BEFCO TURBO-HOP 301-300 User manual

BEFCO®
Operator’s Manual
TURBO-HOP
Pendular Spreaders
301-300, 301-400
The operator’s manual is a technical service guide and must always accompany the machine.
Manual 971-411B
September 2014

SAFETY
Take note! This safety alert symbol found throughout this manual is used to call your
attention to instructions involving your personal safety and the safety of others. Failure to
follow these instructions can result in injury or death.
Signal Words
Note the use of the signal words DANGER, WARNING and CAUTION with the safety messages. The
appropriate signal words for each have been selected using the following guidelines:
DANGER: Indicates an imminently hazardous situation that, if not avoided, will result in death or
serious injury.
WARNING: Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, could result in death or
serious injury, and includes hazards that are exposed when guards are removed. It may also be used
to alert against unsafe practices.
CAUTION: Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, may result in minor or
moderate injury.
This symbol means:
ATTENTION!
BECOME ALERT!
YOUR SAFETY IS INVOLVED!

39
8 - WARRANTY
38
7 - PRE-DELIVERY CHECKLIST
37
6 - TROUBLESHOOTING
365.02 - Storage 365.01 - Suggested Spare Parts 36
5 - REPAIR PROCEDURES
344.05 - Transport 344.04 - Safety Shear Bolt 324.03 - Driveline 314.02 - Service 304.01 - Maintenance Safety 30
4 - MAINTENANCE
263.16 - Spreading Charts 263.15 - Optional Hopper Cover 253.14 - Optional Locking Nut for Spout 243.13 - Optional Left/Right Directional Attachment 223.12 - Optional Hydraulic Gate Control 223.11 - Optional Rubber Insert 223.10 - Optional Short Spout 213.09 - Optional Agitator Extension 213.08 - Optional Filter Grate 203.07 - Uneven Terrain 173.06 - Operating Techniques 163.05 - Start Up 143.04 - Attaching to the Tractor 133.03 - Pre-Operational Check 123.02 - Set Up and Assembly 103.01 - Operational Safety 10
3 - OPERATION
72.03 - Messages and Signs 72.02 - Starting and Stopping 62.01 - Preparation 6
2 - SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
51.03 - Model and Serial Number ID 41.02 - Warranty Information 41.01 - General 4
1 - GENERAL INFORMATION
INDEX
INDEX 3BEFCO

1 - GENERAL INFORMATION
Thank you and congratulations for having chosen our implement. Your new pendular
spreader is a technologically advanced machine constructed of high quality, sturdy
components that will fulfill your working expectations. Read this manual carefully. It will
instruct you on how to operate and service your implement safely and correctly. Failure
to do so could result in personal injury and/or in equipment damage.
1.01 - General
The implement described in this manual is to be used with tractors with PTO at 540 rpm
and clockwise rotation.
CAUTION: Always ensure that the coupling of the implement with the tractor is
done at the same PTO speed and direction of rotation. Do not operate this
implement at a PTO speed or direction of rotation other than that shown on the
implement. Serious damage can occur to the machine and/or the operator.
CAUTION: Unless otherwise specified, all hardware is metric. Use only metric
tools on metric hardware. Other tools that do not fit properly can slip and cause
injury.
CAUTION: Right hand and left hand sides of the implement are determined by
facing in the direction the implement will travel when going forward (see fig. 2).
1.02 - Warranty Information
Carefully read the Warranty section1, detailing coverage and limitations of this warranty.
Warranty is provided for customers who operate and maintain their equipment as
described in this manual. Warranty registration is accomplished by the dealer by
completing and forwarding the Warranty Registration form to the Company, along with
a copy of the dealer’s invoice. It is in your best interest to insure that this has been
done.
Warranty does not cover the following:
1. Cleaning, transporting, mailing and service call charges.
2. Normal wear items such as; bearings, drivelines, shear pins, bronze slide, etc.
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
GENERAL INFORMATION 4BEFCO
1See Chapter 8 - Warranty.

