Vicruns 2S-0.4G-B User manual

All Series
User Manual
m（General Purpose）
m（Elevator & Lift Series）
m（ Off Grid Solar Series）
m（220V Input, 380V Output Series）
m（Single Phase Output Series）

Preface
Thank you for purchasing the AC drive developed by Our company.
AC drives are general type inverters with vector control based on BD330.High
quality, multiple functions and low noise, developed independently by ourselves.
It can realize open loop and close loop control of different mode,and also signal
detection of PT100/PT1000 motor temperature.It support speed sensorless vec-
tor control,sensor vector control and V/F control.Performance of motor control
has beed improved obviously.Easy operation,perfect self-learning of motor static
and dynamic state.
AC drives are compact structure, easy installation, and reasonable heat dissipa-
tion design ,that ensure reliability of product. Various of expansion cards are ava-
ilable for your choice.
We provide information of model selection, installation, parameter setting, field
debugging, fault diagnosis and daily maintenance for users in this manual.
ATTENTIONS
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Please power off when wiring.
Electronic components inside AC drive are especially sensitive to static
electricity, do not put anything into internal of AC drive.And do not touch
main circuit board.
After power cut, if indicator is still lamp, it still have high voltage in AC
drive. It is very dangerous, please do not touch internal circuit and
components.
Please ensure the grounding terminals of AC drive is grounded correctly.
Never connect input power supply with output terminal U,V,W of AC drive.
First-time Use
For the users who use this product for the first time, read the manual carefully. If
in doubt concerning some functions or performances, contact the technical sup-
port personnel of Our company to ensure correct use.

Contents
-2-
Chapter 1 Safety and Attentions
1.1 Safety Matters.................................................................................................6
1.2 Use Considerations........................................................................................9
2.1 Position and content of nameplate................................................................12
2.2 Nameplate model description and rated parameters....................................12
2.3 Specifications and models of AC drives........................................................13
2.4 Technical Features........................................................................................15
2.5 All components schematic diagram of AC drive............................................18
2.6 Appearance and installation dimensions.......................................................19
2.7 External keyboard with tray installation dimension drawing..........................22
2.8 Optional accessories.....................................................................................22
Chapter 2 Product Brief Introduction
3.1 Mechanical installation..................................................................................24
3.2 Electrical Installation......................................................................................28
3.3 Basic wiring diagram.....................................................................................31
3.4 Wiring（For LCD panel）.............................................................................33
3.5 Main circuit terminals and connection...........................................................36
3.6 Control circuit terminal and wiring.................................................................39
3.7 Treatment of EMC problem...........................................................................44
Chapter 3 installation
Chapter 4 Operation and Display
4.1 Keypad description........................................................................................48
4.2 Organization of Inverter Function Codes.......................................................50
4.3 Function code viewing and modification method description........................50
4.4 Function code menu mode and switching instructions..................................51
4.5 Preparation before running............................................................................54
4.6 Start-stop control of inverter..........................................................................58
4.7 Frequency converter operating frequency control.........................................64
4.8 Motor characteristic parameter setting and automatic tuning........................72
4.9 How to use the DI port of the inverter............................................................74
4.10 How to use the DO port of the inverter........................................................75

-3-
4.11 AI input signal characteristics and preprocessing.......................................76
4.12 How to use the AO port of the inverter.........................................................77
4.13 How to use inverter serial communication................................................78
4.14 Password setting..........................................................................................78
Chapter 5 Function & Parameter Table
5.1 Functional group............................................................................................80
Chapter 6 Function & Parameter Table
Group P0: Basic function group.........................................................................126
Group P1: Start-stop control...............................................................................138
Group P2: V/F control parameters.....................................................................143
Group P3: Vector control parameters.................................................................148
Group P4: First motor parameter.......................................................................153
Group P5: Vector control parameters.................................................................156
Group P6: Output terminal.................................................................................168
Group P7: Accessibility and keyboard display...................................................174
Group P8: Communication parameters..............................................................190
Group P9: Fault and Protection..........................................................................192
Group PA: PID function......................................................................................201
Group Pb: Swing Frequency, Fixed Length and Count......................................208
Group PC: Multi-segment instruction and simple PLC function.........................211
Group PD: Torque control..................................................................................217
Group PE: AI multi-point curve setting...............................................................221
Group A0: Second motor parameter setting.......................................................223
Group A1: Second Motor Parameters................................................................224
Group A2: Second motor VF parameter setting.................................................225
Group A3: Second motor vector control parameters..........................................225
Group B0: System parameters..........................................................................226
Group B1: User function code customization.....................................................228
Group B2: Optimize control parameters.............................................................230
Group B3: AIAO correction parameters.............................................................232
Group B4: Master-slave control parameters.....................................................233
Group B5: Brake function parameters...............................................................235
Group B6: Sleep wakeup function parameters..................................................238
Group U0: Fault logging parameters.................................................................241
Group U1: Application Monitoring Parameters..................................................241

