Craftsman 351.217120 User manual

Operator's Manual I
Variable Speed
WOOD LATHE
Model No.
351.217120
CAUTION:
Read and follow all Safety
Rules and Operating
Instructions before First
Use of this Product.
Sears, Roebuck and Co., Hoffman Estates, IL 60179 U.S.A,
WWW, Ilear LCof11/cr aimf_rlfl 8fl
18184.02 Draft (11/10/02)

WarTar'ity ....................................... 2
Salety Rules .................................. 2-3
Unpacldng ..................................... 3
Assembly ...................................... 4
Installation .................................... 4,-6
Operation ................................... 8-19
Maintenance ................................... 20
Troubleshooting ................................ 21
Parts Illustration and Ust ....................... 24-27
Esp_of .................................... 28-51
FULL ONEYEAR WARRANTY ON CRAFTSMAN
VARIABLE SPEED WOOD LATHE
If this productfallsdue to a detectin materialor workmanship
withinone year fromthe date oi purchase,Sears will at its
optionrepair or replaceit tree dcharge. Contactyour near-
est Sears Service Center (1-800-4-MY-HOME) to arrangefor
productrepair,or return thisproductto place d purchasefor
replacement.
Ifthis productis usedfor commercialor rental purposes,this
warrantywill applyfor 90 days from the date of pumhase,
This warrantyappliesonly while thisproductis usedin the
UnitedStates.
This warrantygives you specificlegal rights, and you may
also have othar rightswhichvary from stateto state.
Sears, Roebuck and Co., Dept. 817WA, Hottman Estates,
IL 60179
CAUTION: Alwaysfollowproper operating proceduresas
definedin this manual-- even ifyou are familiarwith use of
this or similartools.Remember that being carelessfor even a
fractionct asecond can rasuit in severe personal injury.
BE PREPARED FOR JOB
• Wear proper apparel.Do not wear loose dnthing,gloves,
neckties,rings,bracelets or other jewelry whichmayget
caught in movingpads of machine.
• Wear protectivehaircevedng tocontain longhair.
•Wear salety shoeswith non.aiipsoles.
•Wear saletyglasses onmplying with United StatasANSI
Z87.1. Everydayglasses have only impactresistantlens-
es.Thay are NOT safetyglasses.
•Wear face mask or dustmask it operationis dusty.
•Be alert and think dearly. Never operate power toolswhen
tired, intoKleatedor when taking medicationsthatcause
drowsiness.
PREPARE WORK AREA FOR JOB
Keepwork area dean. Clutteredworkareas ioviteacci-
dents.
Do not use power toets in dangerous environments. Do
not use power tools in damp or wet locations. Do nOt
expose power tools to rain.
•Work area should be properly lighted.
oSears, Roebuck and Co.
Keepvisitorsat a sate distancefrom workarea.
Keep childrenoutoi workplace.Make workshopchild-
proct.Use padlocks,master switchesor removeswitch
keysto preventany unintentionaluse of powertools.
Keep powercordsfrom coming in contactwith sharp
objects,oil, grease, and hOtsurfaces.
TOOL SHOULD BE MAINTAINED
Alwaysunplugtoolprior to inspection.
Consultmanualforspecificmaintainingand adjustingpro-
ceduras.
• Keep toollubricatedand clean for safest operation.
• Keep all pads in worldngorder.Check to determinethat
the guard orOtherpartswilloperate propertyand perform
their intendedfunction.
•Checkfor deranged parts.Check for alignment oi moving
pads, binding,breakage, mountingand any othercondi-
tionthatmay affecta tool'soperation.
•A guard or Otherpad that is damaged shouldbe properly
repairedor replaced.Do nntpedorm maksshiftrepairs.
(Use parts listprovidedto order replacementparts.)
•Never adjustattachments while running.Disconnectpower
to avoid accidentalstart-up.
•Havedamagedorworn powercordsreplacedimmediately,
• Keep cuttingtoolssharpfor efficientand s_est operation.
KNOW HOW TO USE TOOL
•Use righttoolforjob. Do notIorce toolor attachment to do
ajob forwhichit was notdesigned.
•Disconnecttoolwhen changingattachments.
•Avoidaccidentalstart-up.Make surethat the toniis in the
=off"positionbefore pluggingin, turning on satelydiscon-
nector activatingbreakers.
• Do not force tool.It willwork most efficientlyat the rate for
whichit was designed.
• K,_ephandsswayfromchuck,centers and Otharmoving
pads.
•Never leave toolrunningunattended.Turnthe power off
and do not leovetooluntilit comes to acompletestep.
•Do not overreach.Keepproper lootingand balance.
•Never stand ontool,Serious injury could occurit toolis
tippedor i' centers are unintentionallycontacted.
•Knowyourtool.Learnthe leers operation, application and
specificlimitations.
•Handleworkpiececorrectly.Mountfirmly in holding
devices.Protect handsfrom possibleinjury,
•Turnmachineoff ifworkplece splitsor becomesloose.
•Use cuttingtonleas recornmendedin =Operation."
WARNING: Forysurown salety,donot operateyOUrwood
latheuntilitiscompletelyassembledand installedaccordingto
instructions.
PROTECTION: EYES, HANDS, FACE, BODY, EARS
If any part ct your lathe is missing, malfunctioning,or has
been damaged orbrahen,cease operating immediately
untilthe particularpad is properlyrepaired or replaced,
•We="saletygogglesthatcomplywih UnitedStatesANSI
7R7.1 anda face sttaldordustmask it operatlen isdusty,
Wearear plugsor muffsduring _,.'tandedperiodsct operation.
Small loosepieces ofwood or other objectsthat contacta
spinning workplececan be propelledat very highspeed.
Thiscan be avoided by keeping the latheclean.

Never turn the lathe ON before clearing the bed, head and
tailstock ot all tools, wood scraps, etc., except the werkpiece
and related support devicse for the operation planned.
Never place your lace or body in line with the chuck or
faceplate.
•Never plane your fingers or hande in path ut cutting tools.
•Never roach in back of the workpiece wit h either hand to
support the piece, remove wood scraps, or lor any other
mason, Avoid awkward aperetions and hand positions
where a sudden slip could cause fingers or hand to move
into aspinning workplece.
•Shut the lathe OFF and disconnect power source when
removing the faneplste, changing the center, adding or
removing an a,z<itiary device, or making adjustments.
•Turn _lock switch to =off" and remove _when tool is
not in use.
• If the workplece splits or is damaged in any way, turn lathe
OFF and remove the workpiece Imm the holders. Discard
damaged workpiece and start with a new piece of wood.
• Use extra care when turning wood with twisted grain or
wood that is twisted or bowed -- it may cut unevenly or
wobble excessively.
KNOW YOUR CUTTING TOOLS
•Dull, gummf, improperly sharpenedor set cuttingtonlscan
ceuse vibrationend chatterduringcuttingoperations.
Minimizepotential injuryby proper care of tools and regu-
ier machine maintenance.
THINK SAFETY
Safety is a combinationof operator common sense and alert-
ness at all timeswhen the lethe is being used.
•Foryour o,,vnsafety,read all rules andpmcautioas in the
operator's manual before using thistool.
•Foreye protection,wear safatyglasses complyingwith
UnitedStates ANSI Z87.1.
•Do netwear looseclothing,gloves,neckties, rings,
bracelets or otherjewelry thatceeld gef caught in moving
parts of machineor workpieee.Wear proteotivehaircover-
ingto contain longhair.
•Tighten all damps, fixturesand tailstsckbefore applying
power.Check to mak_ surethat all tools and wrenches
have been removed.
•With switchoff, rotate workpleceby hand to make sure
thatthere isadequate clearance.Start the machine on
lowestspeed settingto verity thatthe workpleceis secure,
• Forlarge pieces, create a roughshape on another piece of
equipmentbefore installingon fsceplate.
•Do not mount anyworkpleces thathave splits or knots.
•Remove any center from spindle when using an outboard
devicefor au_itiaryturning.
•Ne/er attempt to remountafaneplateturningto the lace-
platefor any mason,
•Never attempttoremounta between-centersturningit the
original centerson theturninghavebeen alteredor removad.
•When remountingabetween-centemturningthat has non-
altered original centers, make surethatthe speed is at the
lowestsettingforetad-ap.
•Use extracautionwhen mountingebatween.centersturn-
ing tothe faceplata, ora faceplsteturningto between-cen-
ters, for secondary operations. Male surethat the speed is
atthe lowestsettingfor start-up.
•Never perform any operation with this lathe where the
workplece is hand-held. Do net mount a reamer, milling
cutter, drill bit, wire wheel or buffing wheel to the heed-
stock spindle.
•When hand-sanding fsceplate or between-ceeters mount-
ed werkpieces, complete all sanding BEFORE removing
the workplece from the lathe.
Never run the spindle in the wrong directiee. The cutting
tool could be pulled from your hands. The workpiece
should always turn towards the operator.
For spindle tur_ng, ALWAYS paslion the tool rest above the
centedine of the workplece and spindle (sppreKin'kately'_").
Use the ddll chuck accessory in the tall efock only. Do not
mount any drill bit that extends mere than 6" beyond chuck
jaws.
CAUTION; Foilow safely instructions that appear on the
headstock assembly for your lathe.
Refer toFigure 1.
Check forshippingdamage.If damage has occurred, a claim
mustbe filedwith carder.Check for completeness.
Immediatelyrepod:missingpartsto dealer.
Yourwoodlatheisshippedcompleteinone c_ton and includes
amotor.Separate allpadsfrompackingmaterialsandcheck
each one withthe unpaddnglistto make certainall items are
accountedforbeforediscardingany packingmaterial.
If anyparts am missing, do not attempt to assemble the lathe,
plugin the pawer cord,ortum the switchon untilthe missing
pads are chtained and properlyinstalled.
A lathe
BLeg (4)
C Brace(2)
D TSP(2)
ESupport(2)
F 12"Teel Reef
G 6"ToolRest
H 4" Face Plate
Parts Bag (Lathe) -NOtShown
PartsBag (Stand)-Not Shown
IMPORTANT: The bed is coatedwith a protediant.To ensure
proper fit and operation,remove coating,Coatingis easily
removedwithmild solvents,such as mineralspirits, and a soft
doth.Avoidgettingcleaningsolution on paint or anyof the
rubberor plasticparts,Solventsmay deterioratethesefinish-
es. Use soapand water on paint, plasticor rubbercompo-
nents.Wipe all parts thoroughlywith aclean drycloth.Apply
pastewax to the bed,
3
Rgum I -Unpacking

