Thames & Kosmos 620615 Eco-Battery Vehicles User manual

Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Pfizerstr. 5-7, 70184 Stuttgart, Germany | [phone] | www.kosmos.de
Thames & Kosmos, 301 Friendship St., Providence, RI, 02903, USA | 1-800-587-2872 | www.thamesandkosmos.com
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EXPERIMENT MANUAL

2
ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES | Contents
Safety information ...................................................................................... 3
Equipment ....................................................................................................... 4
From battery to fuel cell .......................................................................... 5
Your metal–air cells .................................................................................... 6
Electricity terminology ............................................................................. 8
Questions? Answers! ................................................................................ 9
Tips and tricks for model building ...................................................... 10
How to use the metal–air cells ............................................................ 11
How to clean the metal–air cells ........................................................ 12
How to charge your batteries with the metal–air cells ........... 13
How to use the battery holder ........................................................... 14
Experiments ................................................................................................. 15
MODEL 1: Charging station .................................................................... 17
MODEL 2: Taxi .............................................................................................. 19
MODEL 3: Transporter .............................................................................. 20
MODEL 4: Roadster .................................................................................... 22
MODEL 5: Gymnast .................................................................................... 24
MODEL 6: All-terrain vehicle .................................................................. 26
MODEL 7: Hammer mill ............................................................................. 28
MODEL 8: Carousel .................................................................................... 30
MODEL 9: Jeep.............................................................................................. 32
MODEL 10: Windmill ................................................................................... 34
MODEL 11: Helicopter ............................................................................... 37
MODEL 12: Ferris wheel ........................................................................... 39
MODEL 13: Propeller plane ..................................................................... 41
MODEL 14: Motorcycle ............................................................................. 43
MODEL 15: Dredger .................................................................................... 45
MODEL 16: Propeller .................................................................................. 47
MODEL 17: Ballet dancer ........................................................................ 50
MODEL 18: Radar station ........................................................................ 53
MODEL 19: Mill ............................................................................................. 55
MODEL 20: Airplane ................................................................................... 57
MODEL 21: Sports car .............................................................................. 60
MODEL 22: Crab .......................................................................................... 62
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Printed in Taiwan / Imprimé en Taïwan

3
Safety Information | ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES
WARNING.
• Not suitable for children under 3 years. Choking hazard — small parts may be
swallowed or inhaled. Strangulation hazard — long wires may become wrapped
around the neck.
• This kit contains functional sharp pointed wires. Do not injure yourself!
• WARNING. Not suitable for children under 10 years. For use under adult
supervision. Read the instructions before use, follow them and keep them for
reference.
• WARNING. Only for use by children aged 10 years and older. Instructions for
parents or other supervising adults are included and have to be observed. Keep
packaging and instructions as they contain important information.
• Before proceeding with model assembly, read the instructions on this page and
the notes accompanying the individual assembly steps, follow them, and keep
them for reference. Keep young children and animals away from the
experiments. Store the experimental material out of the reach of small children.
Information about the metal–air cells
• Do not let the metal–air cells remain filled while they are not in use. Clean them
after each use, as described in the instructions. Do not consume the tank
contents or bring contents into content with skin or eyes. In case of contact:
Wash o or rinse out with plenty of water.
Safety for experiments with batteries
• For operation without the metal–air cells, two 1.5-volt batteries (type AA / LR6 /
penlight) will be required, which are not included in the kit due to their limited
storage life.
• For some of the experiments, two rechargeable 1.2-volt batteries (type AA /
penlight) will be needed.
• Refer to page 14 for instructions on how to insert and remove the batteries.
• Avoid short-circuiting the batteries. They could explode!
• Dierent types of batteries (rechargeable and non-rechargeable) or new and
used batteries are not to be mixed.
• Batteries are to be inserted with the correct polarity. Press them gently into the
battery compartment. Refer to the instructions on page 14.
• Non-rechargeable batteries are not to be recharged. They could explode!
• Rechargeable batteries are only to be charged under adult supervision.
• Rechargeable batteries are to be removed from the toy before being charged.
• Exhausted batteries are to be removed from the toy.
• The supply terminals are not to be short-circuited. A short circuit can cause the
wires to overheat and the battery to explode.
• Be sure not to bring batteries into contact with coins, key chains, or other metal
objects.
• Do not bend, warp, or otherwise deform batteries.
• Do not mix old and new batteries.
• Do not mix alkaline, standard (carbon-zinc), or rechargeable (nickel-cadmium)
batteries.
Disposal of electrical and electronic components
This product’s electronic parts are reusable and, for the sake of protecting the
environment, they should not be thrown into the regular household trash at the
end of their lifespan. Instead, they must be delivered to a collection location for
electronic waste, as indicated by the following symbol:
Please consult your local authorities for the appropriate disposal location.

