Todd English TEAFXL55 Quick guide

5.8QT. AIR FRYER
with CONVECTION OVEN
model number TEAFXL55

2
MEET
CHEF ENGLISH
Todd English is a celebrated chef, restaurateur, author, and television personality. He has
opened innovative and award-winning restaurants around the globe. Among his numerous
accolades from the culinary world, Chef English is a four-time James Beard Foundation Award
winner and was named Bon Appétit’s Restaurateur of the Year. He has authored four critically
acclaimed cookbooks, including his most recent, Cooking In Everyday English. Chef English
has also created the record-breaking housewares line, The Todd English Collection, and
hosted the Emmy-nominated PBS travel series Food Trip with Todd English.
Todd English Kitchen is an exceptional range of high-performance countertop appli-
ances. Todd’s passion for the creative process results in these products delivering extraordi-
nary blending, cooking, frying, mixing and ease of use. As Todd continues pushing the limits of
imagination, his attention to detail and progressive design intrinsically allows endless possibili-
ties that heighten the delicious world that surrounds us.

3
CONGRATULATIONS
The Todd English Air Fryer makes cooking quick, convenient and most importantly—healthy.
By using rapid hot air convection cooking techologies, the Todd English Air Fryer evenly
circulates hot air to cook fresh or frozen foods, giving them the same crunchy bite and moist
interiors produced by conventional deep fryers. And food is never submerged in cooking oils
or fats while cooking. The Todd English Air Fryer can bake, broil and steam a wide variety of
foods, such as meats, vegetables, pizzas and even cakes. Get started with the great recipes
that follow—and enjoy!
TODD ENGLISH AIR FRYER
what’s included
Air Fryer Heating Chamber Cooking Basket
Pizza Pan Steam/Meat Rack
separating the basket from the chamber
To remove the cooking basket from the heat-
ing chamber, slide the cover at the top of the
handle forward to access the release button.
Press the release button and lift the cooking
basket out of the cooking chamber.

4
TODD ENGLISH AIR FRYER
control panel
On/Off
Controls the
Cooking time
Use to select
Menu Settings
Controls the Temperature
There are seven cook settings that you can use with this Air Fryer. Each has a preset time and
preset temperature that will appear in the center of the control panel once a cook setting is
selected. The display alternates between showing the time and the temperature. To select a
setting, press M until the one you plan to use becomes illuminated.
You can use the preset time and temperature, or adjust either to suit your recipe. To increase
or decrease the cooking time, press the + or − symbols on the left side of the control panel. To
cook using a different temperature, press + or − on the right side of the control panel.
Below are the preset temperatures and times for the seven cook settings.
• Fries: 20 minutes at 400° F
• Bacon: 15 minutes at 370° F
• Shell Fish: 15 minutes at 330° F
• Bake: 25 minutes at 350° F
• Poultry: 20 minutes at 380° F
• Meat: 25 minutes at 390° F
• Fish: 25 minutes at 370° F
Fan/Heating
Indicator
°F
MIN
BAKE
SHELL POULTRY
FISH
BACON MEAT
FRIES FISH

