, 1
packet of alum, measuring cup,
2 wooden spatulas, water, old pot and
hot pad, pot holder, paper towels,
piece of cardboard
Here’s how:
1
Pour the entire packet of alum
into the jar of alum solution and
add 150 ml of water (measure
75 ml twice). Heat the liquid as
described in Experiment 1 until
all the alum is dissolved. Dry
off the jar with a paper towel
(careful, hot!) and set it in the
experiment area. Be sure to
let the solution cool to room
temperature!
2
Lay a wooden spatula across
the mouth of the jar and tie
the plastic cone to it in such a
way that the cone is completely
immersed in the solution.
Just don’t let the flat end get
submerged under the liquid’s
surface!
3
Set the jar on the piece of
cardboard in a safe place and
cover the jar with a paper
towel. Whenever a layer of little
crystals forms on the bottom of
the jar, pull the big crystal out
and dissolve the little ones in a
GEEK
OUT!
WHAT’S
HAPPENING?
The particles of crystal salt from
the alum solution don’t just
settle on the bottom of the jar
as the solution cools, they also
accumulate on the starter crystals.
As that happens, the plastic cone is
gradually surrounded by a thicker
and thicker layer of crystals, which
ultimately looks like one big single
crystal. The longer you let the
solution sit, the larger it gets.
150 ml
Water
50 g
Alum
Spatula
2
3
pot of hot water. Always let the
liquid cool completely before
suspending the big crystal in it
again!
When your crystal has grown
large enough, leave it on a paper
towel to dry and cut off the
string.
9

A salt consists of several
chemical elements. For
example, ordinary table salt
consists of the elements
sodium and chlorine. That’s
why chemists call it sodium
chloride. All salts form
crystals.
In a table salt crystal, the
small sodium and chloride
particles are always arranged
in a specific, orderly pattern.
One chloride particle (blue
spheres) is always surrounded
by six sodium particles (green
spheres) — left, right, above,
below, in front, and behind.
The pattern formed by the
particles is called the crystal
lattice of each type of salt.
A salt that consists of other
elements will also form a
different pattern. The crystal
lattice determines how table
salt crystals are formed and
what shape they take.
WHAT IS
SALT, REALLY?
GEEK
OUT!
Sodium chloride structure
10

A salt can also consist of more than two elements. Alum consists
of potassium, aluminium, and sulfur — hence its chemical
name, potassium aluminium sulfate. It also contains oxygen
and hydrogen. Compared to table salt, an alum crystal lattice
looks pretty complicated, doesn’t it?
When a salt dissolves, water molecules Apush between the
salt particles Band release them from the crystal lattice.
These particles then float around one by one in the water.
Since they are so tiny, you cannot see them.
When the water evaporates, the
particles recollect and accumulate
on one another — in the exact
same pattern as before. Once
enough particles accumulate, they
become visible again — a new
crystal has formed!
WHAT ELEMENTS DOES
ALUM CONSIST OF?
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN
A SALT DISSOLVES?
GEEK
OUT!
Alum crystals
Salt dissolving
Alum crystal
lattice
A
B
11

Let the LED shine!
GET YOUR
CRYSTAL GLOWING
PART
2
You will need:
Plastic pouch with base and
small pieces, small Phillips-head
screwdriver, two 1.5-volt batteries of
type AAA/LR03
Here’s how:
1
From the inside, push the switch
through the small rectangular
opening in the edge of the base
A. Screw it firmly into place
from the outside with the two
black screws. Stick the gold-
colored eyelet over the left
attachment Band attach the
contact latch to the upper right of
the battery compartment C.
2
Stick the black wire’s eyelet
over the right attachment D
and attach the contact latch to
the lower right of the battery
compartment E. Stick the
double contact latch to the left of
the battery compartment F.
3
Insert the LED through the two
small round holes from the
outside. Be sure that the flat side
of the LED points to the left.
3
2
1
A
A
B
C
F
E
D
Flat side Round side
12