Refer to Figu="es2 - 3.
CAUTION: Do not attempt assembly if parts ere missing.
Use this manual to order replacement parts.
•Remove all components from the shipping carton and verify
against the parts list on page 3. Clean each component and
remo_ shipping preservatives (coatings) as required.
ASSEMBLE STAND
NOTE: Hand tighten all I_ nutsduringstand assembly.Do
notcompletelytightennutsuntilstand assemblyis complete.
•Piecebcthtoppiecesepside downee flooror benchtop.
Attach|font and rearsqoportstotopsusingtheca,'dagebolts,
flatwashers,lockwashersand hexnuts.
•Attach legs toinside nt tops usingcarriagebols, flat
washers, lockwashers and hexnuts,
•Attachbracesto insideof legsusingcarriagebolts,flatwash-
ers, lechwashersand hexnuts.
•Turnstand upright,level standandsecuresil nuts.
Suppo_
1\
Rgum 2 - Lalhe Stand Asmmbied
MOUNT LATHE TO STAND
NOTE: Lathe weighs apprceimately130 Ibs.Two people mw
be requiredfor this operation,
•Obse_e Iocehendmeentingholesin thestand top.Pceitinn
latheon stand top sothatthe mountingholesinthe standare
alignedwithhobs inthe headstockand n_tor suppodcast-
ing.Securelathefrom underneathstand usingsed_ head
boltsandflatwashe(s.
•Insert6" or 12" toolrest intoholderand securein position
with lockinghandle.
• Attach speed controlknQb.
•Whenthe woodlethe isreedj/foruse,it shouldappear as it
doesin Figure3,
Inboard Spinde Toel ReSt
Headstock
Spinde Bed Halide
Knob
Rgum 3 - Pmls of the Lathe
•Examine the liee cord to male ,,_Jrethel the ping is in geed
condition and that the insulation has not been damaged
during transit.
Reler to Figures4-9,
LOCATION OF WOOD LATHE
The latheshouldbe positionedsothat neitherthe operator
nor acasual observer isforced to stand in linewith the spin-
ningchuck.
INSTALLATION OF CENTERS
The spur center and the bearing center have Morsetaper #1
tomatch the spindleand tailstockbores.Toinstall the cen-
ters,slide them intothe boreswith a firm,swift movement.
Theywill be furthersecured when aworkpieceissqueezed
between the centers.
REMOVAL OF SPUR CENTER FROM SPINDLE
•To remove the spur centerfromthe spindle, insert the cen-
ter removalrod intothe spindle and gentlytap the center
out.Refer to Figure 4.
Spur Center
R_ure 4 - Spur Center RBmovzd
REMOVAL OF BEARING CENTER FROM RAM
•To remove bearing center from tall atock quill, insert the
center remavai rod into the quill and gently tap the center
out.Refer to Figure 5.
Beanng
_r
Removal Rob
RRure 5
POWER SOURCE
WARNING: Do nat connectwood lathetothe power source
untilall assemply steps have been completed,
The motorisdesignedforoperationontheveltageand IreqnenoJ
spedled.NotTnatloadswillbe handledsafelyan voltagesnot
morethan10% aboveorbelowspecifiedvolage. Ruanklgthe
un! onvoltageswhichare notwthin rangemaycauseoverheat-
n:j and motorburn-out.Heavyloadsrequirethatvoltageat mator
terminalsbe nolessthanIhevoltagespecified onnamepla_.
•Powersupplyto the motoriscontrolledby a single polelock-
ingrod_r switch.Rerno_ the kayinthe rockerswitch topre-
ventunauthorizeduse.
4

GROUNDING INSTRUCTIONS
WARNING: Improper conr_dion d equipmed grounding con-
ductor can ras.J inthe dsk d electrical shod<.Eq_ment should
be grounded while in use to protect operstor from eleddcal shock.
•Check with a qualified elestdcian if grounding instructions
are not understood or iin doubt as to whether the tool is
propedy grounded.
• This tool is equipped with as appmvad 3*conductor cord
rated at 300V and a 3-prong grounding type plug (see Figure
6) for your protection against shock hazards.
pmpedy Grounded Outlet
Grounding Prong
3-prong Plug __
Rgum 6 - 3-1ProngRmceptado
Groundingplugshouldbe plugged directlyintoa properly
installedand grounded3-preeg grounding-typereceptacle,
as shown (Figure6).
•Do notran'x_e or alter groundingprong in anymanner.In
the eventot a maitunctionor breakdown,groundingpro-
vides a path ot least resistancefor electricalshock.
WARNING: Do notpermit lingers to touchthe terminalsot
plug when installingor removing lrem outlet.
•Plugmustbe pluggedintomatchingoutistthatis propeby
instaled ondgroundedin accordancewithal localcodasand
ordinances.Do notmodly plugprovided.If itwillnO[ft in
outlet,haveproperoutletinstalledby a qual|led electrician.
•Inspecttoolcordspedodicellyand if damaged, have them
repairedby an authorized seP.'iceIacitity.
•Green (or green and yellow)conductorin cord is the
groundingwire. If repairor replacementofthe electriccord
or plugis necessary, do not conned the green (orgreen
and yellow)wire to aliveterminal.
•Where a2-prong wall receptacleisencountered,it mustbe
replacedwith a properlygrounded:)-prongreceptacle
installedin accordancewith National Electdc Code and
local codes and ordinances.
WARNING: This work should be pedormed by e qualified
electrician.
A temporary 3-preng to 2..prenggroundingadapter(see
Figure7) isavailableforconsentingplugsto a twopole outlet
ifit isproperlygrounded.
Do not use a 3-preng to 2-preng groundingadaptor unless
permittedby local and national codas and ord'mances.
(A3-prongto 2-pronggroundingadapter isnot permitted
inCanada,) Where permitted,the rigidgreen tab or term'l-
natonthe side ot the adaptermust be securelyconnected
to a permanent electricalground suchas a propedy
groundedwater pipe, aproperlygroundedoutlet b_( or a
properlygroundedwire system.
•Many coverplate screws,water pipes and outletbosasare
notproperlygrounded.Toensure proper ground,grounding
means mustbe testedby a qualifiedeleotrician,
Qmunding Lug M_<e Sum
This Is
Adspter_ __ConnectedTo
_A Kqown
3-Prong Ground
2-Prong Receptacle
Rgure 7 - 2-Prong Receptacle with Adapter
EXTENSION CORDS
•The use of any extension cord will cause some drop in
volnge and loss of power.
•Wires of the _tension cord must be ol sutficisnt size to
carry the ourmnt and maintain adequate voltage,
•Use the table to determine the minimum wire size (A.W.G.)
extension cord.
•Use only 3-wire eadenslen cords h_iug 3-prong grounding
type plugs and 3-pob mceptasles which accept the tool plug.
•If the extension cord is worn, cut, or damaged in any way.
replace it immediately.
Extemdon Cord length Wire Size A.W.G.
Up to 25 tt..................................... 18
NOTE: Using extension cords over 25 It, long is not
recommended.
MOTOR
The wood lathe is assembled with rector and wiring installed.
Horsepower (Maximum Developed) ................... 1
Voltage ................................... 120/240
Amperes ..................................... 814
Hertz ........................................ 60
Phase ..................................... Single
RPM ....................................... 1725
Rotation (viewed Iron', mater shatt) ....... Counterclockwise
L1
120V IPower L2
1±
Rgure B -Wiling Schemstic
Green
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS
WARNING: Make sureunit isoff and disconnectedfrom
powersourcebesominspectingany wiring.
The motoris installedand wiringconnectedas illustratedin
the widngschematic(see Figure8).
The latheisprewiredlot useon a 120 volt,60HZ powersupply.
The powerst4)plytothe motoris controlledby a singlepole
leddng roder swich.
5