3. Depreciation or damage caused by normal wear, accidents, improper maintenance,
improper protection or improper use.
4. The use of non-original spare parts and accessories.
Your Authorized Company Dealer has genuine parts in stock. Only these approved
replacement parts should be used.
This limited warranty covers defective material and workmanship. The cost of normal
maintenance or repairs for accidents or improper use and related labor will be borne by
the owner.
1.03 - Model and Serial Number ID
Attached to the frame is an ID plate showing the model and the serial number. Record
your implement model and serial number in the space provided below. Your dealer
needs this information to give you prompt, efficient service when you order parts.
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
GENERAL INFORMATION 5BEFCO

2 - SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Safety is the primary concern in the design and manufacture of our products.
Unfortunately our efforts to provide safe equipment can be wiped out by a single
careless act of an operator.
In addition to the design and configuration of equipment, hazard control and accident
prevention are dependent upon the awareness, concern, prudence and proper training
of personnel involved in the operation, transport, maintenance and storage of
equipment.
It is the operator’s responsibility to read and understand all safety and operating
instructions in the manual and to follow these.
Allow only properly trained personnel to operate the fertilizer spreader. Working with
unfamiliar equipment can lead to careless injuries. Read this manual, and the manual
for your tractor, before assembly or operation, to acquaint yourself with the machines. It
is the spreader owner’s responsibility, if this machine is used by any person other than
yourself, is loaned or rented, to make certain that the operator, prior to operating, reads
and understands the Operator’s Manuals and is instructed in safe and proper use.
2.01 - Preparation
1. Before operating equipment read and understand the Operator’s Manual and the
safety signs (see fig. 2).
2. Thoroughly inspect the implement before initial operation to assure that all
packaging materials, i.e., wires, bands, and tape have been removed.
3. Personal protection equipment including hard hat, safety glasses, safety shoes, and
gloves are recommended during assembly, installation, operation, adjustment,
maintaining and/or repairing the implement.
4. Operate the fertilizer spreader only with a tractor equipped with an approved
Roll-Over-Protective-System (ROPS). Always wear your seat belt. Serious injury or
even death could result from falling off the tractor.
5. Clear area of stones, branches or other debris that might be thrown, causing injury
or damage.
6. Operate only in daylight or good artificial light.
7. Ensure fertilizer spreader is properly mounted, adjusted and in good operating
condition.
8. Ensure that all safety shielding and safety signs are properly installed and in good
condition.
9. Chemicals may cause eye, skin or breathing problems. Always wear a face mask,
gloves and goggles when filling hopper.
10.Before loading the fertilizer in the hopper read carefully the instructions printed on
the fertilizer canvas bag concerning the precautions to be taken in case of toxicity or
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 6BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL

corrosivity of the product. Before loading switch off the engine and remove the
ignition key.
11.Load hopper with product only after the spreader has been properly attached to the
tractor.
2.02 - Starting and Stopping
1. Be sure that no one is near the machine prior to engaging or while the machine is
working.
2. Be sure the tractor is in “Neutral” before starting engine.
3. The operating power is supplied from tractor PTO. Refer to your tractor manual for
PTO engagement and disengagement instructions. Always operate PTO at 540 rpm.
Know how to stop the tractor and machine quickly in case of an emergency.
4. When engaging PTO, the engine rpm should always be low. Once engaged and
ready to start operating, raise PTO speed to 540 rpm and maintain throughout
operation.
5. Check the tractor master shield over the PTO stub shaft. Make sure it is in good
condition and fastened securely to the tractor. Purchase a new shield if old shield is
damaged or missing.
6. After striking an obstacle, disengage the PTO, shut the tractor down and thoroughly
inspect for damage before restarting.
7. To park the vehicle safely, stop vehicle on a level surface (not on a slope),
disengage PTO, engage the parking brake, stop the engine, remove the key, and
wait for engine and all moving parts to stop before leaving the operator’s seat.
8. Stay clear of rotating drivelines. Entanglement in rotating driveline can cause serious
injury or death. Wear close fitting clothing. Stop the engine and be sure PTO
driveline is stopped before getting near it.
2.03 - Messages and Signs
1. Read and adhere to all safety and operating decals on this machine (see fig. 2).
2. Before dismounting tractor: Stop engine, set brake and remove the key of
unattended equipment.
3. Keep away from rotating parts and driveline.
4. Keep guards and shields in place and in good condition.
5. Do not use with bystanders in area.
6. Allow no riders on tractor or fertilizer spreader.
7. Allow moving parts to stop before repair.
8. Securely support fertilizer spreader before working underneath.
Additional warning and operating decals are available at no extra charge. Please specify
model and serial number when ordering.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 7BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL

Fig. 2 - Safety decals - implement; replace immediately if damaged.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 8BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
left side
right sid
e
ri
g
ht side
left side

Safety decals - driveline; replace immediately if damaged.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 9BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
placed on outer shield
placed on outer tube

3 - OPERATION
The fertilizer spreader is an extremely versatile and accurate machine, ideal for
spreading not only granular or powdered material but also for spreading materials
containing a humidity percentage of up to 30 percent.
Pendular spreaders can spread up to a width of 47’ and are designed for 20 to 60 HP
tractors.
By rotating the spout 90 degrees left or right, the spreader will send material only in that
direction, allowing the operator to spread material only on desired spots and minimize
wasted material. The pendular spreader is also particularly suited for spreading
corrosive material since components that come in contact with these are made of either
stainless steel or polyethylene.
3.01 - Operational Safety
CAUTION: Our spreaders are designed considering safety as the most important
target and are the safest available in today’s market. Unfortunately, human
carelessness can override the safety features built into our machines. Injury
prevention and work safety, aside from the features on our spreaders, are very
much due to the responsible use of the equipment. It must always be operated
prudently following with great care, the safety instructions laid out in this manual.
1. The use of this equipment is subject to certain hazards which cannot be prevented
by mechanical means or product design. All operators of this equipment must read
and understand this entire manual, paying particular attention to safety and
operating instructions, prior to using.
2. Do not operate the tractor and spreader when you are tired, sick or when using
medication.
3. This spreader is designed for use only on tractors with 540 rpm power take off.
4. Only properly trained people should operate this machine.
5. Accidents are most likely to occur with machines that are loaned or rented to
someone who has not read the Operator’s Manual and is not familiar with a
spreader.
6. Always stop the tractor, set brake, shut off the tractor engine, remove the ignition
key, and allow spreader moving parts to come to a complete stop before
dismounting tractor. Never leave equipment unattended with the tractor running.
7. Never place hands or feet into hopper with tractor engine running or before you are
sure all motion has stopped. Stay clear of all moving parts.
OPERATION 10 BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL

8. Never allow any person inside the hopper for any reason. Serious injury or death
can result from someone becoming entangled in the agitator.
9. Do not allow riders on the spreader or tractor at any time. There is no safe place for
riders.
10.Never allow anyone within 100 yards of the spreader while the PTO is engaged.
Product thrown from the spreader can cause serious injury or death.
11.Before backing up, look behind carefully.
12.Install and secure all guards and shields before starting or operating.
13.Keep hands, feet, hair and clothing away from moving parts.
14.Never operate tractor and spreader under trees with low hanging limbs. Operator
can be knocked off the tractor and then run over.
15.Stop spreader immediately upon striking an obstruction. Turn engine off, remove
key, inspect and repair any damage before resuming operation.
16.Inspect the entire machine periodically2. Look for loose fasteners, worn or broken
parts, and leaky or loose fittings.
17.Stay alert for holes, rocks and roots in the terrain and other hidden hazards. Keep
away from drop-offs.
18.Use extreme care and maintain minimum ground speed when transporting on
hillside, over rough ground and when operating close to ditches or fences. Be careful
when turning sharp corners.
19.Reduce speed on slopes and sharp turns to minimize tipping or loss of control. Be
careful when changing directions on slopes. Do not start or stop suddenly on slopes.
Avoid operation on steep slopes.
20.Pass diagonally through sharp dips and avoid sharp drops to prevent “hanging up”
tractor and spreader.
21.Avoid sudden starts and stops while traveling up or downhill.
22.Always operate down slopes; never across the face. Avoid operation on steep
slopes. Slow down on sharp turns and slopes to prevent tipping and/or loss of
control.
23.All remote control devices (cables, ropes, rods, flexible lines, etc.) should be
positioned in a way to prevent maneuvers which could lead to accidents or
damages.
24.Chemicals may cause eye, skin or breathing problems. Always wear a face mask,
gloves and goggles when filling hopper.
25.Before loading the fertilizer in the hopper read carefully the instructions printed on
the fertilizer canvas bag concerning the precautions to be taken in case of toxicity or
corrosivity of the product. Before loading switch off the engine and remove the
ignition key.
26.Load hopper with product only after the spreader has been properly attached to the
tractor.
27.Use only the driveline supplied with the spreader. Do not use it if it is missing any
shield or safety protection. Frequently check the driveline and ensure it is in good
operating condition. Immediately replace broken or damaged shields or protections.
OPERATION 11 BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
2See Chapter 4 - Maintenance.