Warranty
Warranty Card
Certificate of quality
Chapter 7 Synchronous Motor Open Loop Vector (SVC) Commissioning
Instructions
7.1 Set the synchronization type, control method and motor parameters.........246
7.2 Parameter identification...............................................................................246
7.3 No-load test run..........................................................................................246
7.4 Quick start test run......................................................................................246
7.5 Load and run..............................................................................................247
Chapter 8 EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility)
8.1 Definition.....................................................................................................250
8.2 Introduction to EMC Standards...................................................................250
8.3 EMC Guidance...........................................................................................250
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting and Countermeasures
9.1 Fault alarm and countermeasures...............................................................256
9.2 Common faults and their solutions..............................................................261
9.3 Common faults of synchronous motors and their solutions.........................263
Chapter 10 Appendix
Appendix A: Modbus communication protocol...................................................266
Appendix B: Accessories Selection....................................................................276
Appendix C: Mini Series introduction.................................................................280
Appendix D: Single Phase Output Series...........................................................283
Appendix E: 220V Input, 380V Output Series....................................................285
Appendix F: Elevator & Lift Series......................................................................287
Appendix G: Off Grid Solar Series.....................................................................293

Safety and Attentions
Chapter 1
1.1 Safety Matters.................................................................................................6
1.2 Use Considerations........................................................................................9

Chapter 1 Safety and Attentions
-6-
1.1 Safety Matters
Use Stage Safety Grade Precautions
Before
Installation
²Do not install the product if the package is with water,
or component is missing or broken;
²Do not install the product if the label on the package is
not identical to that on the inverter.
²Be careful of carrying or transportation. Risk of devices
damage;
²Do not use damaged product or the inverters missing
component .Risk of injury;
²Do not touch the parts of control system with bare
hands. Risk of ESD hazard.
²Installation base shall be metal or other non-flammable
material. Risk of fire;
²Do not install inverter in an environment containing
explosive gases, otherwise there is danger of explosion;
²Do not unscrew the fixing bolts, especially the bolts with
red mark.
Installation
CAUTION
DANGER
DANGER
²Do not leave cable strips or screws in the inverter. Risk
of inverter damage;
²Install the product at the place with less vibration and
no direct sunlight;
DANGER
Safety signs in this manual
DANGER
Dangers caused by operations beyond requirements
may lead to serious injury,and even death.
CAUTION
angers caused by operations beyond requirements
may lead to moderate damages or minor injuries, as
well equ-ipment damages.
Users are requested to read this chapter carefully when installing, commissioni-
ng and repairing this product and perform the operation according to safety
precautions as set forth in this chapter without fail. Our company will bear no
responsibility for any injury and loss as a result of any violation operation.
Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Safety and Attentions
²Consider the installation space for cooling purpose when
two or more inverters are placed in the same cabinet.
DANGER
Installation
Use Stage Safety Grade Precautions
Wiring
²Wiring must be performed by authorized and qualified
personnel. Risk of danger;
²Circuit-breaker should be installed between inverter
and the mains. Risk of fire;
²Make sure the input power supply has been completely
disconnected before wiring. Failure to comply may
result in personnel injury and/or equipment damage;
²Since overall leakage current of this equipment may be
bigger than 3.5mA, for safety's sake, this equipment
and its associated motor must be well grounded so as
to avoid risk of electric shock;
²Never connect the power cables to the output terminals
(U,V,W) of the AC drive. Pay attention to the marks of
the wiring terminals and ensure correct wiring. Failure
to comply will result in damage to the AC drive;
²Install braking resistors at terminals (P+)and (P- or PB)
only. Failure to comply may result in equipment
damage.
²Since all adjustable frequency AC drives from Our
company have been subjected to hi-pot test before
delivery, users are prohibited from implementing such a
test on this equipment. Failure to comply may result in
equipment damage.
²Signal wires should to the best of the possibility be
away from main power lines. If this cannot be ensured,
vertical cross-arrangement shall be implemented,
otherwise interference noise to control signal may
occur.
²If motor cables are longer than 100m, it is recommend-
ed output AC reactor be used. Failure to comply may
result in faults.
CAUTION
DANGER
²Inverter shall be power-on only after the front cover is
assembled. Risk of electrical hazard.
DANGER
Before
Power-on ²Verify that the input voltage is identical to the rated
voltage of product, correct wiring of input terminals R,
CAUTION
-7-
Chapter 1