4
ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES | The parts inside your kit
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
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23
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Description
SHORT FRAME
SQUARE FRAME
5-HOLE ROD
3-HOLE DUAL ROD
7-HOLE DUAL ROD (LONG ROD)
7-HOLE FLAT ROD
11-HOLE FLAT ROD
CURVED ELBOW ROD
90 DEGREE CONVERTER - R
90 DEGREE CONVERTER - L
EXTRA-LONG SHAFT
LONG SHAFT
MEDIUM SHAFT
METAL–AIR CELL
SHORT SHAFT
MOTOR SHAFT
LARGE GEAR WHEEL
MEDIUM GEAR WHEEL
SMALL GEAR WHEEL
AXLE LOCK
ANCHOR PIN
JOINT PIN
SHAFT PIN
MAGNESIUM METAL PLATE
BLACK CONNECTING WIRE
RED CONNECTING WIRE
YELLOW BATTERY HOLDER
RED BATTERY RECHARGER
SYRINGE
SALT WATER BOTTLE
WHEEL
ANCHOR PIN LEVER
MOTOR
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)
BRUSH
TOTAL
Quantity
2
1
2
2
2
4
4
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
23
1
2
6
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
91
Item No.
703232
705016
704063
705012
707046
712341
712340
705013
704064
705017
703518
703234
703238
712334
703236
702801
711100
710061
710062
702813
702527
702524
702526
712335
702593
702592
712339
710115
712343
712342
712336
702590
702800
704072
712344
x2 x2
x2
x2
x2
x4 x23 x1 x2 x6
x2 x1
x1
x1
x4
x1
x1 x1
x2
x1
x2 x2
x2 x4
x4
x2 x2 x2
x1 x2 x2
x2
x1
x1
x1
1
6
12
18 23
30
31
32
33
34
35
24
25 26
27 28
29
19 20 21 22
13
14
15 16
17
7
8
910
11
2
34
5

5
From the battery to the fuel cell | ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES
…TO THE FUEL CELL
The first simple fuel cell was created in 1838. A
battery and a fuel cell have something in common:
They are both galvanic cells. That means that they
have two electrodes (an anode and a cathode) that
are connected by an electrolyte. Cells of this type
convert chemical into electrical energy. So fuel cells
neither produce nor store energy, they just convert it
from one form to another.
With fuel cells, unlike batteries, the fuel is constantly
supplied and resupplied. That enables them to be
operated without time limits. A battery, by contrast,
loses its charge after a certain period of time and is
thereby rendered unusable.
FROM THE BATTERY…
Around 1800, the Italian scholar Alessandro Volta discovered that a copper and a zinc
plate (called electrodes) would produce a slight electrical voltage when they were
connected by a cloth moistened with salt water (called an electrolyte). This is also
known as a voltaic cell.
A lot of voltaic cells stacked on top of one
another were then used to produce the first
usable continuous source of voltage. This
voltaic pile was a significant achievement,
since it enabled further electrical research and
applications.
In Alessandro Volta’s honor, electrical voltage
is measured in volts (V) to this day. Volta was
the pioneer of today’s batteries.
In 1866, the French scholar Georges Leclanché
was granted a patent for a battery equipped
with a liquid electrolyte. What he had done
was to replace the moistened cloth with a
jellied electrolyte (made by thickening the
liquid). These batteries were the precursors of
today’s dry batteries, such as the zinc-carbon
battery and the alkali-manga-
nese battery. Batteries like these
can reliably supply a voltage of
1.5 volts.
During the 19th century,
Leclanché cells were used to
provide the voltage needed to
send railway telegrams and to
power home doorbells.
Alessandro Volta
Voltaic pile
Georges Leclanché
electrolyte
zinc
copper 1 element

