UP Kantega XC User manual
1
3$5$*/,'(5
.DQWHJD;&
2ZQHU·V0DQXDO
DQG6HUYLFH%RRNOHW
6HULDO1XPEHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
2
3
Version 1.0
Valid from 2009
Stand: January 2009
4
The data and statements contained within this manual may be changed without prior notice. No
part of these documents may be copied or transmitted for any purpose in any manner or by any
means, either electronic or mechanical, without explicit written permission from Ultralite Products
International.
© 1995-2009 by Ultralite Products International
5
7DEOHRIFRQWHQWV
:(/&20(,12857($0
6$)(7<,16758&7,216
'(9(/230(172)3$5$*/,'(56
7(&+1,&$/'(6&5,37,21
CERTIFICATION CLASS .............................................................................................................10
/7)DQG(1FODVVLILFDWLRQ
7DUJHWJURXSDQGUHFRPPHQGHGIO\LQJH[SHULHQFH
1HFHVVDU\VNLOOVIRUQRUPDOIOLJKWV
1HFHVVDU\VNLOOVIRUGHDOLQJZLWKGLVWXUEDQFHV
1HFHVVDU\VNLOOVIRUGHDOLQJZLWKUDSLGGHVFHQWPHWKRGV
6XLWDELOLW\IRUWUDLQLQJ
RECOMMENDED WEIGHT RANGE ..............................................................................................11
7(&+1,&$/'$7$83.$17(*$;&
CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................................................................13
$QHZSURILOH
3HUIRUPDQFHGDWD
/LJKWZHLJKWFRQVWUXFWLRQ
CANOPY MATERIAL .................................................................................................................14
LINE MATERIAL .......................................................................................................................14
LINE SYSTEM...........................................................................................................................14
RISERS ....................................................................................................................................15
UP BACKPACK ........................................................................................................................17
$GMXVWLQJWKHEDFNSDFN
3DFNLQJWLSV
%()25(7+(),567)/,*+7
ADJUSTMENTS.........................................................................................................................19
3RVLWLRQRIWKHEUDNHV
6SHHGV\VWHP
SUITABLE HARNESSES .............................................................................................................21
RESCUE SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................22
USE OF THE UP KANTEGA XC.................................................................................................22
AEROBATICS ...........................................................................................................................22
MOTORISED PARAGLIDING ......................................................................................................22
)/,*+735$&7,&(
PRE-FLIGHT CHECK..................................................................................................................23
LAUNCHING ............................................................................................................................23
6
SPEED CONTROL ......................................................................................................................24
8VLQJWKHEUDNHV
8VLQJWKH6SHHG6\VWHP
TURNING.................................................................................................................................24
LANDING.................................................................................................................................25
WINCH TOWING.......................................................................................................................25
$WWDFKLQJWKHWRZOLQHUHOHDVHV\VWHP
)/,*+76$)(7<
THERMALS AND TURBULENCE .................................................................................................27
GETTING DOWN FAST...............................................................................................................27
6WHHS6SLUDO'LYH
%/LQH6WDOOV
%LJ(DUV
)/<,1*2876,'(7+(1250$/)/,*+7(19(/23(
BEHAVIOUR IN EXTREME SITUATIONS ......................................................................................30
COLLAPSING THE PARAGLIDER ................................................................................................30
$V\PPHWULFFROODSVH
)XOOIURQWDOFROODSVH
THE STALLS.............................................................................................................................31
'HHS6WDOO
)XOO6WDOO
6SLQ
WINGOVERS ............................................................................................................................32
EMERGENCY STEERING ...........................................................................................................32
FURTHER REFERENCES.............................................................................................................33
5DLQLQGXFHGGHHSVWDOO
$GKHVLYHORJRV
2YHUORDGLQJ
6DOWZDWHU
0$,17(1$1&($1'&/($1,1*
TAKING CARE OF YOUR PARAGLIDER .......................................................................................35
3DFNLQJ\RXU83.DQWHJD;&
3DUDJOLGHUIDEULF
3DUDJOLGHUOLQHV
6WRUDJHDQGWUDQVSRUW
CLEANING ...............................................................................................................................38
REPLACING ASS BATTENS.......................................................................................................39
&+(&.6$1'5(3$,56
MAINTENANCE........................................................................................................................40
&KHFNLQJWKHJOLGHUWULP
$LUZRUWKLQHVV&KHFN
83&UDIWVPDQVKLS
7
UP WARRANTY.......................................................................................................................42
1DWLRQDOZDUUDQW\FRQGLWLRQV
,QWHUQDWLRQDO83ZDUUDQW\
CHECKING THE UP KANTEGA XC ...........................................................................................43
PACKING AND CHECKING OF THE RESCUE SYSTEM ....................................................................43
SENDING THE UP GLIDER AND OTHER UP PRODUCTS ...............................................................43
83+20(3$*(
620(),1$/:25'6
$77$&+0(176
$WWDFKPHQWV
Line Layout Plan ..........................................................................................................44
Luftsportgeräte-Kennblatt UP Kantega XC XS-L .........................................................45
Einweisungsblatt..........................................................................................................53
6HUYLFH%RRNOHW
Used by the UP Service centre in connection with periodic service.............................55
Product registration card..............................................................................................59
,PSRUWDQW
The following symbols are used to draw attention to particular sections:
:$51,1*
Failing to comply with instructions given here may
lead to injury or death!