3.02 - Set Up and Assembly
Notice to dealer: Pre-Delivery set up and service including lubrication are the
responsibility of the authorized dealer. It is up to him to assure that the machine is in
perfect condition and ready to be used. It is his responsibility to ensure that the
customer is aware of all safety aspects and operational procedures for the spreader. He
must also fill out the Pre-Delivery Checklist3prior to delivering the spreader.
CAUTION: Stand clear of bands when cutting as they could be under sufficient
tension to cause them to fly loose. Take care in removing bands and wire, as they
often have extremely sharp edges and cut very easily.
Note: All hardware needed for assembly will be found in the crate and the hardware bag
of the machine. Assembly will be easier if all parts are loosely assembled before
tightening the hardware.
To assemble the pendular spreader proceed as follows:
1. Slide the spout ring over the discharge chute and secure them to the gearbox using
the M10x45 bolts, Ø10 lock washers and M10 nuts (see #1, fig. 3). Note: The
M10x45 bolt on the top hole does not require a nut on the other side as it screws
directly into the gearbox housing.
2. Attach the left and right protection attachment plates (see #2, fig. 3) to the “U”
shaped protection (see #3, fig. 3) using the M8x45 bolts, Ø8 washers and M8 nuts.
Make sure to assemble the plates with the bent ends facing upwards and outwards.
OPERATION 12 BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
3See Chapter 7 - Pre-Delivery Checklist.
1
4
3
Fig. 3 - Spout and guard assembly.
2

3. Secure the protection (see #3, fig. 3) to the spreader frame using the M8x45 bolts,
Ø8 washers on top and the Ø8 fender washers and M8 nuts on the bottom.
4. Remove the M12 nuts that secure the back of the hopper to the frame (see #4, fig.
3) and slide protection attachment plates (see #2, fig. 3) into the M12 bolts. Once in
position secure the protection attachment plates to the frame with the M12 nuts.
5. Place the opening lever over the lever bracket and secure it with the M8x20 bolt and
M8 jam nut. Models 301-300 and 301-400 are designed to be category 1 quick hitch
compatible. Note: When using the spreader with a quick hitch, place the opening
lever in the position 1 (see #1, fig. 4) on the lever bracket. This will allow for the
lever to open and close properly without interference with the quick hitch. Place the
opening lever in position 2 (see #2, fig. 4) on tractors not equipped with a quick hitch
in order to facilitate reaching the lever from the tractor seat.
6. Tighten all hardware securely.
3.03 - Pre-Operational Check
Check each of the following, carefully, prior to engaging the equipment:
1. Thoroughly read and understand your operator’s manual.
2. The oil in the gearbox.
3. The driveline cross and bearings have been greased.
4. No wrappings or foreign objects are around the machine or driveline.
5. All hardware is tight4.
6. The tractor, to ensure correct direction of PTO and rpm speed.
7. All safety shields and guards are in place and tightly attached.
8. No people or animals are in the work area.
OPERATION 13 BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
4Refer to Table 1 - Torque Specifications, page 35.
1
Fig. 4 - Lever assembly.
2

DANGER: Shut off the tractor and remove the key before making adjustments,
servicing or cleaning the machine.
3.04 - Attaching to the Tractor
Only use pendular spreaders with tractors in the correct power range5with PTO speed
of 540 rpm that turns clockwise and category 1 three point hitch or category 1 quick
hitch. Never use with tractors over 60 HP.
WARNING: Never attempt to attach the implement to the tractor or make
adjustments to it without first turning the tractor off.
CAUTION: Check the tractor PTO rpm to ensure it is set at 540 rpm and turns
clockwise.
OPERATION 14 BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
5Refer to Table 2 - Technical Features, page 35.
Fig. 5 - Attaching to the tractor.