6
ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES | Your metal–air cells
At first, the relatively complicated fuel cell was not developed any further, since
Werner von Siemens had invented the electrical generator by that time. In combina-
tion with the steam engine, the generator was regarded as one of the simplest and
most ingenious pieces of technology of the time.
Since then, however, many dierent types of fuel cells have been created. The most
widespread and extensively researched is the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, which was
already being used by 1960 as an energy converter in space travel.
There were also three fuel cells on board the Apollo 13 spaceship in 1970. After three
days in space, there was an accident — one of the oxygen tanks exploded. That
meant that the mission had to be aborted, and the crew never walked on the moon.
All of the astronauts were able to return safely to Earth though. The cause of the
accident was found to lie in technical oversights during mission preparation.
Since then, the technology has improved so much that fuel cells are now even being
used in cars. In somewhat simplified terms, these fuel cells convert hydrogen directly
into electrical energy through an interaction with oxygen. This in turn powers the
electric engine.
In this experiment kit, you will find
devices called metal–air cells.
The energy of metal–air cells comes
from the kind of metal used — in
this case, magnesium. This metal is
simultaneously used as an electrode
and as an energy source. In a
chemical reaction between the
electrolyte (a water and table salt
solution) and oxygen from the air,
the magnesium is consumed and
electrons are released. Since they
are distributed unevenly, they are
available for use as electrical
voltage. Current flows when a load
such as a small motor or an LED is
connected to the circuit.
Your metal–air cell uses a system that was designed to have its used metal electrodes
continuously exchanged and replaced with new electrodes. That creates a system
similar to that of a conventional fuel cell. Once the magnesium has been used up, the
cell is considered dead. But once you insert a new magnesium plate, it is loaded and
ready to go again.
This kind of metal–air cell produces a voltage of 1.4 volts, and supplies a current
strength of 300–500 mA (mA = milliampere, a unit of electric current strength).

7
Your metal–air cells | ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES
Salzwasser
Magnesiumhydroxid
Sauersto
(Kathode)
Sauersto
(Kathode)
Magnesium
(Anode)
e-
Salt Water
Salt Water
Magnesium (Anode)
Magnesium (Anode)
Magnesium Hydroxide
Magnesium Hydroxide
Oxygen (Cathode)
Oxygen (Cathode)
Oxygen (Cathode)
THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
Here’s an overview to help you understand
what’s happening inside your metal–air cell.
O = oxygen
H = hydrogen
H2O = water
Mg = magnesium
Mg(OH)2= magnesium hydroxide
These are the reactions taking place in your metal–air cell.
Main reaction, which releases energy:
Reaction at the anode:
Mg - 2e¯ + 2HO —
> Mg(OH)+ 2H+
Reaction at the cathode:
½ O+ HO + 2e¯ —
> 2OH¯
Overall reaction:
Mg + 2HO —
> Mg(OH)+ H

8
ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES | Electricity terminology
VOLTAGE
A voltage source (e.g., a battery) always has two poles, a positive one and a negative
one. At the positive pole, there are very few electrons, while there are a lot of electrons
at the negative pole. This difference in the quantity of electrons is known as electrical
voltage, and is measured in volts (abbreviated “V”) in honor of Alessandro Volta.
If the positive and negative poles are connected, the electrons start to move. When
that happens, there is a flow of electric current.
CURRENT
When electrons move, electric current flows. The strength of the current is measured
in amperes (abbreviated “A”). This term comes from the French physicist André-Marie
Ampère, who explained the concept of electric current and determined its direction of
flow.
ELECTRON
An electron is a negatively charged particle, i.e. one
that carries a negative electrical charge.
Electricity is delivered
from the power plant to
the outlet in your home via
many kilometers of cables.
Here, scientists have attempted to
photograph an electron.
Electrical charge
moves in a flash
of lightning.