%(:$5(
Failing to comply with instructions given here may
cause undue wear to, or even damage, your new
wing.
127,&(
This pictogram indicates a tip or some helpful extra
knowledge.
8
:HOFRPHLQRXUWHDP
Congratulations on the purchase of your new UP Kantega XC. UP International is
renowned across the globe for designing and building the finest paragliders available –
paragliders characterised by maximum safety, performance and quality in every
aspect.
Please take a little time to complete and send the reply card found in the back of this
manual. This way we can keep you informed of all new products and developments at
UP, as well as any technical information about the UP Kantega XC.
We would also be delighted to hear any feedback you have concerning the glider. This
is only possible once we have received your product registration, either through
completing and sending the attached product registration card, or by doing the same
Online via www.up-paragliders.com>service>product registration. Your completed
product registration is also needed should any warranty issues arise.
If you have any questions regarding your paraglider or auxiliary equipment please ask
your local dealer or feel free to contact us here at UP directly.
Have fun with your new UP Kantega XC!
<RXU83,QWHUQDWLRQDO7HDP
9
6DIHW\LQVWUXFWLRQV
Paragliding is an extremely
demanding sport requiring the
highest levels of attention,
judgment, maturity, and self-
discipline. Due to the inherent
risks in flying this or any paraglider,
no warranty of any kind can be made
against accidents, injury, equipment
failure, and/or death. This glider is not
covered by product liability insurance. Do
not fly it unless you are personally willing
to assume all risks inherent in the sport of
paragliding and all responsibility for any
property damage, injury, or death, which
may result from use of this paraglider.
Please read this owner’s manual
thoroughly before your first flight with the
UP Kantega XC so that you are fully
acquainted with your new glider. This
manual gives you information on the entire
specific and general flying characteristics
of the UP Kantega XC, but it does not
replace attending a paragliding school. It
is important to note the following points:
•at the time of delivery the UP
Kantega XC conforms to German
Hang Gliding Association (DHV)
and/or AFNOR (SHV and ACPUL)
requirements (see certification
information later in this manual)
•any changes being made outside the
permitted range of adjustment
invalidate any and all claims under
the warranty
•using this paraglider is exclusively at
the risk of the user; the manufacturer
or distributor assumes no
responsibility for accidents occurring
while using it.
•it is assumed that the pilot is in
possession of the necessary
qualifications and provisions of
any relevant laws are observed
•when reselling the wing please
make sure you also give this
manual to the new owner. The
manual is an integrated part of
the paraglider and is required for
the wing to keep its certification.
'HYHORSPHQWRI
SDUDJOLGHUV
Admitted; we’re proud of our history.
No other company in the free flying
world can look back on such an
expansive history as we can. The UP
story started back in 1970 when Pete
Brock graduated from the Art Center, a
world famous school for design and
engineering in Pasadena, California,
and promptly created some of the
most legendary race cars ever – the
Daytona Coupe from General Motors
was one – and then went on to
become fascinated by the emerging
sport of hanggliding – at that time
probably the maddest pastime of them
all. After founding Ultralite Products he
introduces his first wing, the Dragonfly,
and soon the new company becomes
known under the UP acronym..
Pete Brocks spirit survives to this day
in everything we do at UP International
– we still have our very own way of
seeing things and designing things.