The powerlines are inserteddirectly ontothe switch.The
0teen groundline must remain securelyfastenedto the freme
to properlyprotect againstelectricalshock.
•Removethe key to preventunauthorizeduse.
240 VOLT OPERATION
• To use the lathe with a 240V, single-phase pov,,er supply,
have s qualified electrician attach a 240 volt. 15A 3-prong
plug Onto lathe line cord and install the proper connectors
and receptacles to power supply.
•See wiring diagram (Figure 9) for wiring instructions.
C3C 2
__L_
C 4 )
L1 1_ _
_2)
L1 240V 1.2
Figure 9-Wiring S<d'lemallc
Referto Figures10 - 74.
DESCRIPTION
Craftsman 36" variable speed wood latheprovidescapability
toturn woodenworkpieces upto 36' longand 4" diameter.
This lathe can also turn b_wls upto 12" diameterand 4"
thick.The motorrofstosat 1725 RPM and the spindle speeds
are 380-2150 RPM. Outboard spindle allows convenientout-
boardturning of bowls up to 15"diameter.
SPECIFICATIONS
Turninglength (max.) ............................ 38"
Bowldiareeter(max.)............................12"
Overalllength................................. 60_
Overallheight................................. 13"
Width ....................................... 15"
Inboard SpindleSpeed ............... 380 to2150 RPM
OutboardSpindle Speed ................ 190-1075 RPM
SpindleTaper................................. 1MT
SpindleThreed................................ 1".-8
TailStock Taper............................... 1MT
Switch ........................... SP, Lockingrocker
Motor .......................... 120/240V, 8/4 AMPS
Weight ................................... 130 bs
WARNING: Operationof any powertoolcan result in foreign
objects being throwninto the eyes, whichcan result in severe
eye damage. Alwayswear satety goggles complyingwith
UnitesStatesANSI Z87.1 (shown onpaskage) beforecom-
mencingpower tooloperation.Salaty gogglesate availableat
Sears retail storesor catalog.
CAUTION: Always Observethe followingsafelyprecautions:
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
•Whenever adjustingor replacing anyparts onthe tool, turn
switchOFF and remove theplug frompower source,
• FlesheckallIoddnghandles,Thay mustbe tightensdseoJraly.
• Mak_ sure allmovingparts are free and clear of any
intederence.
• Mal® s_.a'eal fastonarsam tightand have nctvbratedloose.
• With powerdisconnected,test eperetion by handforclear-
ance and adjustit necessary.
•Alwayswear eye protectionorface shield.
•Alter turningswitchon, alwaysallow the spindle to come
upto lullspeed before turning.
•Be suremeter runscounterclockwisewhen viewing spindle
fromthe rightend (inboardside of headstock).
•Keep handsclear of spindle,centers, faceplates and other
reeving partsof machine.
•For optimum performance,do not stall motoror reduce
speed. Do not forcethe toolintothe work.
ON-OFF SWITCH
Refer toFigure 19.
Power supplyto the lathe iscontrolledby the lockingrocker
switch.To turnlatheon:
• Pullred_r snitchuptothe ON position.
Toturn lathe_f:
•Switchoffthe rockersNitCh.
The rocker switch hase removable_to preventunsetho-
dzBd use or accidentalstart-upof the lathe.Removingthe kay
will !ockthe lathe from use.
To lock the lathe:
•Switchoffthe rockerswitch.
•Disconnectthe linecordlram powersource.
•Pullout the removablekey.The key has the words,
"Remove to Lock".
•Store key in a sale pla_e
NOTE: With the kay removed,the rockercan be "ROCKED",
butthe switchcannot be actuated,
Tounlockthe Isthe:
•Positionthe rockerin the OFF pneltinn.
•Insertthe key intothe rocker,
•Connect line cord topower source.
•The switch cannow be actuated.
•_Spindle
Rgum 10 RemovableI_ _/ _Roc_erSwltch
CHANGING SPEEDS
Tovaly spindlespeeds, rotatespeed controlImopto the
desiredsetting.The speed label on the headstock shows
inboardspindlespeeds in black and outboardspindle speeds
in red.Refer tospeed chartfar specific turningoperations.
CAUTION: Change speeds only while motoris running.
6

SPINDLE TURNING
If you have never done any amountot wood turning,we sug-
gest thatyou practiceusing the variouswood turningtools.
Start witha smallspindleturning.
Be sureto studythe follo_vingpages ofthis manuel.They
explainand illustratethe correctuse at the turning tools,the
positioningot the tool rest, and other informationto help you
gaine_pedence.
•Selecta plese ot wood 2"x 2" x 12".
•Drawdiagonallines on each end to locatethe centers.
Diagonal Unes on
Both Ends
•Observe the speed chart (see page 14). For example, a 2"
square turning uP to 18" long should run at 1100 RPM for
"roughing'. Rotate the wood by hand to make sum that the
corners do not strike tim tool rest and verify that the index-
ing pin is not engaged.
Rgure 11
•On one end, make asaw cut epprosJn'_ely 'A," deep on
each diagonal line,This isfor the spor o_nter,
•The other end uses the bearing center. Place the point ot
the bearing center on the wood where the diagonal lines
cross`
•Drivethe bearingcenter intothe wood.Use a wooden mat-
let or a plastic hammer, butput a piece of wood onthe end
ofthe bearing centerto prctect itfrom harm.
Rgum 12
• Remove the bearing center and drivethe spur center into
the otherend ofthe wood. Make sum the spurs are inthe
saw cuts.Remove the spur center.
•Make surethe centers and the hole in thespindle and the
tailstock ramare clean. Insertthe spurcenter intothe
headstock and the bearingcenter intothe tail atock.Tsp
them in lightlywith a piece ot wood. Do not drivethem in.
•IIthe tall stock centeris not ot the ball bearingtype, puta
dropof oil or wax an thewood where itcontactsthe cen-
ter.This willIt_,ricatethe woodwhile it is tumiag.
•Placethe woodbetweenthe centers andlockthe t6ilstock.
•Movethe bearingcenterintothe woodby turningthe hand
wheel. Make surethat the bearingcenterand spur center
=seated"into thewood inthe holesmadeeadier.Rotate
the woodby handwhileturningthe handwheel.
•Adjustthe toolrest approximately',_"away fromthe cor-
nersof the wood and %"shove the centerline.Note the
angledpositionof the toolrestbase. Lockthe toolrest
base and the tool rest.
Rgure 13
1_ _'
,oo°
TOOL REST _._
Rgure 14
INDEXING
Referto Figume15,
The spinulepu[k3yhas24 agu_Jlyspaced slots(15°apart).The
irides(pinpsssesthroughthe headstockengageswithonect the
24 slotsemdlocksthespindlefromturningwhileyouput amark
on thewod_lec_
iSlots
Rgure lS
Forexample, to locatethe positionot sixflutes on a cylinder:.
• Openthe rearcaver.
• Pushindexpin untilthe indexpin engages one ef the 24
slats inthe spindle pulley.
•Adjustthe 12" toolmeattothe centerlineot the workplece
and make emark.
•Pullindexpin outtorelease pin,Slowly rotatethe work-
piece untilpin is located60" (4 holes) from initial position.
Engage indexpin intothe pulleyand place another mark
on the workpiece.
•Continuethese stepsuntilthere are 6 marks onthe work-
piece.
•Bowlturningsor wheel turningscan be marked inthe
S_ rn_qReL
WARNING: The indexingpin mustbe disengagedfor all
nther operations on the lathe,
OUTBOARD TURNING
This technique mat_s it possible to do jobs on this machine
that are too large to mount conventionally. It is straight forward
laospiste turning, except, because of the work size, caution
must be talon and speeds must be restricted to minimums. If
you anticipate doing outboard turning you must use a bowl
turning rest (see Recommended Accessories, page 27). The
bowl turning rest is attached to the lathe bed. See Figure 16,
page 8.
7