5
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
1. Remove all packaging materials, sticker, and labels.
2. Clean the basket and pan with hot water, soap and a non-abrasive sponge. These parts
are dishwasher safe.
3. Wipe the inside and outside of the appliance with a clean cloth.
4. Place the Air Fryer on a flat and even surface.
5. Place the cooking basket into the heating chamber, then place into the Air Fryer.
6. Plug unit in to a 3-prong grounded wall socket. The On/Off icon will be illuminated.
7. To start the Air Fryer in manual mode, press On/Off. The factory default setting is 15
minutes at 370° F.
• Time can be adjusted in 1-minute increments by pressing + or − on the left side of the
control panel.
• Temperature setting can be adjusted in 10° increments by pressing + or − on the right
side of the control panel.
8. To cook using one of the seven cooking presets, press M until the desired icon is illumi-
nated. Then press On/Off to start the Air Fryer.
9. You can override the current cooking cycle at any time. To do so:
• Adjust the time by pressing + or − on the left side of the control panel.
• Adjust the temperature by pressing + or − on the right side of the control panel.
• Select a different cooking preset by pressing M until the new preset is illuminated.
10. The fan/heating icon will illuminate red while the Air Fryer is heating, and will turn off once
the selected temperature has been reached. During the cooking cycle, while hot air is
circulating through the Air Fryer, the icon will illuminate blue. It will stay blue during the
cooling period.
11. In order to shake or add ingredients during the cooking cycle:
• Remove the cooking basket by the handle. The Air Fryer will automatically shut down.
• Add ingredients or gently shake basket.
• Place basket back into the machine. The cooking cycle will resume.
• See the Cooking Guide for recommended times to add or shake ingredients.
12. Once the cooking cycle is complete, remove the heating chamber with the cooking
basket from the Air Fryer and place it on a pot holder. The heating chamber and cooking
basket are VERY HOT—do not place on any surface that can burn.
NOTE: Liquids will accumulate in the cooking chamber. Use caution when removing from the
Air Fryer.
13. To separate the cooking basket from the heating chamber, slide the cover at the top
of the handle forward to access the release button. Press the release button and lift the
cooking basket out of the cooking chamber.
The Pizza Pan is included for cooking pizza, and can also be used as a baking tin. Place the
pan into the cooking basket, and then put the basket with the pan into the heating chamber.
The Steam/Meat rack is included for steaming or keeping meats off the bottom of the basket.
Place the rack into the cooking basket, and then put the basket with the rack into the heating
chamber. The rack can also be used with the Pizza Pan, with both placed in the basket.
NOTE: In order for the Air Fryer to operate, the heating chamber—with the cooking
basket in it—must be secured in the Air Fryer.

6
IMPORTANT SAFEGUARDS
When using electrical appliances, basic safety precautions should always be followed, includ-
ing the following:
• Read all instructions.
• Always wait 30 minutes for the appliance to cool down before handling or cleaning.
• Ensure that the appliance is placed on a horizontal, even, and stable surface.
• Leave at least 5 inches of free space around the back, sides, and top of the appliance
for a clear air flow.
• Do not use the appliance if there is any damage to the plug, electrical cord or any other
parts.
• Do not use the appliance, or plug it in, with wet hands.
• Do not leave the appliance unattended while it is operating.
• Make sure all the ingredients are inside the basket to prevent any contact with the heat-
ing elements.
• Do not cover the air inlet or outlets when the appliance is operating.
• Do no place anything on top of the appliance during operation.
• During the cooking cycle, hot air/steam is released through the air outlets. CAUTION:
Keep your hands and face away from the air/steam outlets as this can cause burns.
• The heating chamber, cooking basket and pizza pan are very hot after use. Always
place on pot holder or silicone mat after removing from the Air Fryer.
• The warranty is void if the appliance is used for professional purposes, or it is not used
according to instructions.
CARE AND CLEANING
1. CLEAN THE AIR FRYER AFTER EVERY USE. UNPLUG THE FRYER AFTER ITS
CYCLE HAS ENDED. ALWAYS WAIT AT LEAST 30 MINUTES FOR THE FRYER TO
COOL DOWN BEFORE CLEANING.
NOTE: Do not clean the pan, basket, and inside of the appliance with any metal kitchen uten-
sils or abrasive cleaning materials because this may damage the non-stick coating.
2. Wipe the outside of the fryer with a moist cloth.
3. Clean the heating chamber and cooking basket with hot water, dish detergent, and a
non-abrasive sponge. If there is debris stuck to the basket or bottom of the pan, they can
be soaked in hot soapy water for about 10 minutes.
NOTE: The pizza pan and steam/meat rack are dishwasher safe, but hand washing is recom-
mended.
4. Clean the inside of the appliance with a damp (wrung-out), non-abrasive sponge to wipe
away any food debris and grease.
NOTE: Do not allow even small amounts of water to get inside the appliance.
5. Clean the heating element with a cleaning brush to remove debris.