This entails building paragliders that
are not only as safe as they come,
they must also meet the very high
standards we set ourselves. Among
these are the continued use of the
most advanced technology available
both in the designing and
manufacturing process, but also the
10
feel, the handling and the performance of
the finished product. All this because
we’re addicted to building wings that will
fascinate you. A good paraglider is
comprised of a number of interacting
factors of which looks, feel, handling and
performance are but a few. Only when all
these come together in the final product
can we claim to have built a wing that is
homogenous and pleasurable to fly; and
only then we’re happy, and ready to
introduce our new UP baby to the free
flying world.
Our gliders are developed using state-of-
the-art CAD software. Our programs allow
us to do the initial flight testing in a virtual
environment where we can simulate a
great many things before even assembling
the first prototypes.
Once we’re happy with the new
prototypes’ behaviour in the virtual
environment the program generates the
templates after which the glider is sewn.
When a new prototype arrives from our
proto-building experts everyone at UP is
excited about the prospects of trying it out
in real life. The practical tests may show
that further modifications are needed –
these may be carried out on the existing
wing, or a new prototype is built with the
mods already incorporated. In exceptional
cases this may continue through several
prototypes, for only when we're 100%
satisfied do we submit our new wing to
testing by the DHV. We owe it to our
customers, and to our own history, to be
particular about which products earn the
UP badge.
7HFKQLFDOGHVFULSWLRQ
The UP Kantega XC was built to fulfil the
expectations to a modern, safe and fast
Performance Intermediate wing. The
launching is excellent and the
performance figures impressive.
As with all UP products, the materials
used have been carefully chosen for
their outstanding quality and strength,
to guarantee a long and trouble-free
service life.
Further construction details, including
line lengths, are included in the
certification specification sheets, which
form part of this manual. Any technical
changes will appear in the appendix.
&HUWLILFDWLRQFODVV
The following recommendations from
the DHV safety officer serve to aid the
pilot in identifying the right class of
wing to fly for their skill level. They are
based on years of analysing accident
statistics, and on the collective
experience of flying schools, flying
instructors and SIV instructors.
/7)DQG(1FODVVLILFDWLRQ
The UP Kantega XC has been tested
to conform to the LTF 1-2/ EN „B“
glider classes.
7DUJHWJURXSDQG
UHFRPPHQGHGIO\LQJ
H[SHULHQFH
“Thermal and XC pilots flying regularly
and possessing advanced flying skills.
We think a minimum of 20-30 hours of
airtime/year is a sensible limit to set.”
11
1HFHVVDU\VNLOOVIRUQRUPDO
IOLJKWV
“Due to the somewhat shorter brake line
travel, the reduced roll dampening and the
dynamic handling, the flying and handling
behaviour of paragliders in this class
requires advanced, precise skills along
with the ability to fly instinctively and
intuitively.”
1HFHVVDU\VNLOOVIRUGHDOLQJ
ZLWKGLVWXUEDQFHV
“The glider behaviour in connection with
disturbances requires somewhat higher
skills than what is the case on LTF 1
wings. The pilot must possess a certain
amount of automated reactions and be
able to react quickly to incidents. We
recommend making sure that you have
the skills to sense disturbances before
they happen, and to deal with them
correctly once they do. Of particular
importance here are adequate skills for
dealing with asymmetrical or frontal
collapses. Should you not feel fully up to
the task we recommend visiting a safety
clinic with your new wing.”
1HFHVVDU\VNLOOVIRUGHDOLQJ
ZLWKUDSLGGHVFHQWPHWKRGV
“Flight manoeuvres like spiral dives and B-
line stalls pose higher demands on the
pilot than on lower rated wings. Good
practical familiarity with these manoeuvres
is a must. Should you not possess these
skills we recommend visiting a safety clinic
with your new wing.”
6XLWDELOLW\IRUWUDLQLQJ
The UP Kantega XC is suitable to only a
limited extent for training.
5HFRPPHQGHGZHLJKW
UDQJH
The UP Kantega XC should be flown
within the stipulated takeoff weight
limits, found in the “Technical data”
section of this manual. The weights
mentioned are total launch values,
including glider, pilot, harness, all
clothing etc. The easiest way to find
your own total launch weight is to jump
onto your scales with the complete
backpack containing all your kit on
your back. UP International
manufactures the Kantega XC in 4
different sizes. If you find yourself
having to choose between two not
entirely ideal sizes we recommend you
let your choice be guided by your
personal preference for being either a
little light or a little heavy on a wing.