figure 16 - Bowl Turning Rest
Rgure19 Cuttin S "
CAUTION: Do not try topush this support when cutting.Do
nottry to mountwork so large that the motor must strain to
turnit. If youwish to experimentwith thistechnique,do so
with softwoods.Let the heavier, herder wood come later.
USING WOODWORKING CHISELS
Many operationsrequirethat the cuttingchiselsbe used for
scraping,but scraping chiselsare practicallynever used for
cutting.Scrapingdullsa chiselmuch faster, especiallythe
razorsharp cuttingchisels.
Cuttingisfaster than scrapingandproduces asmootherfinish
whichrequireslesssanding.However,it isfar more difficultto
master.Scraping,on the other hand, islar more preciseand
easier to control.
SELECTION OF CHISELS
Betterchiselshave handles approximately10" longtoprovide
plentynt gripand leverage.Sharptoolsare essentialIordean,
easywork.Select toolsthatwilltake and holdkeen edges.
GOUGE SKEW PA_TfNG T_04_
SPEA fl POINT FLATNOSE ROUND NOSE
Figure| 7 -The Six CommonlyUsedChimlTypes
THEORY OF TURNING
The twoclasses ot chisels are those intendedpdmadlyIor
cutting,and chisels usedonly forscraping,
• The cuttingchisels are the gouge, skewand partingtool.
These are the mostused.They are commonlysharpened
to a razor edge by honingon both sides.
•The scrapingchiselsare the flat n_e, roundnose and
spear point.These are not honedon the flat sides- the
wire edgesproduced by grindingare felt on to aidin the
scrapingprocess.
Cutting Chisel Scraping Chisel
Rgum 18
Cutting and Scraping
•To cut, the chisel is held so that the sharp edge actually
digs into the revolving work to peel otf shavings.
• To scrape, the chisel is held at a dgN angle to the work sur-
lace. This tool remcves fine particles instead of shavings.
WhenYou Can Cut andWhanYou Must Scrape
There are twoditlemnt approaches:
• One sppr_ch istowardedrcunfemsce oftheworkpiece_or
exampleturningdowntheoutersurfaced a cylinderor the
innerwallda hollowroundbex).In thisapproach,thesulfase
hek'igturnedtravelsunderthechisel edgelikean endlessbelt.
•The secondapproachistowardthe diameterda workpiece
(aswhen turningthefaced a fsceplate turning,orthe sided
a largeshoulderon aspindleturning).In thisapproach,the
sudscebeingturnedrotatesIke a discunderthechiseledge.
•Sometimesthe optirnum approachwill be a sent)ination of
both methods.
t
Diameter
Approach
Rgum 20
Eithera cuttingor scrapingactioncanbe used when the
approachis towarda circumference- the shavingis mmaved
like a peelingfrom a potato.Scraping can only be usedwhen
the approachistowarda diameter.The mason is obvious
when you considerthatfaceplate turningpracticallyalways
requires removalof woodacrossthe grain,Wood does not
peel easily acrossthe grain and attemptsto useany inappro-
pdate cuttingmethodswilllikelymsul in damage tothe work-
piece.There isalso dangerthatthe toolcouldbe pulledfrom
the handsof the operator.
In general, a cueingactionis used for the majorityof spindle
turningoperations while taceplateturningisusuallyaccom-
plishedby the scrapingmethod.When a combination
approach isto be used,the operator will haveto judge, by the
feel ot the work,when tostopcuttingand start scraping.
Never try tocutwhen itbecomesdifficultto holdthe chisel
againstthe mughnese ofthe wood grain.
Haw to PosltlonTool Rest for Clrcurnterenoa Cutting
When cutting,the object isto piercethe outer skinof woodto
a certain desireddepthand thento holdthe chiselsteady
with the beveledge parallelto the workcimundemnceso that
itwillpeel oft ashaving at this desired depth,
8

• The only sure methodof holdingthe chiselsteady is to
mat the b_vel against the work(Figure 21A).When the toni
mat isat the proper height, the chiselcan be held withthe
bevelpressed againstthe work, and the tool restwill act
as afulcrum to support the chiselagainstthe downward
forceof the revolvingwork.
•If the rest is placed too low, so that thechisel is held with
the bevel out fromthe work (Figure21B), the cuttingedge
will continueto dig deeper intothe work.It will dig inuntil
the "bite" becomes so deep thatyour hands have difficuly
holdingthe chisel- then the improperlysupportedchisel
will beginto bounce or chatter against the workplace.
•ffthe rest is placed ton low,the chisel mustbe held
extremely high topositionthe bevel against the work
(Figure 21C).Then the rest losesrno_ of itsvalue as aful-
crumand the downwardforceofthe revolvingworkplecu
tends to kickthe chiselback out of yourhands.
Fig. 21A Rg, 21B Rg. 21C
No aJp_xt
ae_ _ S • .F_ Kickback/i
Xhr=, '_ Chan /d" Bev_ Kickba=_.
^_ml B_ _ • [pelnl
Ctlisel (_jn_g pl_er _ _ R_I Too L
Olbd TOU H G'lz_m dTOO Itl_h
Fig. 21D I_ Fig, 21E RI_ 21F
..... _I_R_ I Handle e
TooHi_
Rest Too D_IW31 * ChbalToo High
P_nl Too Fat From Rmt
Fig. 21G
Rgure 21
Ifthe restis placedtonhigh(Figure21D) and the chiselis
correctlyposlioned tar cutting,itstdkes the workplecunear
the topwhere the directionof torceeKartedby theworkplace
isnearly horizontal- and kickbackwillagain result.
•Ifthe rest isplaced too far out Iromthe work surface
(Figure21E), then, when correctlyheld, the chisel is again
ton highon the work.Also, you hawetessleverageonyour
side of the tool restand it iseven more difficultto holdthe
chisel.With large diameter work (Figure21F), the tool rest
canbe above the workplece centedine,and sornewhal out
from the work sudace,With small diameterwork (Figure
21G), the restshouldbe closertothework surface.As
workgrows smaller,the restshouldbe mpositioned.
How to Po_ltlon Tool Rest for Clmunfference Soraplng
In scrapingoperations,the toolrestpositionis not as critical
as it isfor cuttingoperations.
•The chiselgenerally is held horizontally,though itcan be
held at an angle to reach intotightplaces,Consideringthat
the wire edge of the chiseldoesthe scraping,Figures 22B
and 22(3 showthe resultsof ton low or ton higha position
forthe rest.
Fig, 22A
•ioe
c
figure 22
•Figure22A showsthe chiselactionwith the restcorrectly
positioned.
How to PoalUon Chisel and Rest for Diameter Scraping
When scraping on the diameter, that portico of sudase tothe
right of center is moving upward (Figure 23A). if a chisel is
placed in this area, it will simply be carrisd up oft the rest and
out of your hands.
• All diameter approach aparations must be done st the k_t
of center,
Three differentchiselcontactpoints are shownin Figure23B.
Itwill benotedthatwhen a chiselis abovethe workpieoscen-
ter (orbelowit) the work sudasesweeps pastthe chiseledge
at an angle and tends to carry the chisel in one directionor
the otheralongthe rest.
•Onlywhenthe chiselcentasts the work on the cehtedine,
doesthework surfacepass squarelyunderthe chisel
edge.This, then, is the positioninwhich it is easiest to
holdthe chiselsteady.To abtain this position,placethe
restagpreximataly 'k" (thicknessof chisel)balsw center.
Fill- 2SA FI w. 23B
Uw_
R
Rgum 23
UISING THE GOUGE
Three gouges,the 'k,',_and =k"sizes, are adequateforgener-
al hornesheptumieg, Other sizes from 'k to 2" canbe pur-
chased to providemore IleKibinty.
The chiefuse of the gouge is for roughcircumfarenoscutting
ofraw stock down to a cylinderofworfdngsize.It is best to
usethis toolfor rapidcuttingaway of large areas ofthe work-
piece.When the tool is usedthisway, it doesnot producea
smoothsudace,With practice,the gougecan be usedforcut-
tingcovesand the shapingof longcats.
CuttingEdge
P_fflt
Hgum 24
•When ussdfor o-tting,thegougeisalwaysheldwiththecon-
veKsidedown.Itshould he rolledapprodmatel),30=to45_in
thedirectioninwhich| is beingadvancedalongthe restand
thecuttingedge shouldhe slightlyaheadct thehandle.
9