9
Questions? Answers! | ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES
WOULD YOU LIKE TO KNOW…?
Why is the energy from your metal–air cells considered “renewable energy”?
Renewable energy is energy that comes from a source that never gets used up. It could
be energy from wind, water, or sun, for example. In the case of your metal–air cell, the
sources are oxygen, salt water, and magnesium. There are practically limitless quanti-
ties of oxygen in the air, for example. The same goes for salt water from the ocean.
Magnesium is also found in the ocean, with more than 1kg⁄m3contained in seawater.
Do you think that this kind of metal–air cell might be operated right by the ocean in the
future?
How can you make more salt water?
You can easily mix up a new supply of salt water by using the bottle supplied in your kit.
For water with 15% salt, pour salt up to the bottle’s 15% mark. As you do that, gently
tap the bottom of the bottle against the work surface to distribute the salt evenly.
Then fill the bottle up to the top line (the water line) with water. Put the lid on and shake
well to make the salt dissolve. For water with different salt concentrations, simply fill to
the corresponding mark on the bottle.
Why are the magnesium plates stained, and why won’t they work any longer?
As you know, the salt water reacts with the magnesium metal. In the process, deposits
are formed. You should remove the deposits after each use if you want the magnesium
plate to continue to work well. You will see on page 12 how to do that. This will help
prolong the lifespan of the plates.
Is it OK to pour the contents of the tank down the drain?
It’s also important to know that the “waste products” created in the process of gen-
erating the energy are not harmful to the environment. The basic “waste product” of
magnesium hydroxide — the white powder that’s created — can be used as a medicine,
among other things. Taken in tablet form, it neutralizes stomach acids and acts as a
laxative. It is also used as an acid regulator or release agent in foods. So you can pour
this powder down the drain without any worries.
What should you do when all the magnesium plates are used up?
If you take care of the plates properly, they will last a long time. But if you do eventually
use them up, you can order replacement magnesium plates. The web site, telephone
number, or e-mail address to use for ordering them is on the back side of the kit pack-
age.

10
ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES | Tips and tricks for model assembly
ANCHOR PIN LEVER
AXLE LOCK
Axle locks prevent things like gears from slipping along an axle or
shaft. You can easily mount or remove the axle locks without having to
remove the wheel from the axle.
MOUNTING FRAMES AND GEAR WHEELS
When you mount a gear wheel on an axle or shaft next to a frame, you
should leave a gap of at least 1 mm between gear and frame. This will
reduce the friction while operating the model, and it will help the model
work well. Always check this before starting up one of your models by
rotating the gear wheels.
LIGHT-EMITTING
DIODE (LED)
The LED lights up when
the motor runs.
If the LED doesn’t come
on when the motor runs,
remove it, rotate it 180
degrees, and re-insert
with the prongs in the
opposite holes.
Motor
LED
Model 1:
Radar station
Use side A of the anchor pin
lever to pull out an anchor
pin.
Use side B of the anchor pin lever to
remove a battery from the battery
holder.
Wrong! (no space) Right! (with space)
B

11
How to use your metal–air cells | ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES
1. First, prepare some salt water. For water
with 15% salt: Pour salt into the bottle up to
the 15% mark, and then fill to the top line
(the water line) with water.
For water with other salt concentrations,
simply fill to the corresponding mark on the
bottle.
2. Slide the magnesium plate into the
holder. Make sure that the plate touches
the nickel contact.
3. Click the holder with the magnesium
plate into the tank. Make sure the holder is
fully inserted.
4. Done! Check one more time to be sure
everything is properly assembled.
5. Attach the metal–air cell to your car.
(You have to build one of the models follow
-
ing the instructions starting on page 17.)
6. Connect the connection wire to the
metal–air cells.
7. Draw salt water into the syringe.
8. Inject the salt water into the tank (no
higher than the top fill line), and your car
takes o!
Model 1:
Radar station
Magnesium-
Plate
Bracket
Nickel contact
Tank
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
7

