
15
Rudder gain
This parameter determines the ratio between the commanded rudder and the heading error.
More rudder is applied when a higher rudder gain value is used. If the value is too small (B), it takes
a long time to compensate for a heading error, and the autopilot fails to keep a steady course. If the
value is set too high (A), the overshoot increases and the steering is unstable.
A
B
Counter rudder
Counter rudder is the amount of counteracting (opposite) rudder applied to stop the turn at the
end of a major course change.
The settings depend on the vessel’s characteristics, inertia, hull shape, and rudder efciency.
• If the vessel has good dynamic stability, a relatively small value is sufcient.
• An unstable vessel needs a high value.
• The greater the vessel’s inertia, the greater the value needed.
Increasing the counter rudder value can result in some higher rudder activity when steering a
straight course, particularly in high waves.
The best time to check the value of the counter rudder setting is when the autopilot is turning the
vessel. The following diagrams show the effects of various counter rudder settings.
A B C
A A low counter rudder value causes an overshoot response.
B A high counter rudder value causes a sluggish and creeping response.
C A correct counter rudder value gives an ideal response.
Perform various course changes and observe how the vessel settles on the new heading. Start with
small changes, 10°- 20°, and proceed with bigger changes, 60°- 90°. Adjust the counter rudder
value to get the best possible response.
¼Note: Because vessels turn differently to port and starboard (due to propeller rotation
direction), you have to make course changes in both directions. You may end up with a
compromised counter rudder value that gives a little overshoot to one side and a marginal
creeping response on the other.