The UP Kantega XC responds to load
changes by flying either marginally
faster or slower, depending on whether
you in- or decrease the load. The glide
ratio in still air is not affected, and the
minimum sink rate only insignificantly
so.
* recommendations by the DHV safety officer
12
7HFKQLFDO'DWD83.DQWHJD;&
L
31,1
26,4
13,2
10,3
5,6
4,0
54
390
222
6,3
38/53
100-125
1-2
B
M
28,9
24,5
12,7
9,9
5,6
4,0
54
376
222
5,9
38/53
85-105
1-2
B
S
26,4
22,4
12,2
9,5
5,6
4,0
54
359
222
5,5
38/53
70-90
1-2
B
XS
23,5
19,9
11,5
8,9
5,6
4,0
54
339
222
0,8 / 0,9 / 1,3 / 1,6
5,1
38/53
60-75
1-2
B
Intermediate
Size
Surface area flat [m²]
Surface area projected [m²]
Flat span [m]
Projected span [m]
Flat aspect ratio
Projected aspect ratio
Chambers/cells
Total line length incl. Brake [m]
Total # of lines incl. Brake
Line dimensions [mm]
Glider weight [kg]
Vtrim/Vmax (km/h)
Takeoff weight [kg]
LTF Category
EN Category
Description
13
&RQVWUXFWLRQ
The Kantega XC is a fully matured product
showing genes from the more advanced
brethren, most notably the Trango 3 and
the Summit XC. It will be instantly
apparent to the pilot that attributes like
climbing, performance and speed, as well
as the handling, have been transferred
from the gliders mentioned above almost
without change.
But as anyone who is familiar with the
other members of the family will know,
these wings aren’t just about speed and
glide – quite the opposite in fact, they are
all about ease of use in all situations! At
UP we believe that everyday joy is the
most important design parameter; the
class-bursting performance is something
we add because we know you have come
to expect it from us. As a true UP family
member the Kantega XC thus has ease of
use, safety AND performance in perfect
symbiosis – designed to sit right in the
middle of the LTF/EN B 1-2 segment.
,OOXVWUDWLRQCAD-Model of the
UP Kantega XC
UP designer Stephan Stieglair wanted
to build a wing where the Fun and the
Easy were focus areas, and he wanted
to add to this a bit of a moment of
revelation for every Kantega XC pilot –
namely that which occurs when a pilot
finds themself arriving on the other
side of the valley way higher than
expected!
$QHZSURILOH
The revolutionary UP „Hybrid Synergy
Airfoil“,already know from the Summit
XC, is the real reason why we feel this
new UP product truly deserves the XC
designation.
A speed range of no less than 15 km/h
from trim to max speed (53km/h) is
awaiting the intrepid XC explorer –
who will also know to appreciate the
super easy launching characteristics,
another benefit of the particular profile
used. The gliders climbs smoothly to
zenith and remains there until the pilot
decides to take the few extra steps to
become airborne.
3HUIRUPDQFHGDWD
The Kantega XC wouldn’t be a UP
wing if the performance hadn’t been as
impressive as the ease of use. The
goal was to ensure that every aspect
of the wing’s performance would be a
real step forward compared to the
predecessor. To achieve this Stephan
Stieglair uses his UP specific
combination of two different software
packages, „LT-Parafoil“ to design the
wing, and „Paralabs“ to calculate the
performance data.
14
/LJKWZHLJKWFRQVWUXFWLRQ
One of the tricks
for making the
Kantega XC so
light was to
incorporate the UP
ASS (Airfoil
Stabilising System) into the Kantega XC
leading edge. This means of LE
reinforcement was originally developed for
the UP Edge, the purpose on the
Kantega XC being to eliminate the need
for any Mylar reinforcement in the leading
edge at all. The Kantega XC ASS system
uses thin nylon battens along the stitching
on all cell walls to hold the air vents open
and reinforce the leading edge at speed.