4
On the inside, carefully (!) bend
the two terminals (“legs”) of the
LED a little to the left and right,
and clamp them more or less in
the center of the two contact
springs. Then, place the springs
over the two attachments with
the eyelets in such a way that
the LED terminals sit in the
attachment slots.
5
Insert the batteries into the
battery compartment in the
correct polarity direction.
6
Close the lid and secure it in
place with the two silver screws.
Switch on the LED by setting the
switch to “ON.”
GEEK
OUT!
WHAT’S
HAPPENING?
You have installed an LED into the
circuit, and the battery supplies it
with energy. The electricity flows
from the battery compartment
through the switch and then
through the LED and back to the
battery compartment again.
Where are LEDs used?
The first LEDs, which could only shine
very weakly, were used in things like
digital watches. Today’s LEDs can
produce a lot more light, and they have
many applications — in illuminated
displays, backlighting for flat screens,
traffic lights, and in all sorts of other
kinds of lights, such as car headlights,
flashlights, and even street lighting.
4
5
6
From above
13

Assemble your
crystal nightlight and
display box
You will need:
Die-cut figure, your base with LED, your
fully dried crystal, all-purpose glue
Here’s how:
1
Lower your crystal over the LED and
insert the little feet of the plastic
cone into the two square holes.
2
Remove the display box parts from
the die-cut sheet and fold them
along the marked lines. Glue the
display box together as shown in
the pictures.
3
Lower the display box over
the crystal and marvel at the
fascinating color show.
3
2
3
1
GEEK
OUT!
WHAT’S HAPPENING?
The color-changing LED actually consists of three different
lights — a red one, a green one, and a blue one. By mixing
equal parts of red, green, and blue light, you get what our
eye sees as white light.
If you reduce the portion of one color or omit it
entirely, you can produce any color you like. This
effect is known as additive color mixing, and it is a
little different from the mixing of water color paints,
which would give you black if you mixed all the colors
(subtractive color mixing).
The built-in electronics ensure that the LED
lights sometimes shine individually and sometimes
together — which produces all the different colors.
14

1
The transparent plastic dome protects the
components inside the LED. The round shape
distributes the light well.
2
A thin connection wire, also called a bondwire,
connects the crystal (4) to the positive terminal.
Some LEDs also have another wire leading to the
negative terminal, while others have the crystal
mounted directly on the negative terminal.
3
A small concave mirror also helps to distribute
the light.
4
A tiny semiconductor crystal is the most
important component in the LED. It emits light as
soon as current flows through it.
5
Two metal brackets serve as electrical terminals.
6
The flattened area marks the negative terminal.
7
Connection to the positive terminal (long leg).
8
Connection to the negative terminal (short leg).
GEEK
OUT!
How does an LED work?
Inside an LED, there is a tiny piece of artificial crystal. Two thin layers
of the crystal are treated with two different electrically conductive
materials. You can think of it in terms of foreign particles getting
smuggled into the crystal. It looks something like the image below.
If an electrical current is connected to both layers, the crystal starts
to glow where the two different layers meet. The light is able to penetrate
the upper layer and
shine out, since the
crystal is really thin.
LEDs glow in
different colors
depending on the
material used to make
the crystal.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Rays of light
Connection
to positive
terminal
Connection
to negative
terminal
Foreign
particles
First
treated
layer
Glowing
boundary
layer
Second
treated
layer
Untreated crystal
HOW IS AN
LED MADE?
15

Certain crystals will vibrate when electric current passes
through them. Many clocks use quartz Acrystals to ensure
the watch keeps accurate time. Early radio transmitters used
different types of crystals to create the frequencies to transmit
signals.
Quartz is the most commonly found crystal on earth.
Crystals are often used in jewelry. There are four types that
are considered the most valuable and commercially referred
to as precious stones. These are diamonds B, emeralds C,
rubies D,and sapphires E.
When we think of crystals we often think of beautiful
gems. But did you know that snowflakes, sugar, sand, and salt
are also crystals?
Colombia is the world’s largest producer of emeralds,
providing more than 50% of the world’s production.
A diamond needs only one building block to form: carbon
atoms. Diamonds are typically made deep inside Earth by
carbon atoms being pushed together with amazing amounts of
pressure and high temperatures.
Some of the largest crystals ever found are in a cave in
Mexico called the Cueva de los Cristales (Cave of the Crystals)
F. This cave is filled with gypsum crystals that are up to 36
feet long.
Diamonds are the hardest natural material on Earth and
are often used for cutting other stones or in polishing tools.
Most minerals occur naturally as
crystals. Many minerals are actually
colorless but if there are impurities
present when the crystal is forming
they can form in different colors.
Quartz traditionally is clear, but if iron
or manganese impurities are present
during the quartz formation
you will get a purple
quartz called
amethyst G.
GEEK
OUT!
AMAZING
CRYSTAL FACTS!
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
16