USING THE SKEW
• Two skews, the '/zand 1" sizes, am all that are needed for
general use. Other sizes are avallsble,
This tool isnearly always used to ma_ fbished cuts, to cut vees
and beads, and to square shoulders. Properly used, i produces
the best finish that can he obtained with a chisel. It is not recom-
mended for scraping because the edge tends to dul more qalddy.
For finish cutting, the skew is held with the cutting edge
considerably in advance of the handle, bevel side down.
Keep the base ol the bevel against the work. It is good
practice is to place the skew well o_,er the wod_, pull it back
until the edge begins to cut, then owing the handle into
position to advance the cut.
Both the toe and the heal d the slew can be used for taking light
cuts, but do not penetrate the wood too deeply without cutting
_s.There is danger ol burring the tip of the tooL
Rgure25
USING THE PARTING TOOL
The pwting tool has just one prrnaw purpose: to cut into the
workpiece as deeply as desired, or all the way through to make a
aJt-off, It is,the_ore, avery narrow tool ak" wide) and shaped to
cut its own clearance so that the edge will not he burned.When
used for scraping, however, the parting tool should be backed off
regularly to prevent overheating.
Unli_ the gouge and slew, the parting tool is seldom hatd with
the beval against the work. Since the _nt of stock removal is
small, a support for the bevel is not neoes_y.
The tool is simply led into the work at an angle (for cutting), or
pointed at the workpleoe center (Ior scraping). It can be held eas-
ily in one hand. Cutting Scraping
4--,,
USINGTHE SCRAPING CHISELS
• A '/l' wide spear point chisel, a '/z"wide round nose chisel,
and a 1" wide flat nose chisel complete the list of tools
ordinarily used by crattsmen and hobbyists.
Each of these scraping chisels can be purchased in various
other sizes Ior special purposes. All am very useful for diame-
ter scraping operations and for circumference scraping when
cutting methods cannot be employed.
•The spear point is used for line soraping and delicate oper-
ations such as the forming of beads, parallel grooves and
shallow vses.
• Edges and bowl contours can be rounded with the round
nose chisel.
•Any flat sudacacan be scrapedwiththe flat nose chisel.
Spear Round Flat nose
Point Nose
figure 27
USING SHAPER OR MOULDING KNIVES
•An old chisel can be made to serve as a holder for shaper
or moulding knives.
Such knives male it possible to scrape many interesting
shades into the workpiece surface using _or two operations
instead of the many operations required wih standard chisels.
it is generally not practical to use cutting mathods with spedal
shape tools. Scraping methods should he used instead.
•The holder should provide a shoulder against which the
butt end of lhe krlite can be firmly seated,The knife must
be securely mounted, either by means nt a screw threaded
into the holder, or by compressing it between two prongs
bolted together.
USING A BLOCK PLANE
Clear, glass.smooth linishes (especially on softwoods) can be
obtained by using a block plane sat to take a fine shaving.
•The tool rest should be raised up apprasimately to the top
of the workplece - and the plane should be horizontal, but
turned slightly in the direction of travel so that it will tale a
shearing cut,
•Two tool rests, one in front and the other behind the work, can
be used to advantage in p_itioning the plane so as to eKaotly
limit the dep(h of cut (and fi_ size of the wod_piece).
Rgum 2g
USING WOOD RASPS AND FILES
•A wood rasp will remove stock quickly when held against
the revolving workpisce. Cam should be talen to support
the rasp firmly against the tool rest. An improperly held
rasp, when used on a rough sudaoe, can kick back and
cause operalor injury,
•The rasp will leave avery rough finish.
•Finer finishes (similar to those produced by scraping) can
be obtained by using files in the same manner. Various
types of files can be used for shaping vees, beads, caves,
eLc. if pressed too hard into the wood, some files can burn
the workpiece.
•Keep the file clean to keep it cutting uniformly. Files work
best on hardwoods.
10

Figure 3Q - Using a Rup
HAND POSITIONS
When usinganyofthe chisels,thehandtales anaturalposition
on thetoniheedl_This pssitionmavbe nearthe middledthe
handleor towardsthe end,dependingupanthe amesntof
leveragerequired.The positisnd theI'_nd neartheted re.stis a
matterd individualprdemnee,bUttheream threegenerally
acceptedpositions,each bestforcertaintypesdoperations
Roughing Off
Roughingofl and other heavy work requiresa firm grip and
solidpositioningofthe chiselagainstthe rest.This is best
obtainedby the toet-mathand positionedillustrated.The wrist
is droppeddownso that the heel of the handbelowthe little
finger acts as a slidingguide against the rest,The handle
hand controlschiselposition.
Rgure 31 - Roughing
Finish Cutting
Finishcuttingrequiresmore control- with less force.Finish
cUttingis betterdone withthe palm of the toolresthand
turned up.The wristis stillheld down, and the side ot the
indexfinger acts as aguide along the rest. In thispselico,
controlof the chiselis shared by both hande.The lingers of
the teet-reethand are free to assistin positioningthe tooL
Figure 32 - Finilh Cutting
Intdeete Cutting
intricate,delicatecuttingrequireseKtremecontrolwithpracti-
callyno force.This isbest accomplishedbyguidingthe chisel
withthe fingers of the tool-resthand.The hand is held palmup
withthe wristhigh.The littlefinger isplaced againstthe restto
steady the hand.The chiseldoesnottouchthe restandthe
handlehand iscompletelysecondaryto the tooFresthand.
NOTE: The firstand secondpositionsare equally goodfor
scrapingoperations,hotthe thirdpositionispracticallynever
usedforscraping.
Rgure 33
Cutting to Depth
Many scraping operations and cUtting to depth with the part-
ing tool can be easily accomplished with the one hand. The
chisel is grasped firmly with the index finger on top to press it
down against the rest. it is thrust straight into the work.
Holding the tool in this manner leaves the other hand free to
hold a p_tem or calipers, atc., to check work in progress.
%..
Rgure 84
MAKING STANDARD CUTS
THE ROUGHING-OFF CUT
Reducing a square or odd shaped workDieos down to acylin-
der of approximate size for finish turning is called "roughing-
off". Faosplste turnings and large diameter spindles should
first be partly reduced by sawing, but small spindles are easily
turned down entirely with the large (',_') gouge.
RO_o
• Start the firstcutabout2" fromtail stock end - then runit
towardthe tailatnekand off the end of theworkpieos.
• Nsst, startanothercut 2" nearerthe headstock- and run it
back towardsthetaiistnek,to mergewith the firstcUt.
•Continuecuttingin this manner until2 to 4" from the head-
stock is lettuncut.Reverse the directionof tooltraveland
workone or twocUtsin successiontoward the headstock
and(_f thisend of the workpieee.
•Never start a cUtdirectlyst the end - ifthe chisel catches
the end, it willdamage the wod_leco.
• Never take longcutswhile cornersremain onthe work,as
this tends to tear longdivers fromthe corners,
•The first series of cuts shouldnot tie ton deep. It is better
topartiallyreduce the work to a cylinderall along its
length.Afterthat, start a second series of cutsto complete
reducingitto a cylinder.
*Once a cylinder has been Iormed,step latheup to next
fasterspeed. Furtherreductionsin size can nowhe
accomplishedby cuttingas deeply as desired at anyspot
along thework.At this stage, longcuts can be madefrom
the centerto eitherend.
•Generally,roughingoff iscontinueduntilthe cylinder is
approKimately %"lan:jerthan the desired finished size.
11

