Worx WG471E User manual
WG471E WG471E.9
P07
P15
2x20V Snow Thrower EN
[9ȟțȓȑȜȜȥȖȟȠȖȠȓșȪ 58
6
3
4
5
1
2
8
7
14
10
9
11
12
13
A1
A4
A3
A2
A5 A6
C3
C1
B
C2
D2
D1
100%
0%
16
15
2
1
E1
G
F
E2
HI
17
M
K
J
L
N2
N1
8
Snow Thrower EN
PRODUCT SAFETY
GENERAL POWER TOOL
SAFETY WARNINGS
WARNING Read all safety warnings,
instructions, illustrations and
specifications provided with this power
tool. Failure to follow all instructions listed below
may result in electric shock, fire and/or serious
injury.
Save all warnings and instructions for future
reference.
The term “power tool” in the warnings refers to your
mains-operated (corded) power tool or battery-
operated (cordless) power tool.
1) Work area safety
a) Keep work area clean and well lit. Cluttered
or dark areas invite accidents.
b) Do not operate power tools in explosive
atmospheres, such as in the presence of
flammable liquids, gases or dust. Power
tools create sparks which may ignite the dust or
fumes.
c) Keep children and bystanders away while
operating a power tool. Distractions can
cause you to lose control.
2) Electrical safety
a) Power tool plugs must match the outlet.
Never modify the plug in any way. Do not
use any adapter plugs with earthed (grounded)
power tools. Unmodified plugs and matching
outlets will reduce risk of electric shock.
b) Avoid body contact with earthed or
grounded surfaces, such as pipes,
radiators, ranges and refrigerators.There is
an increased risk of electric shock if your body is
earthed or grounded.
c) Do not expose power tools to rain or wet
conditions. Water entering a power tool will
increase the risk of electric shock.
d) Do not abuse the cord. Never use the
cord for carrying, pulling or unplugging
the power tool. Keep cord away from heat,
oil, sharp edges or moving parts. Damaged or
entangled cords increase the risk of electric
shock.
e) When operating a power tool outdoors, use
an extension cord suitable for outdoor use.
Use of a cord suitable for outdoor use reduces
the risk of electric shock.
f) If operating a power tool in a damp location
is unavoidable, use a residual current
device (RCD) protected supply. Use of an
RCD reduces the risk of electric shock.
3) Personal safety
a) Stay alert, watch what you are doing and
use common sense when operating a
power tool. Do not use a power tool while you
are tired or under the influence of drugs, alcohol
or medication. A moment of inattention while
operating power tools may result in serious
personal injury.
b) Use personal protective equipment. Always
wear eye protection. Protective equipment
such as dust mask, non-skid safety shoes, hard
hat, or hearing protection used for appropriate
conditions will reduce personal injuries.
c) Prevent unintentional starting. Ensure
the switch is in the off-position before
connecting to power source and/or battery
pack, picking up or carrying the tool.
Carrying power tools with your finger on the
switch or energising power tools that have the
switch on invites accidents.
d) Remove any adjusting key or wrench
before turning the power tool on. A wrench
or a key left attached to a rotating part of the
power tool may result in personal injury.
e) Do not overreach. Keep proper footing
and balance at all times. This enables
better control of the power tool in unexpected
situations.
f) Dress properly. Do not wear loose clothing
or jewellery. Keep your hair and clothing away
from moving parts. Loose clothes, jewellery or
long hair can be caught in moving parts.
g) If devices are provided for the connection
of dust extraction and collection facilities,
ensure these are connected and properly
used. Use of dust collection can reduce dust-
related hazards.
h) Do not let familiarity gained from frequent
use of tools allow you to become
complacent and ignore tool safety
principles. A careless action can cause severe
injury within a fraction of a second.
4) Power tool use and care
a) Do not force the power tool. Use the correct
power tool for your application.The correct
power tool will do the job better and safer at the
rate for which it was designed.
b) Do not use the power tool if the switch
does not turn it on and off. Any power tool
that cannot be controlled with the switch is
dangerous and must be repaired.
c) Disconnect the plug from the power
source and/or remove the battery pack,
if detachable, from the power tool before
making any adjustments, changing
accessories, or storing power tools. Such
preventive safety measures reduce the risk of
starting the power tool accidentally.
d) Store idle power tools out of the reach
of children and do not allow persons
unfamiliar with the power tool or these
instructions to operate the power tool.
Power tools are dangerous in the hands of
untrained users.
e) Maintain power tools and accessories.
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Snow Thrower EN
Check for misalignment or binding of moving
parts, breakage of parts and any other condition
that may affect the power tool’s operation. If
damaged, have the power tool repaired before
use. Many accidents are caused by poorly
maintained power tools.
f) Keep cutting tools sharp and clean. Properly
maintained cutting tools with sharp cutting
edges are less likely to bind and are easier to
control.
g) Use the power tool, accessories and
tool bits etc. in accordance with these
instructions, taking into account the
working conditions and the work to
be performed. Use of the power tool for
operations different from those intended could
result in a hazardous situation.
h) Keep handles and grasping surfaces dry,
clean and free from oil and grease. Slippery
handles and grasping surfaces do not allow
for safe handling and control of the tool in
unexpected situations.
5) Battery tool use and care
a) Recharge only with the charger specified
by the manufacturer. A charger that is suitable
for one type of battery pack may create a risk of
fire when used with another battery pack.
b) Use power tools only with specifically
designated battery packs. Use of any other
battery packs may create a risk of injury and fire.
c) When battery pack is not in use, keep it
away from other metal objects, like paper
clips, coins, keys, nails, screws or other
small metal objects, that can make a
connection from one terminal to another.
Shorting the battery terminals together may
cause burns or a fire.
d) Under abusive conditions, liquid may be
ejected from the battery; avoid contact.
If contact accidentally occurs, flush with
water. If liquid contacts eyes, additionally seek
medical help. Liquid ejected from the battery
may cause irritation or burns.
e) Do not use a battery pack or tool that is
damaged or modified. Damaged or modified
batteries may exhibit unpredictable behaviour
resulting in fire, explosion or risk of injury.
f) Do not expose a battery pack or tool to fire
or excessive temperature. Exposure to fire or
temperature above 130 °C may cause explosion.
g) Follow all charging instructions and do not
charge the battery pack or tool outside
the temperature range specified in the
instructions. Charging improperly or at
temperatures outside the specified range may
damage the battery and increase the risk of fire.
6) Service
a) Have your power tool serviced by a
qualified repair person using only identical
replacement parts. This will ensure that the
safety of the power tool is maintained.
b) Never service damaged battery packs.
Service of battery packs should only be
performed by the manufacturer or authorized
service providers.
Safety instructions for snowthrowers.
Training
1) Read the operating and service instruction
manual carefully. Be thoroughly familiar with the
controls and the proper use of the equipment.
Know how to stop the unit and disengage the
controls quickly.
2) Never allow children to operate the equipment.
Never allow adults to operate the equipment
without proper instruction.
3) Keep the area of operation clear of all persons,
particularly small children, and pets.
4) Exercise caution to avoid slipping or falling,
especially when operating in reverse.
Preparation
1) Thoroughly inspect the area where the
equipment is to be used and remove all
doormats, sleds, boards, wires, and other
foreign objects.
2) Do not operate the equipment without wearing
adequate winter garments. Wear footwear which
will improve footing on slippery surfaces.
3) Adjust the collector housing height to clear
gravel or crushed rock surface.
4) Never attempt to make any adjustments while
the motor is running (except where specifically
recommended by manufacturer).
5) The operation of any powered machine can
result in foreign objects being thrown into
the eyes. Always wear safety glasses or eye
shields during operation or while performing an
adjustment or repair.
Operation
1) Do not put hands or feet near or under rotating
parts, Keep clear of the discharge opening at all
times.
2) Exercise extreme caution when operating on
or crossing gravel drives, walks, or roads. Stay
alert for hidden hazards or traffic.
3) After striking a forging object, stop the motor,
remove battery pack from the machine,
thoroughly inspect the snowthrower for
any damage, and repair the damage before
restarting and operating the snowthrower.
4) If the machine starts to vibrate abnormally, stop
the motor and check immediately for the cause.
Vibration is generally a warning of trouble.
5) Stop the motor whenever you leave the
operating position, before unclogging the
collector/impeller housing or discharge guide,
and when making any repairs, adjustments, or
inspections.
6) When cleaning, repairing, or inspecting, make
certain the collector/impeller and all moving
10
Snow Thrower EN
parts have stopped. Remove battery pack from
the machine to prevent accidental starting.