7
TODD’S COOKING TIPS
• Any food that can be cooked in a conventional, convection, microwave or toaster oven
can be cooked in your Air Fryer.
• Smaller ingredients usually require a slightly shorter cooking time than larger ingredients.
• Shaking smaller ingredients halfway during the preparation time optimizes the end result
and can help prevent unevenly fried ingredients.
• For a crispy surface, spritz vegetable, olive or non-stick oil over ingredients in the bas-
ket. Process in the Air Fryer within a few minutes after adding the oil.
• Another method for achieving a crispy texture is to add a small amount of oil (3–4 tbsp.)
to the heating chamber. Never overfill, as this will damage the Air Fryer. Use caution
when removing the heating chamber from the unit, as ingredients and oil will be very hot.
• A small amount of liquid (3–4 tbsp.) can be added to the pan for steaming food. Never
overfill, as this will damage the Air Fryer. Use caution when removing the pan from the
unit, as ingredients—and any remaining steam or water—will be very hot.
• Snacks that can be prepared in an oven can also be prepared in the Air Fryer.
• Place a glass, silicone or metal oven-safe dish in the Air Fryer basket when baking a
cake or quiche, or frying fragile or filled ingredients.
• You can also use the Air Fryer to reheat ingredients by setting the temperature to 300°F
for up to 10 minutes.
• Frozen foods, such as fries, chicken nuggets and sh sticks can be prepared by follow-
ing the Cooking Chart on the following pages.

8
COOKING CHART
This table will help you select the basic settings for your ingredients, and what to do during
the cooking cycle. NOTE: Settings are indications only. Since ingredients differ in origin, size,
shape and brand, we cannot guarantee the best setting for your ingredients.
ingredient quantity temp
°F
time
minutes
additional
information
french fries
french fries—fresh 2 cups 400 15 toss with oil; shake
2 times
french fries, crinkle cut
or thick— frozen
2 cups 400 15–20 spritz with oil;
shake 2 times
french fries, thin—
frozen
2 cups 400 10 spritz with oil;
shake 2 times
sweet potato fries—
fresh
2 cups 400 14 hoss with oil; shake
2 times
sweet potato fries—
frozen
2 cups 400 12–14 spritz with oil;
shake 2 times
tater tots—frozen 2 cups 400 12 shake 2 times
vegetables
cauliflower—roasted 1 head 350 15 rub with oil and season-
ing; add 1 cup of water
in the heating chamber
eggplant and
zucchini—
roasted
1–2 cups 350 15 toss in oil and
seasoning;
shake 2 times
green beans 2 cups 350 12 shake 2 times
peppers, small—
roasted
6 peppers 400 12 shake 2 times
roma tomatoes, halved 6 halves 350 10 toss in oil with salt
spring rolls, frozen 4 rolls 400 8–10 spritz with oil; shake
once
tomatoes, small—
roasted
1 pint 370 10–12 toss in oil; Shake
2 times
meat & poultry
baby back pork ribs ½ slab 360 30 rub with oil and season-
ing; stand in basket

9
ingredient quantity temp
°F
time
minutes
additional
information
meat & poultry
bone-in fried Chicken—
fresh
4 pieces 370 25 spritz with oil;
turn halfway through
chicken—frozen fried 4 pieces 370 20 turn halfway through
chicken nuggets—fresh 12 pieces 400 10 spritz with oil;
shake 2 times
chicken nuggets—
frozen
2 cups 400 12 shake 2 times
chicken tenders—fresh 6 pieces 380 10 spritz with oil;
turn halfway through
chicken tenders—
frozen
6 pieces 400 12 turn halfway through
chicken wings—frozen
pre-cooked
12 wings 400 20 shake 2 times
chicken wings—fresh 12 wings 400 25 toss with oil and season;
shake 2 times
fish filet, fresh 4 ounces 370 10 spritz with oil;
turn halfway through
fish fingers—fresh 6 pieces 400 8–10 spritz with oil;
turn halfway through
fish fingers—frozen 8 pieces 400 10–12 shake 2 times
hamburger 4 4-ounce
patties
360 7–14 turn halfway through
hot dogs/sausages 6–10 links 380 10–14 turn halfway through
pork chops 4 chops,
4–6 ounces
each
350 14–18 rub with oil and
seasoning; turn halfway
through
rack of lamb 6 ribs 350 15–20 rub with oil and
seasoning
steak 4 steaks,
4–6-ounces
each
360 8–12 rub with oil and salt;
turn halfway through;
use grill rack
sandwiches & dairy
cheese sticks—frozen 8 pieces 400 8 shake once
sandwich 2 370 10–15 place on rack;
turn halfway through