Before
Power-on
S, T or L1, L2 and output terminals U, V, and W, wiring of
inverter and its peripheral circuits, and all wires should
be in good connection. Risk of inverter damage.
CAUTION
Use Stage Safety Grade Precautions
²Do not open the cover after power. Rick of electrical
hazard;
²Do not touches any input/output terminals of inverter
with bare hands. Rick of electrical hazard.
DANGER
After
Power-on ²If auto tuning is required, be careful of personal injury
when motor is running. Risk of accident;
²Do not change the defaults of parameters. Risk of
devices damage.
CAUTION
²Non-professionals shall not detect signals during
operation. Risk of personal injury or device damage;
²Do not touch the fan or the discharging resistor to
check the temperature. Failure to comply will result in
personal burnt.
DANGER
During
Operation
²Prevent any foreign items from being left in the devices
during operation. Risk of device damage;
²Do not control start/stop of inverter by ON/OFF of
contactor. Risk of device damage.
CAUTION
²Please do not make repair and maintenance over equ-
ipment in a charged state, or it will give rise to electric
shock hazard!
²AC drive can be put into maintenance and repair only
you confirm the AC drive charge light out, or the rema-
ining electric charge of capacitance will cause damages
to people!
²Any people who are not trained professionally cannot
make repair and maintenance, or it will cause personal
injuries or equipment troubles!
DANGER
Main-
tenance
-8-
Chapter 1 Safety and Attentions
Chapter 1

-9-
1.2 Use Considerations
1.2.1 Motor Insulation Inspection
When the motor is used for the first time or when the motor is reused after being
kept, or when periodical inspection is performed, insulation inspection shall be
conducted with motor so as to avoid damaging the inverter because of the
insulation failure of the motor windings. The motor wires must be disconnected
from the inverter during the insulation inspection. It is recommended to use the
500V mega meter, and the insulating resistance measured shall be 5MΩ at least.
1.2.2 Motor Thermal Protection
If the motor rating does not match that of the inverter, especially when the rated
power of the inverter is higher than that of the motor, adjust motor protection
parameters in the inverter or install thermal relay to protect motor.
1.2.3 Operating with the Frequency Higher than Grid Power Frequency
Output frequency of is 0.00Hz~500Hz. If is required to operate above
50.00Hz, please take the endurance of mechanical devices into consideration.
product
1.2.4 Mechanical Vibrations
Inverter may encounter mechanical resonance point of the load device at certain
output frequencies which can be avoided by setting the skip frequency paramet-
ers of the inverter.
1.2.5 Motor Heat and Noise
Since output voltage of inverter is PWM wave and contains a certain amount of
harmonics, so that the temperature, noise and vibration of the motor will be
higher than those when the inverter runs at grid power frequency.
1.2.6 Voltage-sensitive device or capacitor on output side of the AC drive
Do not install the capacitor for improving power factor or lightning protection
voltage-sensitive resistor on the output side of the AC drive because the output
of the AC drive is PWM wave. Otherwise, the AC drive may suffer transient
overcurrent or even be damaged.
1.2.7 Contactor at the I/O terminal of the AC drive
When a contactor is installed between the input side of the AC drive and the pow-
er supply, the AC drive must not be started or stopped by switching the contactor
on or off. If the AC drive has to be operated by the contactor, ensure that the time
interval between switching is at least one hour since frequent charge and discha-
rge will shorten the service life of the capacitor inside the AC drive;
Chapter 1 Safety and Attentions
Chapter 1