7) Do not clear snow across the face of slopes,
Exercise extreme caution when changing
direction on slopes. Do not attempt to clear
steep slopes.
8) Never operate the snowthrower without proper
guards, plates or other safety protective devices
in place.
9) Never operate the snowthrower near glass
enclosures, automobiles, window wells, offs,
etc. without pro-per adjustment of the snow
discharge angle. Keep children and pets away.
10) Do not overload the machine capacity by
attempting to clear snow at too fast a rate.
11) Never operate the machine at high transport
speeds on slippery surfaces. Use care when
reversing.
12) Never direct discharge at bystanders or allow
anyone in front of the unit.
13) Disengage power to the collector/impeller when
snowthrower is transported or not in use.
14) Use only attachments and accessories approved
by the manufacturer of snowthrower (such as
wheel weights, counterweights, cabs, etc.).
15) Never operate the snowthrower without good
visibility or light. Always be sure of your footing,
and keep a firm hold on the handles. Walk; never
run.
Clearing a Clogged Discharge Chute
Hand contact with the rotating impeller inside the
discharge chute is the most common cause of injury
associated with snow throwers. Never use your
hand to clean out the discharge chute.
To clear the chute:
1. SHUTTHE MOTOR OFF!
2. Wait 10 seconds to be sure the impeller blades
have stopped rotating.
3. Always use a clean-out tool, not your hands.
Maintenance and storage
1) Check motor-mounted bolts, etc., at frequent
intervals for proper tightness to be sure the
equipment is in safe working condition.
2) Always refer to owner’s guide instructions for
important details if the snowthrower is to be
stored for an extended period
3) Maintain or replace safety and instructions
labels, as necessary.
4) Run the machine a few minutes after throwing
snow to prevent freeze-up of the collector/
Impeller.
SAFETY WARNINGS FOR
BATTERY PACK
a) Do not dismantle, open or shred cells or
battery pack.
b) Do not short-circuit a battery pack. Do not
store battery packs haphazardly in a box or
drawer where they may short-circuit each
other or be short-circuited by conductive
materials. When battery pack is not in use,
keep it away from other metal objects, like paper
clips, coins, keys, nails, screws or other small
metal objects, that can make a connection from
one terminal to another. Shorting the battery
terminals together may cause burns or a fire.
c) Do not expose battery pack to heat or fire.
Avoid storage in direct sunlight.
d) Do not subject battery pack to mechanical
shock.
e) In the event of battery leaking, do not
allow the liquid to come into contact
with the skin or eyes. If contact has been
made, wash the affected area with copious
amounts of water and seek medical advice.
f) Seek medical advice immediately if a cell
or battery pack has been swallowed.
g) Keep battery pack clean and dry.
h) Wipe the battery pack terminals with a
clean dry cloth if they become dirty.
i) Battery pack needs to be charged before
use. Always refer to this instruction and
use the correct charging procedure.
j) Do not maintain battery pack on charge
when not in use.
k) After extended periods of storage, it may
be necessary to charge and discharge
the battery pack several times to obtain
maximum performance.
l) Battery pack gives its best performance
when it is operated at normal room
temperature (20 °C ± 5 °C).
m) When disposing of battery packs, keep
battery packs of different electrochemical
systems separate from each other.
n) Recharge only with the charger specified
by WORX.Do not use any charger other
than that specifically provided for use with
the equipment. A charger that is suitable for
one type of battery pack may create a risk of fire
when used with another battery pack.
o) Do not use any battery pack which is not
designed for use with the equipment.
p) Keep battery pack out of the reach of
children.
q) Retain the original product literature for
future reference.
r) Remove the battery from the equipment
when not in use.
s) Dispose of properly.
t) Do not mix cells of different manufacture,
capacity, size or type within a device.
u) Do not remove battery pack from its
original packaging until required for use.
v) Observe the plus (+) and minus (–) marks
on the battery and ensure correct use.
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Snow Thrower EN
SYMBOLS
Warning
Read the operator’s manual.
Wear ear protection
Wear safety footwear
Wear protective gloves
Wear face shield
Wear head protection
Avoid injury from rotating auger
– Keep hands, feet, and clothing
away.
Shut off motor before unclogging
discharge chute.
Li-I on
Li-I on
Li-Ion battery.This product has
been marked with a symbol
relating to ‘separate collection’ for
all battery packs and battery pack. It
will then be recycled or dismantled
in order to reduce the impact on
the environment. Battery packs can
be hazardous for the environment
and for human health since they
contain hazardous substances.
Do not burn
Batteries may enter water cycle if
disposed improperly, which can
be hazardous for ecosystem. Do
not dispose of waste batteries as
unsorted municipal waste.
Remove battery from the snow
thrower before carrying out
any adjustment, servicing or
maintenance.
12
Snow Thrower EN
COMPONENT LIST
1. LOCK-OFF BUTTON
2. OPERATING BAIL
3. UPPER HANDLE
4. LOWER HANDLE
5. BATTERY PACK COVER
6. CHUTE DEFLECTOR
7. DISCHARGE CHUTE
8.
HANDLE LOCKING KNOB (WITH BOLTS AND WASHERS)
9. CABLE CLIP
10. MIDDLE HANDLE
11. CHUTE ROTATION SHAFT
12. CHUTE ROTATION HANDLE
13. LED LIGHTS
14. AUGER
15. BATTERY PACK*(SEE FIG. H)
16. BATTERY POWER INDICATOR (SEE FIG. H)
17. SCRAPER (SEE FIG. M)
* Not all the accessories illustrated or
described are included in standard delivery.
TECHNICAL DATA
Type WG471E WG471E.9 (4 - designation of
machinery, representative of Battery-operated
snow thrower)
WG471E
WG471E.9
Rated voltage 40V Max. (2x20V Max.**)
Max. No-load speed 2300/min
Clearing width 51cm
Snow intake height
/ depth 25cm
Operation type Single-Stage
Throw distance 6m
Wheel size 20cm
Battery type Lithium-ion
Battery model WA3553 (4.0Ah) /
Charger model WA3883 /
Charger rating
Input: 100-240V~50-
60Hz, 100W
Output 1: 20V ,
2.0A ***
Output 2: 20V ,
2.0A ***
/
Charging time (ap-
prox.)
Battery pack:
4.0 Ah (1pc)
4.0 Ah (2pcs)
1hr
2hrs
/
Machine weight 19kg 16.2kg
**Voltage measured without workload. Initial bat-
tery voltage reaches maximum of 20 volts. Nominal
voltage is 18 volts.
***Charger output 1 and output 2 means two ports
with the same output voltage and current.
ACCESSORIES
WG471E
WG471E.9
Battery pack (WA3553) 2 /
Charger (WA3883) 1 /
Cable clip 2 2
Hex key 1 1
We recommend that you purchase your accessories
from the same store that sold you the tool. Refer to
the accessory packaging for further details. Store
personnel can assist you and offer advice.
13
Snow Thrower EN
OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS
NOTE: Read instruction handbook before
operation this machine.
INTENDED USE:
This tool is intended for snow throwing. It is only for
outdoor usage.
ASSEMBLY AND OPERATION
ACTION FIGURE
ASSEMBLY
Assembling the handle bar
NOTE: Choose one of the two
holes in the upper handle for
desired handle’s height when
attaching the upper handle.
Do not over tighten the handle
locking knob in case it cannot
be locked.
IMPORTANT: When attaching
the middle handle, make
sure the chute rotation shaft
mounting hole on the middle
handle is facing downwards
(side of bar where hole is
indented).
See Fig. A1-A6
Using the cable clips See Fig. B
Assembling the chute crank
NOTE: Make sure the chute
rotation shaft rest below the
middle handle.
See Fig. C1-C3
Assembling the discharge chute
NOTE: When attaching, make
sure the discharge chute fully
seated into position and gently
pulling it outwards to make
sure it is locked into position
securely.
See Fig. D1, D2
Adjusting throw direction and
throw height
NOTE:The discharge chute
can be adjusted 180 degrees
by rotating the chute rotation
handle.
WARNING: Never direct
the snow discharge
chute at the operator, at
bystanders, at vehicles or at
nearby windows. The
discharged snow and foreign
objects accidentally picked
up by the snow thrower can
cause serious damage and
personal injury. Always
orient the discharge chute in
the opposite direction from
where you, bystanders,
surrounding vehicles, or
windows are located.
WARNING: Make sure that
the chute deflector snaps
and locks completely
onto the discharge chute.