12
ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES | How to clean your metal–air cells
It is important that you do not let your metal–air cells remain filled while
they are not being used. They should be cleaned following every use.
This will prevent the buildup of deposits and increase the lifespan of
the plastic parts and the magnesium plates.
1. Press the two clamps together on the orange-colored holder. This
way, you can easily release and remove the holder from the tank.
2. Once you have separated the parts, you can clean the magnesium
plates with sandpaper. Ideally, do this outside and don’t inhale the dust.
As you clean them, lay the plates on a damp paper towel. You can also
moisten the sandpaper, which will help control the dust.
3. Then clean the holder with the brush that comes with the kit. Clean
it under cold running water. Pour the tank contents down the drain with
water. Be careful not to let the tank contents come into contact with
your skin or eyes.
Thoroughly rinse the tank and sink with water. Place all the objects on
paper towels and let them dry well. After cleaning the metal–air cells,
wash your hands with soap.
1
2
3

13
How to charge the batteries with the metal–air cells | ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES
You can run your cars directly from the metal–air cells. Or, you can
charge rechargeable batteries with the metal–air cells and use those to
power your models.
1. Assemble your charging station (Model 1). You can charge six batter
-
ies with two metal–air cells. Never charge a battery longer than three
hours. If you charge a battery for one hour, it will power a model for one
to five hours.
When you insert the rechargeable battery into the red charger, pay at
-
tention to the (+) and (-) symbols in the charger and on the battery. You
will need two charged batteries for the yellow battery holder.
2. Remove the battery from the charger after you have charged it for
one hour. Remember to clean the metal–air cells if you won’t be charg
-
ing any more batteries.
3. Insert two charged batteries into the yellow battery holder and con
-
nect the wire to the motor. The next page will explain exactly how to
do that.
4. Now your car is ready to take o! The yellow battery holder can be
attached to all the models in this kit.
1
2
3
4

14
ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES | How to use the battery holder
1. Take a careful look at the battery holder. On the inside,
you will find a mark that shows you how to insert the
batteries.
2. Attach the connecting wire to the battery holder.
3. Take a 1.5-volt battery (type AA / LR6 / penlight) and
orient it so the positive terminal ((+) symbol) of the
battery lines up with the (+) symbol in the battery
holder. To insert the battery, start by pushing down on
the spring in the holder with the other end of the bat-
tery (negative terminal, (-) symbol). Only then should
you lower the battery’s positive terminal into the
compartment by exerting light downward pressure
until the battery clicks into place. Proceed the same
way with a 1.2-volt rechargeable battery (type AA /
penlight).
4. Repeat this same procedure with the second battery.
Always use either two non-rechargeable batteries or
two rechargeable batteries. Never use rechargeable
and non-rechargeable batteries together! Always be
sure to pay attention to the polarity (plus and minus
symbols) marked in the battery holder.
5. Attach the battery holder to
your model.
6. Connect the free wire ends
to the motor.
7. Your model is ready to go!
While your battery holder does
have a fuse, it’s still important
to avoid creating a short circuit.
If a short circuit does happen
to occur, however, the fuse will
prevent the batteries and wire
from overheating or exploding.
The fuse will reset itself follow-
ing a short circuit. It does not
have to be replaced or repaired.
Fuse
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
3
As you have already seen, there are lots of ways you can supply your models with
energy. The simplest way is to operate the models directly from the metal–air cells.
But you can also use batteries or rechargeable batteries. Non-rechargeable batter-
ies are the worst alternative, because they are the worst environmental polluters.
Since you can’t recharge them, you have to throw them away when they’re used
up. Here are the instructions for placing the batteries or the rechargeable batteries
in the battery holder.