-10-
When a contactor is installed between the output side of the AC drive and the
motor, do not turn off the contactor when the AC drive is active. Otherwise,
modules inside the AC drive may be damaged.
1.2.8 Applied with the Rated Voltage
Apply with the rated voltage. Failure to comply will damage inverter. If
required, take a transformer to boost or step-down voltage.
product
1.2.9 Do Not Apply a 3-Phase Input Inverter to 2-Phase Input Applications
Do not apply a 3-phase input FR inverter to 2-phase input applications. Otherwise,
it will result in faults or damage inverter.
1.2.10 Lightning Protection
The product
certain self-protection capacity against the lightning. Additional protection devices
have to be installed between inverter and power supply in the area where lightning
occurs frequently.
has integrated lightning over-current protection device which has
1.2.11 Altitude De-rating
In places where the altitude is above 1000 m and the cooling effect reduces due
to thin air, it is necessary to de-rate the AC drive. Contact Our company for
technical support.
1.2.12 Adaptable Motor
Standard adaptive motor is quadrupole squirrel- cage asynchronous induction
motor. If it is not above- mentioned motor, please select AC drive upon rated
current of moter. If you need to drive permanent magnet synchronous motor,
please consult our company;
The cooling fan of non variable frequency motor and rotor spindle are coaxially
connected. While despinning, the fan cooling effect also declines at the same
time.Hence, for overheated occasion of moter, you shall install strong exhaust
fan or change variable frequency motor;
AC drives have built- in adaptive motor standard parameters. It is necessary to
make motor parameter identification or amend default values to accord with
actual values, or it will influence operation effects and protective values;
As short circuit existing inside cable or motor will cause inverter alarming,
enen explosion. Therefore, please make insulation short- circuit test of initial
installed motor and cable first. And the test also is necessary in routine
maintenance.
Chapter 1 Safety and Attentions
Chapter 1

Product Brief Introduction
Chapter 2
2.1 Position and content of nameplate................................................................12
2.2 Nameplate model description and rated parameters....................................12
2.3 Specifications and models of AC drives........................................................13
2.4 Technical Features........................................................................................15
2.5 All components schematic diagram of AC drive............................................18
2.6 Appearance and installation dimensions.......................................................19
2.7 External keyboard with tray installation dimension drawing..........................21
2.8 Optional accessories.....................................................................................22

Chapter 2 Product Brief Introduction
2.1 Position and content of nameplate
2.2 Nameplate model description and rated parameters
1
1.5 G
5
2 3
4 T - - B
4
No. Content
Code
Voltage Classification
Model
Accessory type
Adapted motor powe
Heavy-duty
Brake unit
S Single- T Three phase：phase ：
5
4
3
2
1
Voltage level 2：220V 4 380V：
0.75KW~400KW
-12-
MOD L: 4T-1.5G-B
SOURCE:
OUTPUT: 1.5KW 4A
E
PH AC380V 50/60HZ
0-600HZ
BDDG3DFDF122466
Chapter 2

Chapter 2 Product Brief Introduction
2.3 Specifications and models of AC drives
Single-phase 220V range: -15%~20%
2S-0.4G-B
5.4
2.3
0.4
2S-0.75G-B
8.2
4
0.75
2S-1.5G-B
14
7
1.5
2S-2.2G-B
23
9.6
2.2
2S-4.0G-B
32
17
4.0
2S-5.5G-B
45
15
5.5
Three-phase 380V range: -15%~20%
4T-0.75G/1.5P
3.4
2.1
0.75
4T-1.5G/2.2P
5.0/5.8
3.8/5.1
1.5/2.2
4T-2.2G/4.0P
5.8/10.5
5.1/9
2.2/3.7
4T-4.0G/5.5P
10.5/14.6
9/13
3.7/5.5
4T-5.5G/7.5P
14.6/20.5
13/17
5.5/7.5
4T-7.5G/9.0P
20.5/22
17/20
7.5/11
4T-9.0G/11P
22/26
20/25
18/24
4T-11G/15P
26/35
25/32
11/15
4T-15G/18P
35/38.5
32/37
15/18.5
4T-18G/22P
38.5/46.5
37/45
18.5/22
4T-22G/30P
46.5/62
45/60
22/30
4T-30G/37P
62/76
60/75
30/37
4T-37G/45P
76/92
75/90
37/45
4T-45G/55P
92/113
90/110
45/55
4T-55G/75P
113/157
110/152
55/75
4T-75G/93P
157/180
152/176
75/93
4T-93G/110P
180/214
176/210
93/110
4T-110G/132P
214/256
210/253
110/132
4T-132G/160P
256/307
253/304
132/160
4T-160G/185P
307/345
304/340
160/185
4T-185G/200P
345/385
340/380
185/200
4T-200G/220P
385/430
380/426
200/220
4T-220G/250P
430/468
426/465
220/250
4T-250G/280P
468/525
465/520
250/280
4T-280G/315P
525/590
520/585
280/315
4T-315G/355P
590/665
585/650
315/350
Adaptive
motor (KW)
Rated output
current(A)
Rated input
current (A)
Models
-13-
Chapter 2