An opening between the
discharge chute and the
chute deflector may allow
foreign objects to be picked
up by the snow thrower and
thrown in the direction of
the operator causing serious
boldly injury.
Do not advance the chute
deflector too far forward
causing an opening to
appear between the chute
deflector and discharge
chute.
See Fig. E1, E2
Checking the battery charge
condition See Fig. F
Charging the battery pack
NOTE: The battery is shipped
uncharged.The battery must
be fully charged before the first
mow.
Always fully charge the two
batteries at same time. More
details can be found in charger’s
manual.
See Fig. G
Fitting/Removing battery
NOTE:
This machine will only run when
2 batteries are installed. It is
recommended to use the same
two batteries and charge the two
batteries at the same time.
When you use two batteries with
different power, the machine will
only run to the lower common
denominator.
See Fig. H
14
Snow Thrower EN
OPERATION
Starting & stopping See Fig. I
Battery power indicator on the
machine
See details in BATTERY STATUS
part
IMPORTANT
When only one light is
illuminated, at least one
battery is almost depleted
and needs to be charged,
even though the snow
thrower may still be capable
of cutting grass. Continuing
to operate your snow
thrower with the battery in
this discharged condition
may reduce the life and
performance of your battery.
When no light is illuminated,
at least one battery is not
fully installed or battery may
be defective, please double
check the batteries are fully
seated into position.
See Fig. J
LED lights
To turn on the light, with one
hand press and hold the lock-off
button, with the other hand
squeeze the operating bail
towards the upper handle. When
you release the operating bail,
the light will be off.
LED lighting increases visibility -
great for dark or enclosed area.
See Fig. K
BATTERY STATUS (See Fig. J)
Before starting or after use, press the button beside
the power indicator light on the machine to check
the battery capacity. During operation, the battery
capacity will be indicated automatically by the
battery power indicator.
The indicator constantly senses and displays the
battery condition as follows.
For the machine with 2 battery packs with different
power, the power indicator light displays the battery
condition with the lower one of the two batteries.
Battery power
indicator status
Battery condition
Five green lights
( ) are
illuminated.
The two batteries are
fully charged.
Two, three or four
green lights are
illuminated.
The two batteries have
a remaining charge.The
more lights are illumi-
nated, the more battery
capacity.
Only one green
light ( ) is
illuminated.
At least one battery is
almost depleted and
needs to be charged.
No light is illumi-
nated.
At least one battery is
not fully installed or bat-
tery may be defective.
Only one light is
flashing twice per
cycle.
At least one battery is
over discharged (please
refer to the battery
charge condition),
please recharge the two
batteries at once before
use again or storage.
Only one light
is flashing three
times per cycle.
At least one battery is
hot, wait for them cool
down before start again.
Only one light
is flashing four
times per cycle.
The machine is over
load.
HOW TO CLEAR A DRIVEWAY/EXPERTS OFFER
TACTICAL TIPS (See Fig. L)
SNOW THROWER (NON-WINDY CONDITIONS)
(1) Cut a path straight down the middle of the drive-
way with the discharge chute facing left.
(2) Without adjusting the discharge chute, turn ma-
chine around 180 degrees.
(3) Return to driveway’s start.Turn machine the same
direction as before.
(4) Continue making circles outward in this direction
until the driveway is clear.
MAINTENANCE
Important: All electrical repairs should be
performed only by an Authorized Service
Dealer.
NOTE: Determine the left and right sides of the
machine from the normal operating position.
WARNING: If the extension cord is
plugged into the snow thrower, someone
could accidentally operate snow thrower while
you are performing maintenance on it, causing
serious personal injury.
Remove the battery pack before you perform
15
Snow Thrower EN
any maintenance.
1. GENERAL MAINTENANCE TIPS
(1) Do not attempt to repair the machine unless
you have the proper tools and instructions for
disassembly and repair of the machine.
(2) Check bolts at frequent intervals for proper
tightness to ensure that the equipment is in safe
working condition.
(3) After each snow removal session, run the snow
thrower for a few minutes to prevent the auger from
freezing. Shut off the motor, wait for all revolving
parts to stop completely, and wipe residual ice and
snow off the unit. Rotate the chute rotation handle
several times to remove any excess snow.
2. REPLACING THE SCRAPER (See Fig. M)
The scraper (17) is located at the base of the snow
thrower beneath the rotor housing.
(1) Detach the worn scraper from the snow thrower
by removing the 3 screws that hold it in place.
(2) Install the new scraper and fasten it securely to
the snow thrower with 3 screws.
STORAGE
1. Allow the motor to cool and clean the snow
thrower before storing or transporting. Be sure to
secure the unit while transporting.
2. Remove the battery pack from the snow thrower.
3. Inspect the snow thrower carefully for worn,
loose, or damaged parts. Check connections and
screws and tighten if necessary. For repairing or
replacing parts, contact your WORX dealer.
4. Store the unit, along with the removed battery
packs, in a locked, dry place out of the reach of
children to prevent unauthorized use or damage.
Cover loosely with a tarp for added protection.
5. To aid storage, release the handle locking knob,
and fold the upper handle as shown in Fig. N1,
N2.
For battery tools
The ambient temperature range for the use and
storage of tool and battery is 0°C-45°C (32°F-113°F).
The snow blower may not properly start if its battery
temperature is -4°F (-20°C) or less. If unit doesn’t
start, remove the battery from the snow blower and
allow it to warm indoors for 10 minutes or longer.
Reinstall the battery and try again.
The recommended ambient temperature range for
the charging system during charging is 0°C-40°C
(32°F-104°F).
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
Disposal
The machine, its accessories and
packaging materials should be sorted
for environmentally friendly recycling.
The plastic components are labeled for
categorized recycling.
TROUBLE SHOOTING
The following table gives checks and actions that you can perform if your machine does not operate correctly.
If these do not identify and correct the problem, contact your service agent.
WARNING: Switch the machine off and remove the battery prior to any troubleshooting.
PROBLEM POSSIBLE CAUSE SOLUTION
The handle is not in position. Handle locking knobs are not
secured.
Make sure that the knobs are fully
tightened and closed.
The snow thrower doesn’t start.
Lock-off button is not
depressed.
The operating bail is defective.
Battery capacity is low.
The battery is not attached to
the motor.
Press the lock-off button and then
squeeze the operating bail.
Have the switch replaced by an
authorized service center.
Charge the battery.
Check the connection between the
motor connector and the battery.
The motor is on, but the auger
does not turn. The belt is worn or damaged. Replace the belt.
The snow thrower leaves a thin
layer of snow behind. The scraper is worn. Please refer to “REPLACINGTHE
SCRAPER” section in this manual.