CAUTION: Be sure the tractor tire pressure is correct. It is important to strictly
follow the safety guidelines and instructions laid out in the tractor manual.
To attach the pendular spreader to the tractor proceed as follows (see fig. 5):
1. Back the tractor to the spreader until the draft links align with the hitch pins.
2. Stop engine, engage parking brakes and remove key before dismounting tractor.
3. Secure the draft links to the hitch pins and secure them in place with lynch pins.
4. Attach top link to the top hitch of the spreader using the hitch pin and secure it with
the cotter pin.
5. Adjust the tractor sway chains/bars to center the spreader behind the tractor and
control the side sway.
6. Ensure the spreader is leveled by adjusting both the draft links and the top link.
7. Install the shock joint side of the driveline to the spreader. Be sure each end of the
driveline is connected securely with the locking pin. Connect the driveline shielding
chains to the tractor and to the implement to prevent the protective shielding from
rotating during operation. If it was necessary to remove the PTO shielding to do any
of the above operations, do not forget to replace it. Ensure that the driveline has at
least 2” from bottoming out in its shortest working position and has the minimum 6”
overlap in its longest working position. Refer to Section 4.036of this manual if it is
determined that the driveline is too long and needs to be shortened. Contact your
local dealer if it is determined that the driveline is too short for your tractor.
Models 301-300 and 301-400 are designed to be category 1 quick hitch compatible (see
fig. 6).
OPERATION 15 BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
6See Section 4.03 - Driveline, for instructions on how to determine correct driveline length and
procedures for shortening the driveline.
Fig. 6 - Attaching the spreader using a quick hitch.
category 1 hitch position
quick hitch position

3.05 - Start Up
CAUTION: Load hopper with product only after the spreader has been properly
attached to the tractor.
WARNING: Chemicals may cause eye, skin or breathing problems. Always wear a
face mask, gloves and goggles when filling hopper. Refer to chemical
manufacturer’s label for specific safety information.
Before starting to use, never forget that the operator is responsible for the following:
1. Safe and correct driving of the tractor and spreader.
2. To learn precise, safe operating procedures for both the tractor and the spreader.
3. To ensure all maintenance and lubrication has been performed on the spreader.
4. To have read and understood all safety aspects for the spreader in the Operator’s
Manual.
5. To have read and understood all safety decals on the spreader.
6. Checking the tractor tires for the proper pressure in accordance with the tractor
Operator’s Manual.
7. Checking that all shields are on the machine and securely in place.
8. Making sure the proper attire is worn. Avoiding loose fitting clothing which can
become entangled. Wearing sturdy, tough-soled work shoes and protective
equipment for eyes, hands, ears and head. Never operate tractor or implements in
bare feet, sandals or sneakers.
9. Ensuring proper lighting is available, sunlight or good artificial lighting.
WARNING: Use a tractor with a cab and appropriate filters on the ventilation
system or wear a breathing mask capable of filtering toxic powders to prevent
inhalation of product.
Prior to start working do the following:
1. Make sure there are no obstructions.
2. Run machine under a no-load condition for a short while to assure that everything is
functioning properly.
3. Adjust all settings for the desired quantity distribution and spread pattern.
4. Shift the transmission to a slow speed gear and start forward, increase the ground
speed by shifting upward until the desired speed is obtained. Do not use in reverse
unless absolutely necessary and only after careful observation of the area behind
the spreader.
OPERATION 16 BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL

3.06 - Operating Techniques
WARNING: Before adjusting the spreader or filling the hopper, be sure the tractor
PTO is not engaged, the tractor is shut off, and the key is removed from the
tractor ignition.
WARNING: Before engaging the PTO, be sure no persons or animals are behind
or beside the spreader.
DANGER: Never allow anyone within 100 yards of the spreader while the PTO is
engaged. Product thrown from the spreader can cause serious injury or death.
DANGER: Never allow any person inside the hopper for any reason. Serious
injury or death can result from someone becoming entangled in the agitator.
The material delivery is controlled by a lever that opens the orifices in the hopper
bottom. The lever has up to 27 positions that it can be locked into depending on the
desired output. To ensure a constant output of product always keep the following factors
into account.
The quantity of material distributed per acre depends on the following factors:
1. Tractor ground speed.
2. Unit weight and size of the material to be spread.
3. Spreading width.
4. Position of the lever connected to the hopper gates.
The working speed depends on ground conditions. Only a test run will enable you to
gauge the optimal working speed for your conditions.
Spread adjustment
Fill the hopper with the desired material to be spread. Be sure the gates are in the
closed position. Raise the spreader with the tractor lift arms until the pendular spout is
approximately 28 inches from the ground and with the spreader as parallel to the
ground as possible (see fig. 7). Place the gauge pin in the desired hole position (see
fig. 23)7. Do not open the gates at this time.
Engage the engine PTO. The spreader is designed to run at 540 rpm at the PTO. Lower
or greater PTO speed will change the discharge pattern. Start the tractor forward and
OPERATION 17 BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
7See Section 3.16 - Spreading Charts.

open the gates by lowering the lever until it stops against the pin. Close off the gates
with the lever after finishing spreading.
Spreading width
Our pendular spreaders are designed to spread a variety of different materials and
therefore the spread width will vary greatly depending on the type of material you are
trying to spread. With the standard spout mounted, the spreader will spread powdered
materials between 17’ and 20’ and granular materials between 39’ and 47’ (see fig. 8).
Only a test run will enable you to determine the actual spreading width of the material
you are trying to spread.
OPERATION 18 BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
Fig. 7 - Operating position.
28"
Fig. 8 - Spread width with standard spout.
17'-20' Powdered materials
39'-47' Granular materials

Field spread pattern
The amount of material distributed by the pendular spreaders will always be greater
directly behind the unit and will gradually decrease farther away from the spreader. To
obtain a uniform spread throughout the field, the operator will need to maintain parallel
travel patterns on the field making sure to maintain a distance from the previous pass
that is equal to ½ of the total spreading width (see fig. 9).
When spreading over a field, position the tractor in a corner at a distance equal to ½ of
the total spread width away from the edge of the field. Spread first around the perimeter
of the field. After covering the perimeter, drive the tractor in parallel patterns up and
down the field at a distance equal to ½ of the total spread width from the previous pass
until the field has been completely covered (see fig. 10).
Band spreading
Spreading in bands is when the spreader only distributes material off to the sides and
none in the middle. By unscrewing the spread deflector from the end of the spout, the
OPERATION 19 BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
Total spread width
1/2 total spread width
Fig. 9 - Spread width.
Fig. 10 - Spread pattern.

spreader will now spread material only to the sides. The standard spout may need to be
cut to obtain the desired banding width. In its original length the spreading spout will
leave a band of approximately 23’ and drop the material in rows roughly 3’ wide. The
spout can be cut in small increments if the desired width needs to be reduced. At ¼ of
its’ original length the spreader spout will leave a band in the middle of approximately
6.5’ and still drop material in rows roughly 3’ wide (see fig. 11).
3.07 - Uneven Terrain
WARNING: Be careful of roll-over when operating tractor and spreader over
uneven ground.
The following precautions should always be observed when working on uneven terrain:
1. In extremely uneven terrain rear wheel weights, front tractor weights, and/or tire
ballast should be used to improve stability.
2. Observe the type of terrain and develop a safe working pattern.
3. Whenever traction or stability is doubtful, first test drive over the terrain.
OPERATION 20 BEFCO
TURBO-HOP OPERATOR’SMANUAL
Fig. 11 - Band spreading.