Chapter 2 Product Brief Introduction
-14-
4T-355G/400P
665/785
650/725
350/400
4T-400G/450P
785/883
725/820
400/450
4T-450G/500P
883/920
820/900
450/500
4T-500G/550P
920/1020
900/1000
500/550
4T-550G/630P
1020/1120
1000/1100
550/630
4T-630G
1120
1100
630
4T-710G
1315
1250
710
4T-800G
1525
1450
800
Three-phase 660V~690 range: -15%~20%
7T-11G
15.6
15
11
7T-15G
21
20
15
7T-18G
26
24
18.5
7T-22G
32
28
22
7T-30G
42
38
30
7T-37G
49.5
47
37
7T-45G
58
55
45
7T-55G
70
65
55
7T-75G
90
86
75
7T-93G
105
100
93
7T-110G
130
120
110
7T-132G
170
150
132
7T-160G
200
175
160
7T-185G
208
198
185
7T-200G
235
215
200
7T-220G
247
245
220
7T-250G
265
260
250
7T-280G
305
299
280
7T-315G
350
330
315
7T-355G
382
374
350
7T-400G
435
410
400
7T-450G
490
465
450
7T-500G
595
550
500
7T-550G
605
600
550
7T-630G
684
650
630
7T-710G
768.5
730
710
Adaptive
motor (KW)
Rated output
current(A)
Rated input
current (A)
Models
Chapter 2

2.4 Technical Features
Control performance
Technical Features
Description
Highest frequency
Vector control: 0～600Hz
VF control: 0～1200Hz
Carrier frequency
1K～15kHz; the carrier frequency can be adjusted
automatically according to the load characteristics.
Input frequency
resolution
Digital setting: 0.01Hz
Analog setting: maximum frequency × 0.1%
Control mode
Open loop vector control (SVC), V/F control
Starting torque
G type machine: 0.5Hz/180% (open loop vector control)
P type machine: 0.5Hz/120% (open loop vector control)
Speed range
1: 200 (open loop vector control)
Steady speed accuracy
(speed control accuracy)
Open-loop vector control: ≤±0.5% (rated synchronous
speed)
Speed control stability
Open-loop vector control: ≤±0.3% (rated synchronous
speed)
Torque Response
≤40ms (open loop vector control)
Overload capability
Model G: 150% rated current for 60 seconds; 180% rated
current for 5 seconds
P-type machine: 120% rated current for 60 seconds;
150% rated current for 5 seconds
Torque boost
Automatic torque boost; manual torque boost 0.1%～
30.0%
V/F curve
Three ways: linear type; multi-point type; square type V/F
curve
Acceleration and
deceleration curve
Linear or S-curve acceleration and deceleration mode;
four kinds of acceleration and deceleration time;
acceleration and deceleration time range 0.0s ~ 3000.0s
DC brake
DC braking frequency: 0.0Hz～maximum frequency,
braking time: 0.0～36.0 seconds, braking action current
value: 0.0%～100.0%
Jogging Control
Jog frequency range: 0.00Hz～50.00Hz; Jog acceleration
and deceleration time 0.0s～3000.0s
Simple PLC & multi step
speed operation
Built-in PLC or control terminal,16 steps speed can be set
Built-in PID
Process control closed-loop control system can be easily
realized
Chapter 2 Product Brief Introduction
-15-
Chapter 2