Add to this the fact that these nylon
battens are unsusceptible to bending and
it follows that there is no longer any need
for accordion folding. Regardless of how
the Kantega XC is packed away it will
retain its perfect launch characteristics for
years. And should one nylon batten
accidentally break (if someone steps on
the wing on launch f.eks.) it may be
replaced in no time flat. And just to
reiterate; there are no catch 22’s with the
ASS system – the DHV test protocol
shows that even the collapse behaviour is
picture perfect in spite of this new and
very light LE reinforcement system.
&DQRS\PDWHULDO
The UP Kantega XC is constructed from
polyamide cloth, which is particularly
stretch-resistant and durable, and is
specially treated for maximum UV
resistance.
After an extensive series of tests and
years of practical experience we have
found that the best material is a high
tenacity polyamide “New Sky-Tex”, from
Porcher Marine (France), with the
Designation 9092 E85A (top surface
front, cloth weight 45 g/m²), 9017
E38A (top rear and bottom surface,
cloth weight 40 g/m²) und 9017 E29A
(ribs and v-tapes, cloth weight 40 g/m²)
This material consistently exhibits
excellent air permeability and has a
remarkably good colourfastness with
the latest PU coating.
/LQHPDWHULDO
The UP Kantega XC uses a mix of
sheathed Dyneema and unsheathed
Aramide lines from Edelrid, in the
dimensions 0.8, 0.9, 1.3 and 1.6mm.
The unsheathed lines are used above
the first furcation and help give the
Kantega XC its trademark
performance. The lower lines are all
made with sheathed Dyneema that
has been trough a careful pre-
stretching process. They are
unsusceptible to either stretching or
shrinking.
/LQHV\VWHP
The entire line system is formed from
individual lines, which are sewn and
looped at both ends. The single line
levels are connected over a special
hoop technology ("handshake") to
prevent a weakening of the core and a
loss of strength. The lines and stitching
are subject to rigorous production
controls, to ensure high and consistent
manufacturing quality.
The lines of each wing section consist
of four groups and the brake lines:
A-Lines: A1-A3
B-Lines: B1-B3
C-Lines: C1-C3 / S1
15
D-Lines: D1-D2
Brake Lines: BRK
The brake lines are collected at one main
control line per side. This control line runs
through a pulley attached to the D-Riser
and is marked with a black dot at the point
where it should loop around the D-ring.
The brake is pre-set so that the glider is at
0 degree brake when the toggle is free.
Please don’t change the main brake lines
without checking the new length carefully
at a suitable training hill before flying!
The line bundles (A, B, C and D) are
colour coded for easy identification and
handling. All main lines of each level are
looped together and attached to „UP Line
Links“, which are connected to the risers.
The „UP Line Links“ links have special line
collectors to prevent lines slipping. After
maintenance work the „UP Line Links“
must be closed according to the
description in the previous paragraph!
5LVHUV
The lines are grouped into four risers and
one control line on each side. The riser
ends are colour coded for easy
identification at take off as well as in flight
for B Stall.
In order to make the execution of
„BigEars“ easier we have built a riser set
with split A-risers. This allows the pilot
easy access to the outer „BigEars“ A-line,
see Illustration 2.
During normal flight all risers are 570mm
in length. When applying the speed
system the A to C risers are shortened. A
reduction system between the risers
ensures that each riser gets the right
length and the angle of attack is reduced
correspondingly.
The largest change in the angle of
attack is reached when the top pulley
touches the main karabiner.
16
,OOXVWUDWLRQ
UP Kantega XC
riser
17
Compression
straps
Hip belt
stabilization
straps
Chest belt
Load control
straps
S-formed
shoulder belt
Detachable
hip belt
Shoulder belt
straps
Top pocket
in the lid
83%DFNSDFN
The UP Kantega XC is delivered with a
special paraglider backpack, which fulfils
the demands of very high luggage volume
and ergonomically optimised comfort.
We have built in an anatomical carrying
system that allows an optimised load
distribution for maximum comfort. The S
shaped shoulder straps allow full
adjustment and the detachable chest strap
prevents the shoulder straps from slipping
off the shoulders.
The load control straps attached to the
shoulder straps can be set either loose, to
aid ventilation, or tight, for extra
stability. They should rise from your
collarbone at about a 45°angle.
A hip belt is also incorporated to assist
overall comfort. If the hip belt is
tightened then the shoulder straps can
be released slightly to transfer the load
away from the shoulders. The hip belt
is fitted with stabilisation straps, which
can be tightened to help stability, or
loosened for extra freedom of
movement. The hip belt is removable
for when packing size is critical, or the
pack is being transported by air.