10

11
TODD ENGLISH AIR FRYER
recipes
Potato / Sweet Potato Fries
serves 6
2 Idaho or sweet potatoes
2 tablespoons grapeseed oil
1 teaspoon kosher salt
1 teaspoon ground black pepper
1 teaspoon smoked paprika
1 teaspoon grated Parmesan
 1teaspoon nelychoppedfreshrosemary
1. Cut 2 peeled or unpeeled potatoes into ¼-inch pieces.
2.Soakinicewaterfor1hourandstrain,washingoffallstarch.
3.BakeinAirFryerfor15minutesontheFRIESsetting.
4.TakepotatoesoutofAirFryerandletcoolfor10minutesatroom
temperature.
5.Tosswithgrapeseedoil,salt,paprika,parmesanandrosemaryandplace
backintoAirFryer.CookonFRIESsettingforanother15minutes.
Kale Chips
serves 2
1 bundle kale
2 tablespoons olive oil
1 teaspoon sea salt
1.Trimthekaleleavesbycuttingoffthestems.Rinsewellandpatdry.
2. Place kale leaves in a large bowl and toss well with olive oil and salt.
3.PlacekaleleavesinAirFryerbasket.
4.Settemperatureto400degreesandtimeto10minutes.
5.Shakebasketatleastonceduringthecookingprocess.

12
RisottoTaterTots
serves 4
1 shallot
1 tablespoon unsalted butter
1 cup arborio rice
¼ cup white wine
3 cups vegetable stock
1 teaspoon kosher salt
1 teaspoon white pepper
 3tablespoons Parmesan,grated
 2tablespoons parsley,nelychopped
 1cup all-purposeour
2 eggs
4 tablespoons whole milk
1 cup panko crumbs
1.Minceshallotandslowlysweatinapotwithbutter.
2.Addarborioriceandstirsothatallthericeiscoatedandlightlytoasted.
3. Add white wine and continue to stir. As wine reduces and absorbs into the
rice,slowlyaddvegetablestockalittleatatime.Continuedoingthisuntilrice
isfullycooked.Riceshouldbecreamy,tenderandrunsoffthespoon.
4.Addsaltandwhitepeppertotasteandfoldinparmesancheeseand
parsley.Placeonatrayorplatetocool.
5.Formrissottointosmallbarrelshapeswithyourhandsandtossinour
seasoned with salt and white pepper.
6. Whisk eggs and whole milk together and and drop rissoto barrels into the
mixture,thenimmediatelytakeoutandtossinpankocrumbs.Makesurethe
totsareevenlycovered.
7.Slightlycoolinfridgebeforesprayingthemwithoilspray.
8.CookinAirFryerfor25minutesat350°F.

13
Air Fried Potato Skins
serves 2
2 medium Yukon Gold potatoes
½ teaspoon olive oil
¼ teaspoon sea salt
4 strips bacon
  non-stickcookingspray
 ¼cup cheddarcheese,shredded
 ¹⁄3cup sour cream
 2 greenonions,choppedne
1. Scrub potatoes and rub with olive oil and sprinkle well with salt.
2.PlacepotatoesinAirFryer,andsettemperatureto400degreesandtimefor
35minutes.
3.Removethepotatoesandplacebaconstripsinbasket.Settemperatureto
400degreesandtimefor5minutes.Whenbaconiscrisp,goldenbrownand
cookedthrough,removethefrybasketandletbaconcool.(Dependingon
thetypeofbacon,thetimecanvarybyaminuteortwo.)
4.Cutpotatoesinhalfhorizontallyandscoopoutmostofthepotato.
5.Placethepotatoskins,skinsideupinAirFryerbasketandspritzwithoil.
6.Settemperatureto400degreesandsettimefor3minutes.
7.Removebasket,thenturnoverandlleachpotatowithcheddarcheese
andcrumblebaconequallybetweeneachpotato.
8.PlaceskinsbackinAirFryerbasket,settemperatureto400,settimefor2
minutes,oruntilcheeseismelted.
9.Servewithadabofsourcreamandasprinkleofgreenonion.