16
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ɇɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɜɫɟɯɧɢɠɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣɢ
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣɦɨɠɟɬɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢɤɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɬɨɤɨɦɩɨɠɚɪɭɢɢɥɢɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦɬɪɚɜɦɚɦ
ǿǼȃǾǮǻǶȀdzǰǿdzǶǻǿȀǾȁǸȄǶǶǶ
ǽǾdzDzǼǿȀdzǾdzǴdzǻǶȍDzǹȍDzǮǹȊǻdzǷȆdzDZǼ
ǶǿǽǼǹȊǵǼǰǮǻǶȍ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ³ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ´ɜɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹɤɜɚɲɟɦɭɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɭɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ
ɨɬɫɟɬɢɲɧɭɪɢɥɢɤɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɭɫ
ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣɧɵɦɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ
ǯdzǵǼǽǮǿǻǼǿȀȊǾǮǯǼȅdzǷǵǼǻȉ
DDzȓȞȔȖȠȓȞȎȏȜȥȡȬȕȜțȡȥȖȟȠȜȗȖ
ȣȜȞȜȦȜȜȟȐȓȧȓțțȜȗɁɚɝɪɨɦɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟɢɥɢ
ɡɚɬɟɦɧɟɧɧɵɟɡɨɧɵɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɤɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɦ
EǻȓȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȩ
ȐȜȐȕȞȩȐȜȜȝȎȟțȩȣȟȞȓȒȎȣțȎȝȞȖȚȓȞȐ
ȝȞȖȟȡȠȟȠȐȖȖșȓȑȘȜȐȜȟȝșȎȚȓțȭȬȧȖȣȟȭ
ȔȖȒȘȜȟȠȓȗȑȎȕȜȐȖșȖȝȩșȖ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɢɫɤɪɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɶɩɵɥɶɢɥɢɩɚɪɵ
FDzȓȞȔȖȠȓȒȓȠȓȗȖȝȞȜȣȜȔȖȣȐȟȠȜȞȜțȓȐȜ
ȐȞȓȚȭȞȎȏȜȠȩȟȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȜȚ
Ɉɬɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɟɮɚɤɬɨɪɵɦɨɝɭɬɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢɤɩɨɬɟɪɟ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹɧɚɞɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ
ȋǹdzǸȀǾǼǯdzǵǼǽǮǿǻǼǿȀȊ
DǰȖșȘȖȟȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȜȚȒȜșȔțȩ
ȟȜȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȪȞȜȕȓȠȘȓɇɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɣɬɟɲɬɟɩɫɟɥɶɤɚɤɢɦɥɢɛɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɥɸɛɵɟɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɢɤɢ
ɫɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɧɵɦɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢɇɟ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɜɢɥɤɢɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɪɨɡɟɬɤɢɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɪɢɫɤɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɬɨɤɨɦ
EǶȕȏȓȑȎȗȠȓȘȜțȠȎȘȠȎȠȓșȎȟ
ȕȎȕȓȚșȓțțȩȚȖȝȜȐȓȞȣțȜȟȠȭȚȖ
ȠȎȘȖȚȖȘȎȘȠȞȡȏȩȞȎȒȖȎȠȜȞȩȝșȖȠȩȖ
ȣȜșȜȒȖșȪțȖȘȖɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣɪɢɫɤ
ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɬɨɤɨɦɟɫɥɢɜɚɲɟɬɟɥɨ
ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɨ
FǻȓȝȜȒȐȓȞȑȎȗȠȓȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠ
ȐȜȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȬȒȜȔȒȭȖșȖȐșȎȔțȜȟȠȖȼɨɞɚ
ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɚɹɜɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɪɢɫɤ
ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɬɨɤɨɦ
GǵȎȝȞȓȧȎȓȠȟȭȝȞȖȚȓțȭȠȪȦțȡȞțȓȝȜ
țȎȕțȎȥȓțȖȬɇɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟɲɧɭɪ
ɞɥɹɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɤɢɜɵɬɹɝɢɜɚɧɢɹɢɥɢɨɬɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚȾɟɪɠɢɬɟɲɧɭɪɜɞɚɥɢɨɬ
ɬɟɩɥɚɦɚɫɥɚɨɫɬɪɵɯɤɪɚɟɜɢɥɢɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯɫɹ
ɱɚɫɬɟɣɉɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɟɢɥɢɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɵɟɲɧɭɪɵ
ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɪɢɫɤɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɬɨɤɨɦ
HǽȞȖȞȎȏȜȠȓȟȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȜȚ
țȎȜȠȘȞȩȠȜȚȐȜȕȒȡȣȓȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓ
ȡȒșȖțȖȠȓșȪȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓțțȩȗȒșȭ
ȖȟȝȜșȪȕȜȐȎțȖȭțȎȜȠȘȞȩȠȜȚȐȜȕȒȡȣȓ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɲɧɭɪɚɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɞɥɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɧɚɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦɜɨɡɞɭɯɟɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɪɢɫɤ
ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɬɨɤɨɦ
IdzȟșȖȞȎȏȜȠȎȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȎȐȜ
ȐșȎȔțȜȚȚȓȟȠȓțȓȖȕȏȓȔțȎȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓ
ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȕȎȧȖȠțȜȑȜȜȠȘșȬȥȓțȖȭ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɍɁɈɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɪɢɫɤɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɬɨɤɨɦ
ǹǶȅǻǮȍǯdzǵǼǽǮǿǻǼǿȀȊ
DǯȡȒȪȠȓȐțȖȚȎȠȓșȪțȩȟșȓȒȖȠȓȕȎ
ȠȓȚȥȠȜȐȩȒȓșȎȓȠȓȖȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓȟȪ
ȕȒȞȎȐȩȚȟȚȩȟșȜȚȝȞȖȞȎȏȜȠȓȟ
ȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȜȚɇɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɜɨɜɪɟɦɹɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢɢɥɢ
ɩɨɞɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɨɜɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹɢɥɢ
ɦɟɞɢɤɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɇɟɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɩɪɢɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɨɠɟɬɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢɤɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣ
ɬɪɚɜɦɟ
EǶȟȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎȖțȒȖȐȖȒȡȎșȪțȜȗ
ȕȎȧȖȠȩǰȟȓȑȒȎțȎȒȓȐȎȗȠȓȕȎȧȖȠțȩȓ
ȜȥȘȖɁɚɳɢɬɧɨɟɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɚɤɨɟɤɚɤ
ɩɵɥɟɡɚɳɢɬɧɚɹɦɚɫɤɚɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɚɹɡɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ
ɨɛɭɜɶɤɚɫɤɢɢɥɢɡɚɳɢɬɚɫɥɭɯɚɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ
ɞɥɹɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɣɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɪɢɫɤ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɬɪɚɜɦɵ
FǽȞȓȒȜȠȐȞȎȧȓțȖȓțȓȝȞȓȒțȎȚȓȞȓțțȜȑȜ
ȕȎȝȡȟȘȎǽȓȞȓȒȝȜȒȘșȬȥȓțȖȓȚȘ
ȖȟȠȜȥțȖȘȡȝȖȠȎțȖȭȖȖșȖȏȎȠȎȞȓȗțȜȚȡ
ȏșȜȘȡȡȏȓȒȖȠȓȟȪȥȠȜȝȓȞȓȘșȬȥȎȠȓșȪ
țȎȣȜȒȖȠȟȭȐȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȖ´ȐȩȘșȬȥȓțȜµ
ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɫɩɚɥɶɰɟɦ
ɧɚɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɢɥɢɡɚɪɹɞɤɚɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɦ
GǽȓȞȓȒȐȘșȬȥȓțȖȓȚȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȎ
ȡȏȓȞȖȠȓșȬȏȩȓȝȜȟȠȜȞȜțțȖȓȑȎȓȥțȩȓ
ȘșȬȥȖɄɥɸɱɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɣɤɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ
ɱɚɫɬɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɨɠɟɬɫɬɚɬɶɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ
ɬɪɚɜɦɵ
HǻȓțȎȘșȜțȭȗȠȓȟȪǽȜȟȠȜȭțțȜ
ȟȜȣȞȎțȭȗȠȓȞȎȐțȜȐȓȟȖȓɗɬɨɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɥɭɱɲɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɜ
ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ
IǼȒȓȐȎȗȠȓȟȪȒȜșȔțȩȚȜȏȞȎȕȜȚǻȓ
țȎȒȓȐȎȗȠȓȟȐȜȏȜȒțȡȬȜȒȓȔȒȡȖșȖ
ȡȘȞȎȦȓțȖȭȾɟɪɠɢɬɟɜɨɥɨɫɵɨɞɟɠɞɭɢ