• Roundness can be tested by laying the gouge on top of
the work - it will not ride up and down when cylinder is
perfectly found.
Flrst Cuts
Testing Roundness
Figure 36
ROUGH-CUTTING TO SIZE
The roughing-ooIcut can be made to accuratelysize the cylin-
der to agiven diareeter.
Anothermethod isto make a numberof sizing cuts at inter-
vals alongthe work, then use the gouge toreduce the whole
cylinderdownto the diameter indicatedby these cuts.
MAKING SIZING CUTS
Sizingcuts am useJulto establishagprexim_e finishedsize
diametersat various pointsalong a workpieos.The workcan
thenbe turned downto the diametersindicatedand be ready •
for finishing.
Diametersfor sizingcuts shouldbe planned tobe about ',_"
greater than the desired finishdiameters.A sizingcutis
made withthe partingtoot,
•HoOdthe toolin one hand, and use the other hand to hoOd •
an outsidecaliper presetto the desiredsizing-cutdiameter.
•As the cut nears completion,lowerthe chiselpointmore
and more into a scraping pnettion.
•When the calipersslip overthe workoieseat the bottom oO
the groove,then the cut is linished.
Figure 37
SMOOTHING A CYLINDER
The final ',_"can be removed intwo ways,Either usethe 1"
skaw,workingfrom the center towardbothends and taking
lighterand lightercuts untilfinished,or use ablockplane as
illustratedin Figure 29.
CUI"rlNG A SHOULDER
A shouldercanbe the side of a squareportionleft inthe
workpisce,the side of a tarriedsection,or the end of the
workpisce.Most shouldersare perpendicularto thework axis,
but ashouldercan be at any angle.
•First,rnarkpositionof the shoulderwith apencilheld to
the revolvingworkpieoe.
•Second, make a sizingcutwith the partingtool,placing
thiscut about '/,." outsidethe shoulderpositionand cutting
towithinabout '/," ofthe depthdesired forthe area outside
at the shoulder.
•If shoulder isshallow,the toe of the skewcan be used to
make the sizing cut.Do not go in doeper thon ',_"withthe
si_w unlesswider and widervees are cutto provideclear-
ance forthis tool.
Figure 38
•Use the gouge to remove any waste stock outside of shoul-
der. Smooth this section, up to within ',_"oOshoulder, in the
usual manner. Finishing at the shoulder, unless it is more
than 1" high, is best done with the q,_"sl_w.
The toe of the skaw is used to rem_x,e the shavings from
the side of the shoulder - down to finished size.
Hold skewsothe bottom edge of bevel neKttothe shoul-
der willbe vely nearlyparalleltoside oOshoulder- but
with cuttingedgeturnedaway at the topso thatonly the
extremB toe willdo the cutting.If cuttingedge isflat
againstshoulder,the chisel will run.
Startwith handlelow, and raise handleto advancetoe into
the work.
Cut down to finished diameter of outside area. Then, clean
out the corner by advancing heel of the skBw into it along
the surface of the outside area.
Tilt the cuttingedge, with handleraised upso thatonlythe
extrsme heel does this cutting.
II shoulderis at end ofwork, the processis calledaguadng
the end. In thiscase, mduse outerportionto adiameter
about '_" largerthan toolcenterdiaree_acThen,later, saw
off the waste stock.
Rgure39
CUTTING VEES
Vee groovescanbe cut witheitherthetoe or heel ofthe skew.
•When the toe is used,the cuttingactionis exactlythe
same aswhen trimmingashoulderaxsspt thatthe skew is
tiltedto cut at the requiredbevel. Lightcutsshouldbe
takenon firstone side and thenthe other,gradually
enlargingthe vee to the required depth andwidth.
•When the heel is used, the skmNis rotated downintothe
work, usingthe restas a pivot.Otherwise,cuttingposition
and sequence ot cuts am the same.As when usingthe
toe, it is importantthat cuttingbe doneonly by extreme
end of cuttingedge.
•If deep vees are planned, it is quickerto start themby
maldngasizingcut at the centerof each vee.
• Voes can alsobe scrapedwith the spear point chisel or a
three-sidedfile.
12

Roure 40
CUTTING BEADS
This operationrequiresconsiderablepractice.
•First,make a pencilline to locatethe tops (highestpoints)
of two or more adjoiningbeads,
• Then, male a yea greave st the axact centerbetweentwo
linesand downtothe desired depthdthe separation
betweenthe beads.Be carefulnotto make the groeveton
wide oryou willremovepodionsof the desiredbeads.The
sidesolthe two adjoiningbeads arenow cutwiththe heeld
thesksw.Use a %"skew,unlessbeadsam very la,'ge.
Placeskew st rightangleswiththeworkaxis,flatagainstthe
sudase,andwellup near the top.The axtrerne heelshould
be justit_sidethe pencillinethatmarksthe topofthe bead.
Now, drawslew straightback whiioraisinghandleslowly-
untiledge nt the heel at the pencil linestartsto cut,
•As edge beginsto cut, roll sl_w in the directionol the vee
so thatthe _act portionofthe edge whichstarted cutting
willtravel in a 90" arc downto bottom of the vea.
Upenreachingbottomdthevee,the slew shouldbe en adge.
Reversethe movementsto cutside ol the adjacent bead.
_S_ng Tod
Rgure 41 - Cutting Beads
It is important that only the _treme heel should do the cut-
tiag.This means that the bottom edge nt the bevel naxt tothe
vea must at all times be tangent to the arc nt the bead being
lormed.
Easier beads can be shapedwith the spear pointchisel.
•Use pencilmarks and sizingcuts as belore.
• Pushthe chiselstraightintoeach cut end rotate horizontal-
ly to roundoff the adjacent edges. It mustbe movedslight-
lyin the directionof rotationat the same timeto keep the
pointfromdiggingintothe adjacentbead.
Start Rnish
Rgure 42
CUTTING COVES (CONCAVES)
This isthe m_t difficultsinglecutto master- butone ofthe
most importantin goodwood turning.
•First,use pencilmarksto indicatethe edges.
• Then, roughoutthecave,towithinabout ',_"ct thedesiredfin-
ishedsudace,byscrapingwi_ thegougeor muadnese d'Ls-
el.Iftheceveistobevery wide,alziogcutscenhe madeto
platthereeghingout.Once it isroughedout, thecovecanhe
finishedin twocuts,onefrom eachsidetothebottomcenter.
• At the start of either cut, gouge is held with handle high
and the two sides of blade held between the thumb end
fore_ingar of tool rest hand, just behind the bevel.
Position the fingers so that they are ready to roll the blade
into cove.
* Holdbladessothstbevel isat 90°angletotheworkaxis
withpointtouchingthepencillineandpointedk'itowork a_is.
•Fromthis start, depresspoint slightlyto stad cut, thencoo,
tldueto movepoint downin an arc towardthe bottomcen-
ter cove - at the same time roilingchiseluniformlyso that,
at the end ol the cut, it willbe flat at the bottomof the
cove.The objectis to keep the axtrerne pointof gouge
doingthe cuttingfrom start tofinish. Reversethese move-
mentsto cutthe opposite side.
_R_t CUttingCoves
Rgure 43
Coves alsocan be scrapedto finishusingthe roundnose
chisel or a rattailfile.These methods do nutgenerallypro-
duceperfectlycurvedcoves.
MAKING LONG CONVEX CUTS
•Firat, turnwork downto eppraximate size, using sizingcuts
(as required)to determinevariousdiameters` Finishcuts
can thenbe madewith eitherskewor gouge.
•Ifthe slew isused, the pdncipiosof the operatlen are the
same asthose employedin cuttingabead- exceptthat
the curve is leager and maybe irregular.Use the eKtreme
heel throughout- start at longer end of curve (ifcurve is
irregular)and progresstowardsteeper end.
•If gouge is used, make cut in the same direction.Start with
the handlewell back of point- swinginghandleinthe
directiondi tooltravelto overtakethe point,if necessary,
whenthe steep part ofthecurve is reached.Object isto
have the axtrerne point doingthe cuttingthroughoutwith
the bevelas tangentto curveas possible,
Rgure 44 -Chitl inclined in Direction of Cul
MAKfNG LONG TAPER CUTS
Long toper cuts are made UI_ long convax cuts, with the sksw
or gouge, However, the angle between the cutting edge and
hac,dle is kept constant during the entire cut.The handle is
not swung around.
•Always cut downhill. Do nat cut too deeply at the center of
the taper.
SPINDLETURNINGS
PLOTrlNG THE SHAPE
Once the basic cutsha_'ebean mastered, you are ready to
turn outfinished work.
•The firststep istoprepare a planfor the proposedturning.
This can be laidout on asuitablesheet ol paper.The lay-
outshouldbe to full size.
13