,OOXVWUDWLRQ
UP Backpack
18
It is important, especially when there is a
long trek involved, that the backpack is
adjusted for maximum comfort. The
following advice should be considered
when packing.
$GMXVWLQJWKHEDFNSDFN
When fully loaded, all compression straps
should be tightened to secure the load in
the pack. All carrying straps should be set
fully loose and the pack then put on your
back. The hip belt should be fastened and
tightened to rest approximately in the
middle of the hip. Any slack should be
taken out of the shoulder straps, and the
chest strap should be done up. The load
control straps at the shoulders and hips
can now be tightened to achieve the
desired stability.
3DFNLQJWLSV
Packing the UP paraglider rucksack
correctly will make it a pleasure to carry. A
couple of easy tips can help you get it
right. Failing to follow these tips will
adversely affect you carrying comfort.
The centre of gravity of the load should be
as close to the vertical centre axis of the
carrier, while also being situated as high
on the back as possible. This allows for a
vertical posture and minimises the
leverage of the load against the natural
posture of the carrier. It also helps by
reducing the oscillations of the load while
walking.
The drawing shows the ideal load
distribution in the UP rucksack. Loaded
like this the carrying comfort will be
optimal. Start by placing the heaviest
items close to the shoulder blades, with
lighter items over and under this region.
The lightest items should be placed the
furthest from your back.
Do not fasten any objects to the exterior of
the rucksack, as these are unprotected
against theft and can also get caught
on protruding points when entering or
exiting lifts, cars or buses.
,OOXVWUDWLRQ Ideal load distribution
in the UP rucksack
19
%HIRUHWKHILUVWIOLJKW
The UP Kantega XC is delivered with a
speed system, rucksack, compression bag
and –strap, repair materials and this
manual. The manual may also be
downloaded from the UP website. Every
Kantega XC delivered has been minutely
checked at the factory, and corresponds
exactly to the wing certified by the DHV.
%(:$5( Before the first flight the
UP Kantega XC must be inflated
in the wind on a flat surface.
An approved UP dealer
should carry out the first flight
before the wing is handed over to
the end customer.
$GMXVWPHQWV
The UP Kantega XC has undergone an
extensive development program and
series of flight tests to ensure that the
production model exhibits the optimum
characteristics with regard to safety,
handling and flight performance.
As with all products from UP International,
the UP Kantega XC is manufactured to the
highest quality and precision. The line
lengths of each glider are individually
checked and recorded before dispatch.
Under no circumstances should the
lengths of the lines or risers of the UP
Kantega XC be altered in any way.
:$51,1* Any changes to line
lengths or riser configuration will
invalidate certification!
The only change allowed is to
the length of the lower brake
line. This should only be done by
an experienced person.
3RVLWLRQRIWKHEUDNHV
The UP Kantega XC is delivered from
the factory with what we feel is the
best brake position for most pilots. But
tall or short pilots, or those with a
harness with non-standard attachment
points might feel it necessary to
change the position of the brake
handles.
If the brakes are to be shortened, it is
extremely important to avoid the
adjustment affecting the glider's trim
speed. There must always be some
slack in the brakes when they are fully
released. This can be checked with the
glider inflated above the pilot's head.
There should be a noticeable bow in
the brake lines, and the brakes should
be having no effect on the shape of the
trailing edge.
If the brake lines are to be lengthened,
it is important to ensure that the pilot
can still stall the canopy (i.e. during
extreme manoeuvres or landing)
without the need to take wraps.
If you do feel the need to change the
brake line lengths, do so a little (3-
4cm) at a time, and preferably whilst at
an easy training slope. Check
especially that both lines are the same
length, as any asymmetry will lead to
tiring and possible dangerous flying
characteristics.
If you have any questions or concerns
with reference to the brake line lengths
then seek advice from either your UP
dealer or directly from UP
International.
To tie the brake line onto the brake
handle use one of the following knots:
The simple fisherman's knot or the
Bowline as shown in illustration 5 and
6. These knots guarantee the least
amount of line weakening.
20
%(:$5( Loose or incorrect
brake knots can cause serious
accidents through loss of the
steering of the glider!
,OOXVWUDWLRQDQG
Fishermans- and
bowline-knots
Table of contents
Other UP Aircraft manuals