ɩɟɪɱɚɬɤɢɜɞɚɥɢɨɬɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯɫɹɱɚɫɬɟɣɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ
ɨɞɟɠɞɚɸɜɟɥɢɪɧɵɟɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɢɥɢɞɥɢɧɧɵɟɜɨɥɨɫɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬɛɵɬɶɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɵɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɦɢɫɹɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ
JdzȟșȖȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȎȜȏȜȞȡȒȜȐȎțȩ
ȟȜȓȒȖțȓțȖȓȚȒșȭȡȒȎșȓțȖȭȝȩșȖȖ
ȝȜȒȘșȬȥȓțȖȭȘȜșșȓȘȠȜȞȜȐȡȏȓȒȖȠȓȟȪ
ȥȠȜȠȎȘȜȓȜȏȜȞȡȒȜȐȎțȖȓȝȜȒȘșȬȥȓțȜ
ȖȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȓȠȟȭȒȜșȔțȩȚȜȏȞȎȕȜȚ
17
ǿțȓȑȜȡȏȜȞȧȖȘ58
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɟɥɟɣɦɨɠɟɬ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸɫɩɵɥɶɸ
KǻȓȝȜȕȐȜșȭȗȠȓȜȝȩȠȡȝȜșȡȥȓțțȜȚȡȝȞȖ
ȥȎȟȠȜȚȖȟȝȜșȪȕȜȐȎțȖȖȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȜȐ
ȞȎȟȟșȎȏȖȠȪȟȭȖȖȑțȜȞȖȞȜȐȎȠȪȝȞȖțȤȖȝȩ
ȏȓȕȜȝȎȟțȜȗȞȎȏȜȠȩȟȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȎȚȖ
ɇɟɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɨɠɟɬɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢɤ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣɬɪɚɜɦɟɜɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɞɨɥɢɫɟɤɭɧɞɵ
ǶǿǽǼǹȊǵǼǰǮǻǶdz
ȋǹdzǸȀǾǼǶǻǿȀǾȁǺdzǻȀǮǶȁȃǼDzǵǮǻǶǺ
DǵȎȝȞȓȧȎȓȠȟȭȖȕȏȩȠȜȥțȜȕȎȑȞȡȔȎȠȪ
ȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɞɥɹ
ɜɚɲɟɣɪɚɛɨɬɵɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɫɞɟɥɚɟɬɪɚɛɨɬɭɞɥɹɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɨɧɛɵɥɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɥɭɱɲɟɢɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɟɟ
EǻȓȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠ
ȓȟșȖȐȩȘșȬȥȎȠȓșȪțȓȞȎȏȜȠȎȓȠ
Ʌɸɛɨɣɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɧɟɦɨɠɟɬ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹɨɩɚɫɟɧɢ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧɛɵɬɶɨɬɪɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ
FǽȓȞȓȒȐȩȝȜșțȓțȖȓȚșȬȏȩȣȞȓȑȡșȖȞȜȐȜȘ
ȕȎȚȓțȜȗȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔțȜȟȠȓȗȖșȖ
ȣȞȎțȓțȖȓȚȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȎ
ȜȠȟȜȓȒȖțȖȠȓȦȠȓȘȓȞȜȠȖȟȠȜȥțȖȘȎ
ȝȖȠȎțȖȭȖȖșȖȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȜȗ
ȏȎȠȎȞȓȖȜȠȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȎɌɚɤɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɦɟɪɵɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɪɢɫɤɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɝɨɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ
GȃȞȎțȖȠȓȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȩȐ
țȓȒȜȟȠȡȝțȜȚȒșȭȒȓȠȓȗȚȓȟȠȓȖțȓ
ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȗȠȓșȖȤȎȚțȓȕțȎȘȜȚȩȚȟ
ȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȜȚȖșȖȟȫȠȜȗ
ȖțȟȠȞȡȘȤȖȓȗȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȪȟțȖȚɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɜɪɭɤɚɯɧɟɨɛɭɱɟɧɧɵɯɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
HǼȏȟșȡȔȖȐȎȗȠȓȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȩ
ǽȞȜȐȓȞȪȠȓțȓȟȜȜȟțȜȟȠȪȒȐȖȔȡȧȖȣȟȭ
ȥȎȟȠȓȗȝȜșȜȚȘȡȒȓȠȎșȓȗȖșȬȏȩȓ
ȒȞȡȑȖȓȟȜȟȠȜȭțȖȭȘȜȠȜȞȩȓȚȜȑȡȠ
ȝȜȐșȖȭȠȪțȎȞȎȏȜȠȡȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȎ
ȼɫɥɭɱɚɟɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɨɬɪɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɣɬɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɩɟɪɟɞɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɟɫɥɭɱɚɢɫɜɹɡɚɧɵɫɩɥɨɯɢɦ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
IǽȜȒȒȓȞȔȖȐȎȗȠȓȕȎȠȜȥȘȡȖȥȖȟȠȜȠȡ
ȞȓȔȡȧȖȣȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȜȐɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɟɪɟɠɭɳɢɟɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵɫɨɫɬɪɵɦɢ
ɪɟɠɭɳɢɦɢɤɪɨɦɤɚɦɢɥɟɝɱɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɢ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɢɯɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
JǶȟȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠ
ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔțȜȟȠȖȖȠȒȐȟȜȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȖȖȟ
ȫȠȖȚȖȖțȟȠȞȡȘȤȖȭȚȖȟȡȥȓȠȜȚȡȟșȜȐȖȗ
ȐȩȝȜșțȭȓȚȜȗȞȎȏȜȠȩɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɞɥɹɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɨɬɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢɤɨɩɚɫɧɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ
KǿșȓȒȖȠȓȥȠȜȏȩȞȡȘȖȖȕȎȣȐȎȠțȩȓ
ȝȜȐȓȞȣțȜȟȠȖȏȩșȖȟȡȣȖȚȖȥȖȟȠȩȚȖ
ȖȟȐȜȏȜȒțȩȚȖȜȠȟȚȎȕȜȥțȜȑȜȚȎȟșȎȖ
ȘȜțȟȖȟȠȓțȠțȜȗȟȚȎȕȘȖɋɤɨɥɶɡɤɢɟɥɚɞɨɧɢ
ɢɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɵɟɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨ
ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹɫɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦɢɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɟɝɨ
ɜɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɧɵɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ
ǶǿǽǼǹȊǵǼǰǮǻǶdzǶǼǯǿǹȁǴǶǰǮǻǶdz
ǮǸǸȁǺȁǹȍȀǼǾǻȉȃǶǻǿȀǾȁǺdzǻȀǼǰ
DDzșȭȕȎȞȭȒȘȖȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓȠȜșȪȘȜ
ȕȎȞȭȒțȜȓȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȡȘȎȕȎțțȜȓ
ȖȕȑȜȠȜȐȖȠȓșȓȚɁɚɪɹɞɧɨɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɞɥɹɨɞɧɨɝɨɬɢɩɚɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ
ɦɨɠɟɬɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɜɨɡɝɨɪɚɧɢɹɩɪɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɬɢɩɨɦɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ
EǶȟȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓȫșȓȘȠȞȜȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȩȠȜșȪȘȜ
ȟȜȟȝȓȤȖȎșȪțȜȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓțțȩȚȖ
ȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞȎȚȖɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɥɸɛɨɝɨ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨɬɢɩɚɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜɦɨɠɟɬɫɬɚɬɶɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ
ɬɪɚɜɦɢɩɨɠɚɪɚ
FǸȜȑȒȎȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȓȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȓȠȟȭ
ȣȞȎțȖȠȓȓȑȜȝȜȒȎșȪȦȓȜȠȒȞȡȑȖȣ
ȚȓȠȎșșȖȥȓȟȘȖȣȝȞȓȒȚȓȠȜȐțȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ
ȟȘȞȓȝȜȘȚȜțȓȠȘșȬȥȓȗȑȐȜȕȒȓȗȐȖțȠȜȐ
ȖșȖȒȞȡȑȖȣțȓȏȜșȪȦȖȣȚȓȠȎșșȖȥȓȟȘȖȣ
ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠȜȐȘȜȠȜȞȩȓȚȜȑȡȠȝȞȖȐȓȟȠȖ
ȘȕȎȚȩȘȎțȖȬȘșȓȚȚɁɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟɤɥɟɦɦ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɨɠɟɬɫɬɚɬɶɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣɨɠɨɝɨɜɢɥɢ
ɩɨɠɚɪɚ
GǰțȓȏșȎȑȜȝȞȖȭȠțȩȣȡȟșȜȐȖȭȣȖȕ
ȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞȎȚȜȔȓȠȐȩȠȓȘȎȠȪȔȖȒȘȜȟȠȪ
ȖȕȏȓȑȎȗȠȓȘȜțȠȎȘȠȎȟȫȠȜȗȔȖȒȘȜȟȠȪȬ
ȿɫɥɢɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɜɫɟɠɟɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥɩɪɨɦɨɣɬɟ
ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɟɦɟɫɬɨɜɨɞɨɣȿɫɥɢɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɩɚɥɚɜɝɥɚɡɚɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɟɫɶɡɚ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɜɵɬɟɤɲɚɹɢɡ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɨɠɟɬɜɵɡɜɚɬɶɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɢɥɢ
ɨɠɨɝɢ
HǻȓȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞȖșȖ
ȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȐȟșȡȥȎȓȖȣȝȜȐȞȓȔȒȓțȖȭ
ȖșȖȖȕȚȓțȓțȖȭɉɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɟɢɥɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɟɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɵɦɨɝɭɬɜɟɫɬɢɫɟɛɹ
ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɱɬɨɦɨɠɟɬɫɬɚɬɶɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ
ɩɨɠɚɪɚɜɡɪɵɜɚɢɥɢɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɬɪɚɜɦɵ
IǻȓȝȜȒȐȓȞȑȎȗȠȓȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞȖșȖ
ȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȐȜȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȬȜȑțȭȖșȖ
ȖȕȏȩȠȜȥțȜȗȠȓȚȝȓȞȎȠȡȞȩȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɨɝɧɹɢɥɢɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵɜɵɲɟ&ɦɨɠɟɬɫɬɚɬɶ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣɜɡɪɵɜɚ
JǰȩȝȜșțȭȗȠȓȐȟȓȖțȟȠȞȡȘȤȖȖȝȜȕȎȞȭȒȘȓ
ȖțȓȕȎȞȭȔȎȗȠȓȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞȖșȖ
ȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȐțȓȝȞȓȒȓșȜȐȒȖȎȝȎȕȜțȎ
ȠȓȚȝȓȞȎȠȡȞȡȘȎȕȎțțȩȣȐȖțȟȠȞȡȘȤȖȭȣ
ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹɡɚɪɹɞɤɚɢɥɢɡɚɪɹɞɤɚɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɜɵɯɨɞɹɬɡɚɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɦɨɠɟɬɩɨɜɪɟɞɢɬɶ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɢɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɩɨɠɚɪɚ
ǼǯǿǹȁǴǶǰǮǻǶdz
DǼȏȟșȡȔȖȐȎȗȠȓȟȐȜȗȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȠȜșȪȘȜ
ȟȝȜȚȜȧȪȬȘȐȎșȖȢȖȤȖȞȜȐȎțțȜȑȜ
ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȎȝȜȞȓȚȜțȠȡȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȭ
ȠȜșȪȘȜȖȒȓțȠȖȥțȩȓȕȎȝȎȟțȩȓȥȎȟȠȖ
ɗɬɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ
EǻȖȘȜȑȒȎțȓȜȏȟșȡȔȖȐȎȗȠȓȝȜȐȞȓȔȒȓțțȩȓ
ȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞȩɈɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹɬɨɥɶɤɨɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɦɢɥɢ
ɚɜɬɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɵɦɢɩɪɨɜɚɣɞɟɪɚɦɢ
18
ǿțȓȑȜȡȏȜȞȧȖȘ58
ȀȓȣțȖȘȎȏȓȕȜȝȎȟțȜȟȠȖȒșȭ
ȟțȓȑȜȜȥȖȟȠȖȠȓșȓȗ
ȀȞȓțȖȞȜȐȘȎ
ȼɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɩɪɨɱɬɢɬɟɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢɩɨ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢɢɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸɉɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɪɚɡɛɟɪɢɬɟɫɶɫɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɁɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɟɤɚɤ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɢɜɵɤɥɸɱɢɬɶɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɇɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɣɬɟɞɟɬɹɦɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶɫ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɇɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɣɬɟɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶɫɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɛɟɡɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɹɫɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɦɢ
ɉɨɡɚɛɨɬɶɬɟɫɶɨɬɨɦɱɬɨɛɵɜɡɨɧɟɭɛɨɪɤɢɧɟɛɵɥɨ
ɥɸɞɟɣɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯɞɟɬɟɣɢɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
ɉɨɬɪɟɧɢɪɭɣɬɟɫɶɱɬɨɛɵɧɟɩɨɫɤɚɥɶɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹɢɧɟ
ɩɚɞɚɬɶɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɩɪɢɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢɡɚɞɧɢɦɯɨɞɨɦ
ǽȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ
ȼɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɢɭɛɟɪɢɬɟ
ɜɫɟɩɨɥɨɜɢɱɤɢɫɚɧɤɢɞɨɫɤɢɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɢɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ
ɇɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɣɬɟɫɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɧɟɧɚɞɟɜ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɭɸɡɢɦɧɸɸɨɞɟɠɞɭɇɚɞɟɧɶɬɟɨɛɭɜɶ
ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɭɸɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɨɹɬɶɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɡɤɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɉɬɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɣɬɟɜɵɫɨɬɭɤɨɜɲɚɱɬɨɛɵɨɱɢɳɚɬɶ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɨɬɝɪɚɜɢɹɢɥɢɳɟɛɧɹ
ɇɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟɩɵɬɚɣɬɟɫɶɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɭɩɪɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɦɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɤɪɨɦɟɬɟɯɫɥɭɱɚɟɜɤɨɝɞɚ
ɷɬɨɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɫɥɸɛɨɣɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɣɫɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢɤɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɸɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ
ɜɝɥɚɡɚɉɪɢɪɚɛɨɬɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɟɢɪɟɦɨɧɬɟ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚɧɚɞɟɜɚɣɬɟɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟɨɱɤɢɢɥɢɳɢɬɨɤ
ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɳɢɣɝɥɚɡɚ
ǾȎȏȜȠȎ
ɇɟɩɨɞɧɨɫɢɬɟɛɥɢɡɤɨɤɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɦɫɹɞɟɬɚɥɹɦ
ɢɧɟɩɨɦɟɳɚɣɬɟɩɨɞɧɢɦɢɪɭɤɢɢɥɢɧɨɝɢɜɫɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹɞɟɪɠɢɬɟɫɶɧɚɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢɨɬɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ
ɋɨɛɥɸɞɚɣɬɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɭɸɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɩɪɢ
ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢɝɪɚɜɢɣɧɵɯɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯɩɭɬɟɣ
ɢɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɵɯɞɨɪɨɠɟɤɈɩɚɫɚɣɬɟɫɶɫɤɪɵɬɵɯ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɟɣɢɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ
ȼɫɥɭɱɚɟɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɫɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦɡɚɝɥɭɲɢɬɟɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɨɬɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɬɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɧɢɹɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟɫɧɟɝɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣɢɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɦɩɭɫɤɨɦ
ɢɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦɪɚɛɨɬɵɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟɷɬɢ
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ȿɫɥɢɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɜɢɛɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɡɚɝɥɭɲɢɬɟɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɢ
ɧɟɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɟɩɪɢɱɢɧɭɷɬɨɝɨɄɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɹɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɨɧɟɩɨɥɚɞɤɚɯ
Ɉɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɣɬɟɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɟɫɥɢɯɨɬɢɬɟɩɨɤɢɧɭɬɶ
ɦɟɫɬɨɪɚɛɨɬɵɩɟɪɟɞɱɢɫɬɤɨɣɤɨɜɲɚɢɪɨɬɨɪɚɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟɩɪɢɩɨɱɢɧɤɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɟɢɥɢɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ
ɉɪɢɱɢɫɬɤɟɩɨɱɢɧɤɟɢɥɢɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɫɶɱɬɨ
ɤɨɜɲɪɨɬɨɪɢɜɫɟɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟɫɹɱɚɫɬɢɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ
ȼɨɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɝɨɩɭɫɤɚɨɬɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɬɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɇɟɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɣɬɟɫɶɩɨɩɟɪɟɤɫɤɥɨɧɚɨɱɢɳɚɹɫɧɟɝ
ɩɪɢɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢɩɨɫɤɥɨɧɭɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɣɬɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɇɟɩɵɬɚɣɬɟɫɶɨɱɢɳɚɬɶɨɬɫɧɟɝɚ
ɤɪɭɬɵɟɫɤɥɨɧɵ
ɇɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɣɬɟɫɨɫɧɟɝɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɟɦ
ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯɧɚɫɜɨɢɯɦɟɫɬɚɯɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
ɇɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɣɬɟɫɨɫɧɟɝɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɟɦɪɹɞɨɦ
ɫɨɫɬɟɤɥɟɧɧɵɦɢɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹɦɢ
ɨɤɧɚɦɢɜɢɬɪɢɧɚɦɢɢɬɞɧɟɨɬɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɭɝɨɥɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɫɧɟɝɚ
ɉɨɡɚɛɨɬɶɬɟɫɶɨɬɨɦɱɬɨɛɵɞɟɬɢɢɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶɧɚɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɇɟɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɠɚɣɬɟɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɩɵɬɚɹɫɶɭɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɧɟɝ
ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦɛɵɫɬɪɨ
ɇɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɣɬɟɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɚɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɡɤɢɦɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦȻɭɞɶɬɟ
ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɵɞɜɢɝɚɹɫɶɡɚɞɧɢɦɯɨɞɨɦ
ɇɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɣɬɟɫɬɪɭɸɫɧɟɝɚɧɚɩɪɨɯɨɠɢɯ
ɢɧɟɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɣɬɟɧɢɤɨɦɭɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ
ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
ɉɪɢɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɦɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢɢɥɢɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ
ɫɧɟɝɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɹɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɣɬɟɤɨɜɲɪɨɬɨɪ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɧɵɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ
ɫɧɟɝɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɹɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢɢ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɤɨɥɟɫɧɵɟ
ɝɪɭɡɵɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫɵɤɚɛɢɧɵɢɬɞ
ɇɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɣɬɟɫɨɫɧɟɝɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɟɦɜ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɩɥɨɯɨɣɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢɢɥɢɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ȼɫɟɝɞɚɢɞɢɬɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɢɤɪɟɩɤɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɟɫɶɡɚ
ɪɭɱɤɢɏɨɞɢɬɟɪɚɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦɲɚɝɨɦɧɟɛɟɝɢɬɟ
Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨɠɟɥɨɛɚ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɱɚɫɬɚɹɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɬɪɚɜɦɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯɫɨ
ɫɧɟɝɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɟɦ±ɷɬɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɪɭɤɚɦɢ
ɤɪɨɬɨɪɭɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹɜɧɭɬɪɢɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɠɟɥɨɛɚɇɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟɩɵɬɚɣɬɟɫɶɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ
ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɣɠɟɥɨɛɪɭɤɚɦɢ
ɑɬɨɛɵɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɶɠɟɥɨɛ
ȼɕɄɅɘɑɂɌȿȾȼɂȽȺɌȿɅɖ
ɉɨɞɨɠɞɢɬɟɫɟɤɭɧɞɱɬɨɛɵɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹɱɬɨɥɟɡɜɢɹ
ɪɨɬɨɪɚɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ
ȼɫɟɝɞɚɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟɫɶɱɢɫɬɹɳɢɦɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦɚɧɟ
ɪɭɤɚɦɢ
ɍɯɨɞɢɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ
ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɣɬɟɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɥɢɡɚɬɹɧɭɬɵ
ɤɪɟɩɟɠɧɵɟɛɨɥɬɵɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɭɛɟɠɞɚɹɫɶɜɬɨɦɱɬɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɜɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɦɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ȿɫɥɢɫɧɟɝɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɜɪɟɦɹ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟɜɚɠɧɭɸɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸɜɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɩɨ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ɉɨɦɟɪɟɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɛɧɨɜɢɬɟɢɥɢɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɟ
ɬɚɛɥɢɱɤɢɫɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢɢɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ
Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɢɜɭɛɨɪɤɭɫɧɟɝɚɞɚɣɬɟɦɚɲɢɧɟɩɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
ɟɳɟɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɦɢɧɭɬɱɬɨɛɵɧɟɤɨɜɲɢɪɨɬɨɪɧɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɡɥɢ
19
ǿțȓȑȜȡȏȜȞȧȖȘ58
ǽǾǮǰǶǹǮȀdzȃǻǶǸǶ
ǯdzǵǼǽǮǿǻǼǿȀǶDzǹȍ
ǮǸǸȁǺȁǹȍȀǼǾǻǼǷ
ǯǮȀǮǾdzǶ
D ǻȓȒȜȝȡȟȘȎȓȠȟȭȞȎȕȏȖȞȎȠȪȐȟȘȞȩȐȎȠȪ
ȖȕȚȓșȪȥȎȠȪȫșȓȚȓțȠȩȝȖȠȎțȖȭȖ
ȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȡȬȏȎȠȎȞȓȬ
E ǻȓȒȜȝȡȟȘȎȓȠȟȭțȎȘȜȞȜȠȘȜȕȎȚȩȘȎȠȪ
ȫșȓȚȓțȠȩȝȖȠȎțȖȭȖșȖȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞ
ǻȓȒȜȝȡȟȘȎȓȠȟȭȏȓȟȝȜȞȭȒȜȥțȜȣȞȎțȖȠȪ
ȫșȓȚȓțȠȩȝȖȠȎțȖȭȖșȖȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞ
ȐȘȜȞȜȏȘȓȖșȖȭȧȖȘȓȑȒȓȜțȖȚȜȑȡȠ
ȕȎȚȘțȡȠȪȒȞȡȑȒȞȡȑȎȖșȖȚȜȑȡȠȏȩȠȪ
ȕȎȚȘțȡȠȩȒȞȡȑȖȚȖȚȓȠȎșșȖȥȓȟȘȖȚȖ
ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠȎȚȖȿɫɥɢɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɚɹɛɚɬɚɪɟɹ
ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɞɟɪɠɢɬɟɟɟɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɟɨɬ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜɬɚɤɢɯɤɚɤɡɚɠɢɦɵ
ɦɨɧɟɬɵɝɜɨɡɞɢɜɢɧɬɵɢɩɪɨɱɢɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶɤɥɟɦɦɵɞɪɭɝɫɞɪɭɝɨɦɄɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ
ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟɤɥɟɦɦɛɚɬɚɪɟɢɦɨɠɟɬɫɬɚɬɶɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ
ɨɠɨɝɨɜɢɥɢɩɨɠɚɪɚ
F ǻȓȒȜȝȡȟȘȎȓȠȟȭȝȜȒȐȓȞȑȎȠȪ
ȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȡȬȏȎȠȎȞȓȬȐȜȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȬ
ȐȩȟȜȘȖȣȠȓȚȝȓȞȎȠȡȞȖșȖȝșȎȚȓțȖ
ǶȕȏȓȑȎȗȠȓȣȞȎțȓțȖȭȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȜȗ
ȏȎȠȎȞȓȖȐȚȓȟȠȎȣȝȜȒȐȓȞȔȓțțȩȣ
ȐȜȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȬȝȞȭȚȜȑȜȟȜșțȓȥțȜȑȜȟȐȓȠȎ
G ǻȓȒȜȝȡȟȘȎȓȠȟȭȝȜȒȐȓȞȑȎȠȪ
ȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȡȬȏȎȠȎȞȓȬȚȓȣȎțȖȥȓȟȘȖȚ
ȡȒȎȞȎȚ
H ǰȟșȡȥȎȓȝȞȜȠȓȥȘȖȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȜȗ
ȏȎȠȎȞȓȖțȓȒȜȝȡȟȘȎȗȠȓȘȜțȠȎȘȠȎ
ȫșȓȘȠȞȜșȖȠȎȟȘȜȔȓȗȖșȖȑșȎȕȎȚȖǰ
ȟșȡȥȎȓȠȎȘȜȑȜȘȜțȠȎȘȠȎțȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ
ȝȞȜȚȩȠȪȝȜȞȎȔȓțțȩȗȡȥȎȟȠȜȘȜȏȖșȪțȩȚ
ȘȜșȖȥȓȟȠȐȜȚȐȜȒȩȖȜȏȞȎȠȖȠȪȟȭȕȎ
ȚȓȒȖȤȖțȟȘȜȗȝȜȚȜȧȪȬ
I ǰȟșȡȥȎȓȝȞȜȑșȎȠȩȐȎțȖȭȫșȓȚȓțȠȎ
ȝȖȠȎțȖȭȖșȖȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞȎțȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ
țȓȕȎȚȓȒșȖȠȓșȪțȜȜȏȞȎȠȖȠȪȟȭȕȎ
ȚȓȒȖȤȖțȟȘȜȗȝȜȚȜȧȪȬ
J ǮȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȡȬȏȎȠȎȞȓȬțȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ
ȟȜȒȓȞȔȎȠȪȐȥȖȟȠȜȠȓȖȟȡȣȜȟȠȖ
K ǰȟșȡȥȎȓȕȎȑȞȭȕțȓțȖȭȘȜțȠȎȘȠȜȐ
ȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȜȗȏȎȠȎȞȓȖȖȣțȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ
ȝȞȜȠȓȞȓȠȪȥȖȟȠȜȗȟȡȣȜȗȠȘȎțȪȬ
L ǮȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȡȬȏȎȠȎȞȓȬțȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ
ȕȎȞȭȔȎȠȪȝȓȞȓȒȖȟȝȜșȪȕȜȐȎțȖȓȚ
ǰȟȓȑȒȎȟșȓȒȡȗȠȓȒȎțțȜȗȖțȟȠȞȡȘȤȖȖ
ȖȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓȝȞȎȐȖșȪțȩȗȝȜȞȭȒȜȘ
ȕȎȞȭȒȘȖ
M ǻȓȒȜȝȡȟȘȎȓȠȟȭȜȟȠȎȐșȭȠȪȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞ
țȎȕȎȞȭȒțȜȚȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȓȓȟșȖȜțțȓ
ȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȓȠȟȭ
N ǽȜȟșȓȝȞȜȒȜșȔȖȠȓșȪțȜȑȜȣȞȎțȓțȖȭ
ȚȜȔȓȠȝȜȠȞȓȏȜȐȎȠȪȟȭțȓȟȘȜșȪȘȜȞȎȕ
ȕȎȞȭȒȖȠȪȖȞȎȕȞȭȒȖȠȪȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȡȬ
ȏȎȠȎȞȓȬȒșȭȒȜȟȠȖȔȓțȖȭȚȎȘȟȖȚȎșȪțȜȗ
ȫȢȢȓȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠȖȓȓȞȎȏȜȠȩ
O ǮȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȎȭȏȎȠȎȞȓȭȞȎȏȜȠȎȓȠ
țȎȖȏȜșȓȓȫȢȢȓȘȠȖȐțȜȝȞȖțȜȞȚȎșȪțȜȗ
ȘȜȚțȎȠțȜȗȠȓȚȝȓȞȎȠȡȞȓ&&
P ǽȞȖȡȠȖșȖȕȎȤȖȖȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȩȣ
ȏȎȠȎȞȓȗȒȓȞȔȖȠȓȖȣȜȠȒȓșȪțȜȜȠȒȞȡȑȖȣ
ȫșȓȘȠȞȜȚȓȣȎțȖȥȓȟȘȖȣȟȖȟȠȓȚ
Q ǶȟȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓȠȜșȪȘȜȕȎȞȭȒțȩȓ
ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȎȡȘȎȕȎțțȩȓ:25;ǻȓ
ȒȜȝȡȟȘȎȓȠȟȭȖȟȝȜșȪȕȜȐȎȠȪȘȎȘȖȓșȖȏȜ
ȕȎȞȭȒțȩȓȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȎȕȎȖȟȘșȬȥȓțȖȓȚ
ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȪțȜȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓțțȩȣȒșȭ
ȒȎțțȜȑȜȜȏȜȞȡȒȜȐȎțȖȭɁɚɪɹɞɧɨɟ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɤɨɬɨɪɨɟɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɞɥɹɨɞɧɨɣ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɣɛɚɬɚɪɟɢɦɨɠɟɬɫɬɚɬɶ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣɩɨɠɚɪɚɩɪɢɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢɫɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɣɛɚɬɚɪɟɟɣ
R ǻȓȒȜȝȡȟȘȎȓȠȟȭȖȟȝȜșȪȕȜȐȎȠȪȘȎȘȖȓ
șȖȏȜȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȩȓȏȎȠȎȞȓȖțȓ
ȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓțțȩȓȒșȭȖȟȝȜșȪȕȜȐȎțȖȭȟ
ȒȎțțȩȚȜȏȜȞȡȒȜȐȎțȖȓȚ
S ȃȞȎțȖȠȓȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȡȬȏȎȠȎȞȓȬȐ
ȚȓȟȠȎȣțȓȒȜȟȠȡȝțȩȣȒșȭȒȓȠȓȗ
T ǿșȓȒȡȓȠȟȜȣȞȎțȖȠȪȜȞȖȑȖțȎșȪțȡȬ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȬțȎȖȕȒȓșȖȓȒșȭȏȡȒȡȧȓȑȜ
ȖȟȝȜșȪȕȜȐȎțȖȭ
U ǽȜȐȜȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖȖȕȐșȓȘȎȗȠȓ
ȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȡȬȏȎȠȎȞȓȬȖȕȖȕȒȓșȖȭ
ȓȟșȖȜțȎțȓȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȓȠȟȭ
V ȁȠȖșȖȕȖȞȡȗȠȓȎȘȘȡȚȡșȭȠȜȞțȡȬȏȎȠȎȞȓȬ
ȒȜșȔțȩȚȜȏȞȎȕȜȚ
W ǻȓȖȟȝȜșȪȕȡȗȠȓȟȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȚȫșȓȚȓțȠȩ
ȞȎȕțȜȑȜȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȎȓȚȘȜȟȠȖȞȎȕȚȓȞȎ
ȖșȖȠȖȝȎ
X ǻȓȖȕȐșȓȘȎȗȠȓȏȎȠȎȞȓȗțȩȗȏșȜȘȖȕ
ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșȪțȜȗȡȝȎȘȜȐȘȖȒȜțȎȥȎșȎ
ȖȟȝȜșȪȕȜȐȎțȖȭ
Y ǼȟȚȜȠȞȖȠȓȜȠȚȓȠȘȖ©ȝșȬȟª
Ȗ©ȚȖțȡȟªțȎȏȎȠȎȞȓȓȖ
ȡȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞȖȠȓȟȪȐȝȞȎȐȖșȪțȜȚ
ȖȟȝȜșȪȕȜȐȎțȖȖ
20
ǿțȓȑȜȡȏȜȞȧȖȘ58
ǽǾdzDzȁǽǾdzǴDzǮȌȇǶdz
ǵǻǮǸǶ
ȼɇɂɆȺɇɂȿ
5HDGWKHRSHUDWRU¶VPDQXDO
:ɇɚɞɟɧɶɬɟɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟɧɚɭɲɧɢɤɢ
ɇɚɞɟɧɶɬɟɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸɨɛɭɜɶ
ɇɚɞɟɜɚɣɬɟɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɵ
ɇɚɞɟɧɶɬɟɡɚɳɢɬɭɞɥɹɥɢɰɚ
ɇɚɞɟɧɶɬɟɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸɤɚɫɤɭ
Ȼɭɞɶɬɟɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɱɬɨɛɵɧɟ
ɩɨɪɚɧɢɬɶɫɹɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɦɫɹɲɧɟɤɨɦ
±ɞɟɪɠɢɬɟɧɚɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢɨɬɧɟɝɨ
ɪɭɤɢɧɨɝɢɢɨɞɟɠɞɭ
ɉɟɪɟɞɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɠɟɥɨɛɚɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɣɬɟɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ
Li-I on
Li-I on
Ⱥɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪ/L,RQɗɬɨɬ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɣɫɛɨɪ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜɜɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢɜɫɟɯɛɥɨɤɨɜ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜɢɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹɈɧɢɛɭɞɭɬɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ
ɢɥɢɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɧɵɧɚɱɚɫɬɢɜ
ɰɟɥɹɯɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɧɚɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸɫɪɟɞɭȻɥɨɤɢ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜɦɨɝɭɬɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɞɥɹɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣɫɪɟɞɵ
ɢɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹɥɸɞɟɣɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɨɧɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɨɩɚɫɧɵɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɇɟɩɨɞɠɢɝɚɬɶ
ȼɵɛɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɟɜɧɟɩɨɞɨɛɚɸɳɟɦ
ɦɟɫɬɟɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɵɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɵɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ
ɤɪɭɝɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦɜɨɞɵɱɬɨ
ɧɚɧɟɫɟɬɜɪɟɞɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɇɟ
ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɣɬɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɵɜɛɚɤɢɞɥɹ
ɧɟɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɛɵɬɨɜɵɯɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɂɡɜɥɟɤɢɬɟɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪ
ɢɡɫɧɟɝɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɹɩɟɪɟɞ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦɥɸɛɵɯɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɤ
ɭɯɨɞɨɦɡɚɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɢɥɢ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ
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