• Next. prepare the turningstockby squanng itupto the
size ot the largest square or roundsectionin your plan.
The stock canbe cutto the exact length of the proposed
turning.However, in mast cases, itis best to leavethe
stock a littlelong at one or both ends to allowfor trimming.
•Mount the stock in the latheand roughit otf to a maxi-
mum-sizecylinder.
•Now,projectyour pian onto the turning bypencil marking
the variouscriticaldimensionsalongthe lengthal the spin--
die.These dimensionscan be laidout with an ordinary
ruler or by using a template. Make the pencilmarks shout
'/z"longso they willbe visiblewhen the work isrevolved
under power.The lines can be quicklytraced around the
spindleby touchingeach linewiththe pencil.
Diameters
1'_" 2" 1',_"2'k'1_'1",_="2=,_," 1",_'17_'1"_,'1"
I I _ I 1= I
I_14'u' o-)=.-I
SizingCuts
Rgum 45
• After marking, use the parting tool to make sizing cuts at
all ot the important shoulders.When learning, you will find
it best to make sizing cuts to aocurately plot the various
dian_ters` Experienced wood workers can manage with
lewer such cuts at the important shoulders,
•Plan each sizing cut so that it is in waste stock and make
each cut deep enough so that there will be just enough
wood left under the cut for the finishing process.
• Once the sizing cuts have been completed, rough-out the
excess wood wiLh s gou9e. Then, proceed with the finish-
ing process by maldng the vadous types ut cuts required.
RECOMMENDED SPEED
Alwaysfollowrecommendedspeed to do spindle turning
dependingupon the size and length of worl_iece.
ROUGH FINISH
SQUARE LENGTH RPM RPM
1 to2" 1 to 12" 1300 2000
1 to2" to 24" 1100 2000
1 to2" to 38" 1000 2000
2to4" 1 to 12" 1000 1800
2 to 4" to24" 900 1600
2t04" to38" 700 1400
N' Pins 1 Io12" 800 1400
4" Plus to24" 600 1100
4" Plus to 38" 400 800
DUPMCATETURNINGS
Identical turnings require great accuracy when plotting the
work and pedorming the various cuts. Many methods hove
been devised to aid in pedecting the work.
Use cA'Patterns
PrdassionsiworkersgenerallyuseapaltemorIsyoutheard.This
isa thinpleseofwood or cas:iboarduponwhichisdmNns fulF
sizeh_ sectiond theturning.Thecontcorofthe fid...dr_dsudase
isdrawnfist. Then, the diametersat variousoriUcalpointsate
drawntosc_e asverticallinesintersectingthe contourr.-_
• Byplacingthe patternagainstthe roughed-out cylinder,you
can quicldymarkthe variouspointsut the criticaldiameters,
•To make each sizing out,use outsidecalipersand set
these by actuallymeasuring the lengthel thevertical lines
an the paltem whichrepresentthe diametersdesired.
Make the sizingcut downtothe properdiameter by using
the calipersto determinewhen the cutis finished.
•Alter maidngthe sizingcuts,hang the pattern behindthe
lathe where itwillserve as aguide for completionut the
workpiece.
Rgura 46
Using aTemplate and a Diameter Board
When many identicalturningsare tobe produced,it isconve-
nientto have a preparedtemplate.This can be made ofthin
woodor cardboard.Itis outon a band saw or scrollsaw to
hovethe e¢act contouror the finished turning.The number
one finished turningcan alsobe used as a template.Attach
the templateto aboardand then mountthe board behindthe
lathe,on hinges,so thatthe template can be moveddownto
touchthe workpiaceand allow you to closelydbser'.'e
progressof yourwork.
Ifa greatmanyturningsarebeingproduced,adiameter board
willsavethetimeusedfor resettingcalipers.Thisis simply a thin
bo_d alongtheedgeofwhicha oumper dsemicircularcuts
havebeenpreparedtorepresentallthevariouscalipersettings
requiredhx measuringthe sizingcuts.Eachsemi-drcalarcutis
held against thew0d<pleceinsteed ut usingthecalipers.
Rgum 47
UsingaTemplete
Usinge Diameter Board
LONG SPINDLES
Along turningcan be worked in shortsections, withjoints
arrangedto be at shoulderswhere they will not be noticed.
Longthin workthat islikelyte whip while tumthgshouldbe
supportedal one ortwoplaces by a backstick.This is easy
to make.A simple backstickconsistsut a shortlength of
wood mountedverticallyin an emtratoolrest and notched
so thatit canbe usedto supportthe spindle frombehind.
An improvedtype, whichuses 2 roller =+kalewheelsto form
the notch,alsois shown.
• Positionthe backstid_against a pre4umed portionnearthe
centerofthe spindle,thisportionbeing at least'/+"overlinish
sizeto allowforlaterremovalof anymarksmade upon it.
•Operate lathe at a slower speedthan normal.Lubricatethe
workpleceat pointof contactwiththe backstick+Use
beeswax (preferred),lard or grease.
14

Alter completing the turning, remove the bankstick and fin-
ish off the original point of contact. Sand off aw slight
burns remaining on workpiece,
CUTTING DOWELS
Dowelsof any size can be turnedquicklywiththe simplejig
shown.It the stock isprepa,-odas a splitor quarteredturning,
half roundand quarter roundswillbe produced.
The jig uses a',_"gouge as the cuttingtool and will produce
dowelssp toT,_,"diameter.Make the jig fromsuitable haJ'd-
wood stockas shown.
•The hole throughthe jig mustbe large enough st the side
to the left of the gouge toallowpassage of the square
stock. Atthe rightof the gouge,this hole must be just the
diameter of the finisheddowel.Make the jig so thatyou
can holdand guide itby hand.
•To start, centerthe stock like a spindle turningand turn
downabout 2" at the rightend to desired size.
• Then, remove the stock. Place yourjig over the turned
end, withturned portionthroughthe smallerjig hole,and
recenterthe stock on the lathe.
•Holdthe jig firmly andstart the lathe.
•Pushthe jig slewly rightto left along the stock untilthe
whole dowelis completed.
Rgure 49
MISCELLANEOUS OPERATIONS
GUIDE BLOCKS FOR SCRAPING OPERATIOI_
A guideblock can be damped toachiselto limitthe depthof
cut and aid inthe productiond perfect _linders, tapers and
facingsonleceplate turnings.Scrapingmethods mostbe
used whenthe guideblockis employed.
figure 50
DRILLING
There are se,remlmethods of usingthe lathe fordrillingcen-
ter holesthroughwood stock.When the drillisproperly
mounted, centeringofthe holeisautomatic,
•One method is to mountaddll in the tailstock The work-
piece is held and revolvedby the headstock. If the ddll has
a Morse taper shank, it can be mounted directly in some
tail stock rams. OthenNise, it can be mounted in achuck fit-
ted with the proper type shank.
•Another method of holding the drill is to mount it in the
headstock using a 4-jaw (metal-lsthe) chuck or aJacobs
chuck When this method is employed, there is no accurate
support for the workpiece so that center drilling is difficult.
Hcwover, crose drilling, or drilling random holes through
stock can be accomplished quickly in this manner.
Figure 51
•For crossddllingfist sidedwork, use a (metal-lathe)drill
pad in the tailstock and place a scrapbne_dbetween the
pad andthe work. Forcross drillingroundstock, use a
(metal-lathe)crotchcenter inthe tallstock Largework-
pieces canbe locatedon supportingblocks laidupon the
lathe bed.They can be held by band or can be supported
Irom behindby a ddllpad mountedin the tall stock.
Rgare 52 -Cross Drilling
FACEPLATE AND CHUCKTURNINGS
PLANNING THE WORK
Make a I;_ont first,to provideavisual pattem to followwhile
workingthe turning.Patterncan be laidout inthe same man-
net as spindle patterns- or templates canbe madewhich
can be held againstthe workforvisualcomparison.Circlesto
locatethe variouscritical points(stwhich the contoursof the
faceplatetake distinctform)can be quicklysorbed on the
rotatingworkby usingthe dividers.
_9_e
PLANNINGVARIOU$ CUTS
The circomi'erenceol a laceplate turningisroughed-outand
finishedin the same mannerthat a spindleisworked.
Practicallyallof the balanceof the operations, however,are
done by usingscrapingmethods.A few of the standard con-
tourawhichmust oftenbe tuned are illustratedin the accom-
panyingsketchwhichalso shewsthe properchiselsforshap-
ingthese contours.Any roughingout todepth is generally
accomplishedwiththe gougeheld inthe scrapingposition.
See Figure 54, page 16.
15