15
Experiments | ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES
EXPERIMENT 1
Does it make sense to you that the concentration of salt in the water and the fill level of the tank might determine how long your model will run?
This is exactly what we tested in our laboratory. You can perform the same experiment too. O you go!
1. First, assemble Model 17 (Ballet dancer). In our lab, we just hooked up a single metal–air cell in order to avoid having to use a lot of magnesium
plates.
2. Next, prepare a 5% salt water solution (see page 9 for instructions). Fill the tank 1/3 of the way with the solution. Note the time at which the
dancer starts to spin. Now you just have to wait. How long will the model spin? Finally, note the time it stops and calculate the total duration.
Clean the cells following each use.
3. Fill the cells all the way to the top line with the 5% salt water solution. Note the start and stop times again.
4. Now for part 2 of the experiment: Repeat steps 2 and 3 with a 15% salt water solution.
5. This table is for your research record. Enter how long the model ran with each salt water solution and each fill level.
Finding: The concentration of salt in the water and the fill level in the tank influence the quantity of chemical energy that can be produced and
converted into electrical energy.
Tank level: ⅓
Salt water solution: 5 %
Tank level: full
Duration Duration
START time STOP time START time STOP time
Tank Level: ⅓
Salt water solution: 15 %
Duration
START time STOP time
Tank level: ⅓
Battery
Duration
START time STOP time
Tank level: ⅓ Tank level: full
Duration Duration
START time STOP time START time STOP time
Salt water solution: 15 %

16
ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES | Experiments
EXPERIMENT 2
Which has more power? Your metal–air cell or a charged battery? See for yourself!
1. Assemble Model 17 (Ballet dancer) again, but this time attach two metal–air cells.
2. Prepare a 15% salt water solution (instructions, page 9). Fill the tank 1/3 of the way with this solution. Note the time at which the dancer
starts to spin. Now you just have to wait. How long will the model spin? Finally, note the time it stops and calculate how long it turned.
3. Now, instead of the metal–air cells, hook up the battery holder and insert two fully-charged rechargeable batteries (see page 14 for instruc
-
tions). The dancer will start to spin. How long will the batteries keep the model turning?
4. Note the results in your research record:
IDEAS FOR MORE EXPERIMENTS
Try Experiments 1 and 2 with dierent models. Can you see a dierence? What other factors influence how long a model runs?
Does your vehicle have enough power to drive up an incline? Try seeing how it drives on dierent surfaces (carpet, tile, wood floor).
Attach the LED to your model’s motor (see page 10 for instructions). Do your metal–air cells supply enough energy to make the vehicle drive and
the LED light up at the same time?
Tank level: ⅓
Salt water solution: 5 %
Tank level: full
Duration Duration
START time STOP time START time STOP time
Tank Level: ⅓
Salt water solution: 15 %
Duration
START time STOP time
Tank level: ⅓
Battery
Duration
START time STOP time
Tank level: ⅓ Tank level: full
Duration Duration
START time STOP time START time STOP time
Salt water solution: 15 %

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x4 x4 x2 x2 x2
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17
17
18
18
19
19
20
21
21
22
23
24
24
25
25
31
31
32
33
34
35
26
26
27
28
28
29
30
MODEL 1 Charging Station | ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES
Charging Station

18
78 9
10
11 12
ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES | Model 1 Charging Station
Completed

19
1
2
3
4
15
12
15
x2
x2 x4
x2
x2 x1
x4 x1
x1
x2
x1
x2 x2
1
2
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
21
21
22
23
24
24
25
25
31
31
32
33
33
34
35
26
26
27
28
29
30
MODEL 2 Taxi | ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES
Taxi
Completed

20
x2
x1 x11 x2 x1
x1
x2
x1
x1 x2 x2
x2 x2 x2
x2 x4 x1x2
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
21
21
22
23
24
24
25
25
31
31
32
33
33
34
35
26
26
27
28
29
30
1
2
3
15
15
ECO-BATTERY VEHICLES | MODEL 3 Transporter
Transporter