Kosmos Quality and Safety
More than one hundred years of expertise in
publishing science experiment kits stand behind
every product that bears the Kosmos name. Kosmos
experiment kits are designed by an experienced team
of specialists and tested with the utmost care during
development and production. With regard to product
safety, these experiment kits follow European and
US safety standards, as well as our own refined
proprietary safety guidelines. By working closely
with our manufacturing partners and safety testing
labs, we are able to control all stages of production.
While the majority of our products are made in
Germany, all of our products, regardless of origin,
follow the same rigid quality standards.

rd Edition 2015
© 2013, 2015 Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG,
Pfizerstr. 5-7, D-70184 Stuttgart, Tel. [phone]
th English Edition © 2014, 2015, 2018, 2020 Thames & Kosmos,
LLC, Providence, RI, USA
Thames & Kosmos® is a registered trademark of Thames &
Kosmos, LLC.
This work, including all its parts, is copyright protected. Any
use outside the specific limits of the copyright law without
the consent of the publisher is prohibited and punishable by
law. This applies specifically to reproductions, translations,
microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic
systems and networks. We do not guarantee that all material
in this work is free from copyright or other protection.
Project management and text: Kristin Albert
Editing: Andreas Hantsch, Freiberg; lektorat & textlabor,
Christiane Theis, Gärtringen
Technical product development: Dr. Petra Müller
Additional text: Ted McGuire, Amanda Bremmon
Manual photos: Oswald Kunstmann, p. 16 top; Alexandra,
p. 10 bottom right; TwilightArt-Pictures, p. 10 bottom left;
Irina Beloturova, p. 16 bottom right (all previous © fotolia.
com); Gizmo, p. 11 center left; mariusFM77, p. 10 center left;
Marchcattle, p. 13 bottom left (all previous © istockphoto.
com); anaken2012, p. 13 bottom right (all previous ©
shutterstock.com); Roland.chem, p. 10 top right, p. 11
bottom right (© wikipedia.de, CC-BY-SA-3.0); Inductiveload,
p. 15 top right (© wikipedia.de, public domain); S. C. Nyburg,
Structure of alum, p. 11 center right; iStock.com, p. 16 b, c, d, e;
OggiScienza, CC BY ND 2.0, p. 16 bottom left, flickr.com
Manual illustrations, p. 6-9, 12-14: Andrea Mangold, Munich
All other illustrations by Dan Freitas, Ashley Greenleaf, and
Ted McGuire of Thames & Kosmos
Packaging photos: Michael Flaig, Pro-Studios, Stuttgart
(contents)
Packaging artwork and additional photos: Dan Freitas, Ben
Britton
The publisher has made every effort to locate the holders
of image rights for all of the photos used. If in any
individual cases any holders of image rights have not been
acknowledged, they are asked to provide evidence to the
publisher of their image rights so that they may be paid an
image fee in line with the industry standard.
Distributed in North America by Thames & Kosmos, LLC.
Providence, RI 02903
Phone: [phone]; Email: [e-mail]
Distributed in United Kingdom by Thames & Kosmos UK LP.
Cranbrook, Kent TN17 3HE
Phone: [phone]; Web: www.thamesandkosmos.co.uk
We reserve the right to make technical changes.
Printed in China / Imprimé en Chine
Erle
Slammer
Gear
Spur
Scrooge
Spanner
Sunny
Ringer
Luney Rocky
Quartz
Matrix
Maggie
Magnus
Wiley
Piper Stretch
Racket
MEET THE GEEKERS!
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