Chapter 2 Product Brief Introduction
-16-
Control
performance
Technical Features
Description
Automatic voltage
regulation(AVR)
When the grid voltage changes, it can automatically keep the
output voltage constant
Torque Limiting and
Control
"Excavator" feature, automatically limit the torque during
operation to prevent frequent overcurrent tripping; closed-loop
vector mode can realize torque control
Personalization
Power-on peripheral
device safety self-check
It can realize safety detection of peripheral equipment such as
grounding, short circuit, etc.
Common DC bus
function
It can realize the function of sharing the DC bus of multiple
inverters
JOG key
Programmable keys: forward and reverse running/jog running
function selection
Textile swing
frequency control
Various triangular wave frequency control functions
Fast current limiting
function
The built-in fast current limiting algorithm reduces the
probability of overcurrent reported by the inverter and
improves the anti-interference ability of the whole machine
Timing control
Timing control function: Set time range 0h~65535h
Standardized keyboard
extension cables
Customers can use standard network cables to extend the
keyboard.
Run
Run command channel
Three channels: operation panel given, control terminal given,
serial communication port given. Switchable in a variety of
ways
Frequency source
There are 10 kinds of frequency sources: digital given, analog
voltage given, analog current given, pulse given, serial port
given. Switchable in a variety of ways
Auxiliary frequency
source
10 auxiliary frequency sources. Auxiliary frequency fine-tuning
and frequency synthesis can be flexibly realized
Input terminal
Standard five digital input terminals, up to ten digital input
terminals (AI1, AI2 can be used as DI terminals), compatible
with active PNP or NPN input mode
Two analog input terminals, of which AI1 can only be used as
voltage input, and AI2 can be used as voltage or current input.
(If you need to expand the functions of input and output
terminals, please choose an expansion card)
Output terminal
Digital output terminal (bipolar output)
Relay output terminal
Analog output terminals, 0/4mA~20mA or 0/2V~10V can be
selected respectively, which can realize the output of physical
quantities such as set frequency, output frequency, speed, etc.
Chapter 2

Chapter 2 Product Brief Introduction
-17-
Technical Features
Description
Display and
keyboard
LED Display
Display parameters
LCD Display
Optional, Chinese/English prompt operation content
LCD parameter copy
Fast replication of parameters using LCD
Key lock and function
selection
Part or all of the keys can be locked, and the scope of
action of some keys can be defined to prevent misoperation
Protection and
Options
Protective function
Power-on motor short-circuit detection, input and output
phase loss protection, overcurrent protection, overvoltage
protection, undervoltage protection, overheating protection,
overload protection, etc.
Optional accessories
LCD operation panel, brake assembly, etc.
State
Place of use
Indoor, no direct sunlight, no dust, corrosive gas, flammable
gas, oil mist, water vapor, dripping water or salt, etc.
Altitude
Below 1000 meters
Ambient temperature
-10℃～＋50℃ (Ambient temperature is 40℃～50℃, please
use with derating)
Humidity
Less than 95%RH, no condensation
Vibration
Less than 5.9m/s2 (0.6g)
Storage temperature
-20℃～＋60℃
Pollution level
2
Product
Standards
Product implementa-
tion of safety
standards
IEC61800-5-1:2007
Products comply with
EMC standards
IEC61800-3:2005
Chapter 2

2.5 All components schematic diagram of AC drive
The following picture is all components and names of below 22KW plastic shell
AC drive.
No.
Name
Description
❶
Cabinet-cover
Protect the internal components.
❷
Keypad
Refer to chapter4 "Keypad operating procedures."
❸
Lower-cover
Protect the internal components.
❹
Fan-cover
Protection fan.
❺
Bottom Board
Inverter protection
❻
Middle frame
Including Power Boards
❼
Series Label
Refer to 2.3 "Naming Rules".
❽
Dust prevention
To Prevent Dust
❾
Screw Hole
To make VFD firm with screw
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
6
Chapter 2 Product Brief Introduction
-18-
Chapter 2

2.6 Appearance and installation dimensions
Schematic diagram of plastic dimensions
and installation dimensions below 22KW
Schematic diagram of overall dimensions and installation
dimensions of 30~132KW sheet metal chassis
160KW Inverter Dimensions and Installation Dimensions
Chapter 2 Product Brief Introduction
-19-
Chapter 2