14
EasyBakeMac’n’Cheese
serves 2–3
  non-stickcookingspray
1½ cups elbow macaroni
1 cup chicken broth
 ½cup heavycream
¾ cup shredded cheddar cheese
 ½cup shreddedmozzarellacheese
¼ cup shredded Parmesan cheese
 ¼teaspoon koshersalt,ortotaste
 ¼teaspoon freshgroundpepper
1.Spraythepizzapanwithnon-stickspray.
2. Combine all ingredients and pour into pan.
3.Placepaninthebasket,thenputthebasketandheatingchamberintothe
AirFryer.
4. Select the BAKEsetting.PressOn/Off.
5.Whencooktimeiscomplete,macandcheesewillbebubblingandgolden
brown.Gentlystirbeforeserving.
BaconWrappedDateswith
MaytagBlueCheese
yields 10
 10 pitteddates,preferablyMedjool
 ¼pound Maytagbluecheese,cutinto10pieces
 4 stripsofbacon,cutinto3equalpieces
 1teaspoon Cajunseasoning
1.Stuffeachdatewithbluecheese.
2.Wrapeachdatewithapieceofbaconandsecurewithatoothpick.
3. Place the dates in the basket and then put the basket and heating
chamberintotheAirFryer.
4.Settemperatureto400°Fandtimefor10minutes.PressOn/Off.
6.Oncecookingiscomplete,removedatesfrombasketandsprinklewith
Cajunseasoning.

15
Jalepeño&ChorizoPoppers
yields 16 pieces
 8 jalapeños
 4ounces chorizo
½ cup cheddar cheese
 2ounces creamcheese,softened
 2tablespoons cilantro,nelychopped
2 large eggs
 1cup all-purposeour
¼ cup corn starch
1 teaspoon onion powder
1 cup panko bread crumbs
1.Slicejalapeñosinhalflengthwiseandscrapeseedsoutwithasmallspoon,
making sure to discard the white vein.
2.Mincechorizoandaddtocheddar,creamcheese,andcilantro.Mixina
bowluntilfullyincorporated.
3.Fillhalvedjalapeñoswithcheeseandchorizomix,makingsurethestufngis
packed in tight.
4.Inabowl,beateggstomakeasimpleeggwash;lightlyseasonwithsalt.
5.Inaseperatebowlmixour,cornstarch,saltandonionpowder.
6.Fillathirdbowlwithlightlysaltedpankobreadcrumbs.
7.Makeabreadingstation,alternatelydippingthejalapenosintheourmix,
egg wash and then panko—in that order.
8.PlacenishedproductintheAirFryerandcookat400°Ffor20minutes.
Recipewillyield2seperatebatches.

16
RuebenStuffedMushroomCaps
serves 2–4
 12 jumbomushrooms,cleaned,stemsremoved,
andbottomstrimmedtositat
  non-stickcookingspray
sea salt
 ½pound cornedbeef,orpastrami
¼ pound Swiss cheese
¼ cup whipped cream cheese
2 tablespoons Thousand Island dressing
2 tablespoons sauerkraut
¼ cup seasoned panko bread crumbs
1.PlacemushroomsinAirFryerbasket,spraywithoilandsprinklewithsalt.
2.Settemperatureto400degreesandtimeto3minutes.
3.Placeremainingingredients—exceptpanko—intofoodprocessorttedwith
a metal blade and pulse to combine.
4.Pattheinsidesofthemushroomsdry,thenllwiththeRuebenmixtureand
sprinkle with panko crumbs.
5.PlacedlledmushroomsbackintheAirFryerbasket.
6.Settemperatureto400degreesandtimeto5minutes.

17
BuffaloChickenStuffedJalapeños
Wrapped in Bacon
serves 4
 8 jalapeñopeppers
 ¼cup BuffaloChickenDip(page46)
8 slices Applewood-smoked bacon
1.LayjalapeñosinAirFryerbasket.
2.Settemperaturefor400degreesandtimefor5minutes.
3.Afterthetimergoesoff,usetongstoturnallthepeppersover.Settimerfor
anadditional5minutes.
4.Whencookingiscomplete,placepeppersintoasmallbrownpaperbag
andclosetightly.
5.After5minutesofcooling,wearinglatexgloves,scrapeouttheseedsand
peelofftheskinsofthejalapeños.Rinseandplaceonapapertoweltodry.
6.FilleachjalapeñowithBuffaloChickenDip,andwrapeachpepperwitha
sliceofbacon.
7.PlacejalapeñosbackintotheAirFryerbasket.
8.Settemperatureto400degreesandtimefor5minutes.
9.Aftertimergoesoff,usetongstoturnoverthepeppers.Settemperatureto
400degreesandtimefor5minutes,oruntilbaconisgoldenbrown.
10.Letpepperscoolforatleast5minutesbeforeserving.

18
Fried Mac and Cheese Balls
serves 6
1 pound elbow macaroni
2 tablespoons unsalted butter
 2tablespoons all-purposeour
 2cups cream,warmed,plus2tablespoonsforeggwash
1 pound grated Cheddar cheese
 ½pound shreddedmozzarella
½ pound Parmesan cheese
  saltandfreshlygroundblackpepper
2 large eggs
3 cups seasoned panko bread crumbs
  non-stickcookingspray
1. Cook the macaroni according to package instructions.
2.Drainandrinsewithcoldwatertostopthecooking.Drainagain,pourintoa
largebowl,andsetaside.
3.Inasaucepan,meltthebutterovermediumheat.Sprinkleourintothe
butterandstiritwithawhisk.Cookfor2minutes.
4.Whiskthewarmedcreamintotheourmixture,workingoutanylumps.
Cookuntilthesaucethickens,about2minutes.
5.Removefromtheheat,addthecheeses,andstiruntilmeltedandsmooth;
season with salt and pepper.
6. Fold the cheese sauce into macaroni until blended.
7.Pourthemacandcheeseintoashallowpanandrefrigerateuntilcold,at
least 2 hours.
8.Shapethecoldmacandcheeseintomeatball-sizedballsandplacethem
ontoawaxedpaper-linedtray.Freezetheballsovernight.
9.Beattheeggsand2tablespoonscreamtogethertoformaneggwashand
pour into a shallow bowl. Put the bread crumbs into another shallow bowl.
10.Removethemacandcheeseballsfromthefreezer.Dipthefrozenballs
into the egg wash then into the panko breadcrumbs. Put the balls back into
thefreezeruntilyouarereadytoair-fry.
11.PlacemacandcheeseballsintheAirFryerbasket.Spritzwithsprayoil.
12.Setthetemperatureto400degreesandthetimeto8minutes.Cookuntil
golden brown.

19
Cheese Sticks
serves 4–6
 12strings from1packagepart-skimmozzarellastringcheese
 ¼cup instantour
 2 largeeggs,beaten
2 cups Italian seasoned bread crumbs
¼ cup grated Parmesan cheese
  oliveoilspray
  marinarasaucefordipping
1.Openthepackageofstringcheeseandseparatethecheesesticksand
freezethemfortwohours.
2.Placetheinstantourinalargeplasticbag,thebeatenegginamedium-
sizebowl,andmixthebreadcrumbswiththeparmesanandplaceina
shallow dish or pie pan.
3.Whenstringcheeseisfrozen,shakethecheeseinthebagofour,thendip
intothebeatenegg,thenpressinthecrumbs
4.Placeabout6cheesesticksevenlyinthebasket,donotovercrowd.
5.PutthebasketandheatingchamberintotheAirFryer.
6.Setthetemperatureto400°Fandthetimefor7minutes.PressOn/Off.
7.After3minutes,carefullyipeachcheesestick.
8.Removeandrepeatwiththeremainingcheesesticks.
9. Serve with marinara dipping sauce.

20
Fried Green Tomatoes
serves 2
2 large green tomatoes
1 teaspoon salt
½ teaspoon pepper
 ½cup instantour
1 cup buttermilk
1 cup panko bread crumbs
½ tablespoon Creole seasoning
  non-stickcookingspray
1.Cutthetomatoesinto¼-inchthickslicesandseasonbothsidesevenlywith
salt and pepper.
2.Placetheourinashallowdish,andputthebuttermilkinashallowdishor
pie pan.
3. Mix the panko crumbs with Creole seasoning in another dish.
4.Dredgeeachtomatosliceintheour,thendipitinthebuttermilk,andnally
press in the panko mixture on both sides.
5.PlacetherackintheAirFryerbasket.
6.Place3tomatoesevenlyontherackwithoutovercrowding,andspritzwith
non-stickspray.
7.Putthebasketwithrackintoheatingchamber,thenputthemintotheAir
Fryer.
8.Settemperatureto400°Fandtimefor5minutes.PressOn/Off.
9.Oncecookingiscomplete,remove.Repeatwithremainingslices.
10.Servewithranchdressingmixedwithsomeofthecreoleseasoning.