Round Nose Sposr-Pdnt Measuring
Chisel Chisel Depth
Rgure 54
RECOMMENDED SPEED
Always follow recommended speed to do |aneplete and chuck
turning depending upon the size and thickness of workpisce.
ROUGH FINISH
SQUARE THICKNESS RPM RPM
4t07" Up to2" 1300 2000
4t07" 2 to4" 1200 2000
4t07" 4" Plus 1000 2000
Up to 2" 1000 1800
8to11" 2to4" 900 1700
8 to 11" 4" Plus 700 1400
12to 15" Upto 2" 700 1200
12 to15" 2to4" 550 1000
12to 15" 4" Plus 400 800
DEEP RECESSES
• The first step is to mmo,_ as much wood as possible by
boring into the center with the largest wood bit available.
This can be accomplished as iliustrsi_edin Figure 59. Be
carelul to measure in advance the depth to which ddll can
be allowed to go.
Figure55-_
• Now, removethe bulk ol the waste _torough-outthe
desiredrecess)by scrapingwiththe round-nosechisel or
the gouge.Remove upto within'Y"nt linishedsize in this
manner.Finish df the insidecircun_emnceby scrapldg
withthe spearpointchiselor skew,Smooth the bottomo(
the recess by scraping it flat withthe Ilal nosechisel.
•pruper supportmustbe providodat elltimesfor the scraping
chisels.Severaltoolrestpositionsare showninthe auccom-
pawing illustrations.Alwaysendeavortopositionthepad of
the restthatsupportsthe rod as _ totheworking surface
as possible.Thedepthand squarenessd the sides dthe
reoss_canbe quicklycheckedby haldingoneofthe straight
sidedchiselsand acombinationsquare as shown.
Rgure 56
FANCY FACEPLATE TURNINGS
PREPARING A PLUG CHUCK
A plug chuck is an at_iliaq/wood chuck mounted onto a faos-
plste. The chuck can be any size diameter, but it should be
about 1%" thick for stability. The wood chuck should be pro-
vided with a '_;or _,_"hole in the center for receiving a tenon
turned st the end of the workpieos.
Rgure 57
Once made, suchchucksare permanent usefulf_tures for
turningballs, goblets,etc. In use,the wood stock for tuming is
turnedbetween centersto producea tenon at one end which
wlilbe a drivingfit inthe holeofthe chuck,When mountedin
the chuck, the workp;aceis sobelantialiysupportedfor any
faosplstetyped turning.
Rgums8
TURNING CYUNDIBRIS
Stockfor cylindersshould be mountedon the screwcenter or
asmalllaceplale.The tail stock can be broughtupto support
the workwhilethe circunterance is being turned and finished.
Afteiwards,the tail stockisbacked off and the outerend of
the cylinder is recessed, using methodsalreadydescribed|or
makingdeep recesses.
• After making a recess at least ',_d theway throughthe
workpiece,and finishingthis on the inside,mmave the
workpiecefromthe lathe,
•Nowmountashodlengthd sdtwond stockon the screw
centerandturnthisdownto|orma dowelthatwillbe a tight
press(notdriving)fit insidethe recessedend o( the cylinder.
•Mount the cylinderon thiswonden chuck, and recessthe
unworkadend deep enoughto |orm a perfecthole through
the entirecylinder.
II
R_m Sg
16

RECHUCKING
Rechucidng is the general term used to descnbe any addition-
al work mounting that is necessary to complete a turning pro-
jeot.The method of working ojlinders, and the use of a plug
chuck as already described are typical examples. Another
good eKample is the rechuddng of abowl,
•The work is mounted on a wood bac_dngblock secured to
the large faceplate and it is turned in the usual manner. All
sudases ere cut e_cept the back side (which is against the
mounting block), The work is then removed from the
mounting block.
•An aL_itiary chuck of softwood is now made in the same
manner that the cylinder chuck is made. This chuck must
have a turned recess properly sized to accommodate the
rim of the bowl in atight press fit.
•When the bowl is mounted in this chuck, the bottom can
be cleaned off and slightly recessed to complete the
desired contours.
Rgure 60
TURNING A RING
One method of turning aring requires a spindle chuck,
• The work stock is first mounted to a bacldng block held by
the large taceplste and is turned to shape on the outer
side. The inside diameter of the ring is also shaped - all
the way through to the bacldng block.
•The work is then removed from the backing block.
•A spindle chuck is now prepared so that it will be a tight
press to fit inside the ring.The ring is raversed and mount-
ed on this chuck. With the ring mounted, the remaining
contours can be turned to shape.
Rgure el
Another method of turning aring makes use of a recessed
chuck,
•The work stock is mounted ne a sorew center and oce heit of
the ring is |ormed, but the ring is not cut away from is center.
• The stock isthen removed, and a mcesssd chuck - mounted
on the large facaplete - is prepared to receive the ring in a
tight press tit.
•Alter being shucked, the remaining face of the ring can be
turned to the proper contour, thus cutting away the center
portion.
•In work of this type, take constant measumrneats or, better
yet, use a template to guard against over or under cutting.
1 2 3 4
Rgure 62
TURNING BALLS
•Wooden balls of large size are lirst roughly turned between
centers, using standard procedures.
•Smaller balls can be mounted as taseplates on the small
facoplate or screw center.
•Unes drawn to indicate the center and ends of the ball
shape are helpful in plotting the curve.
•A template should always be used for accurate visual
observation of the work progress.
Figure64
Iftheballis mountedas afacoplateturning,almostthe entire
surfacecanbe turnedbeforeit becomescecessarytorechuckit.
Flechuddngcanbe be accemplishodinadsepcupchuck
whichwillholdthetirishedportionoftheballin s tightprosetit.
Anothermethodof reshuddngisto use a shallow cupchuck
whichwillnotsupportthe ball alone, butmust be used incon-
junctionwiththe tall stock,
•When usingthe shallowchuck, a wsed blockis fittedtothe
tailstock sothat the ball can revolveuponit. This block
shouldbe lubricatedwith bees'vaxor grease.
•In usingthe shallONchuck method,the ball isconstantly
shifted- nevermore than ',_turn - and alwaysin adefinite
pattern. Woodblod(
B.B.
Center Shallow Beadng Center
Rgure 64
•Since turningbstween senters makesthe worka periect
sphereacross the grain,the ballmust be mountedinthe
chuckso that the firstscrapingcuts willround it up in the
oppositedirection.
TURNED BOXES
Turned boKes irlvoive deep reses_ng together with aspecial sys-
tem ofworking the lid and body of the boKtogether as one unit.
•The inside of the lid is turned first.
17

•Next, the inside of the body is turned. A care/ul check must
be made when turning the lip of the body podiorl so that
the lid will be a tight press fit.
• The lid isthen pressed onto the body and the outer circumfer-
ence and face of the lid, together with the outer drcumference
of the body, are turned all at one tk_e.This insures accurate
matching of the two pieces.
•After the work is complete, the tight fit nt the lid can be
relieved by sanding the lip of the body.
BadgingBlock
Route 65
SEGMENTED TURNINGS
Segrnehted bowls and boKes are exceptionally attractive- and
this method of preparing wood stock is more economical than
the use d a large piece of stock. Far some typos of work, seg-
meriting isthe only practical method because a block (f obtain-
able) would be so laKje that it would be very lilely to warp.
•The bowl illuetrsted in Figure 66 requires 12 segrnont pieses
lot"the sides. Bowls can also be worked with 6 or 8 pieces.
•To make the 12-piece bowl, aboard about _/,x 3 x 30" is
cut into pieces about 2'/," long, the saw blade being tilted
15=and the board being turned altemetely lace up and
face down to make the successive cuts.
•These 12 pieces am glued together and clamped by wrap-
ping the assembly with wire (or equivalent).
•When dry, the rim thus Iormed is glued to atemporary cir-
cular b ad,,,ingwhich is mounted on a large laceplate.
Rgure e6
• A"/,"deep recess of the largestpossiblediameteris
turned inthe open end of the rim.
•The rimis removedfrom the lethe and stock forthe bottom
is mountedin its place on a second laceplete. This is
turnedto size - and a rim about'/," deepis turnedto
exactlyfit the recess prepared in the rim.
•The dm isthen fitted overthe bottomandglued, making a
drumshepe with a faceplate st each end,
•This drum iscut cee'plately intwo at a pointabout =,_"
above the bottom- completingthe cutwith a handsaw.
•Bothparts of the cut surface are faced offsquare and
smooth- then reglued together,breakingthe jointsexactly
hall and hall The cuttingand regluingprocessisrepeated
with a sectionabout 1'/*"wide.
•Alter this, the temporanjbacklogblockis cut oft, leaving
the bowl as shown inthe linal illustretion.Fromthis point
on,the work is simply a matter of turningdownthe bowl to
any desired shape.
Rgure 67
TURNING PLASTICS
TYPES OF PLASTICS
There are twogeneral groupsofplastics.The firstincludesall
phenolplasticsmnided underheat and pressure.Bakeliteand
Formicaare examples. In the second am all catalystsetting
plasticsef variousbases sold undersuch trade names as
Lucite,Cetalin, Cast Bakelite,Marbiette,Tenite andTraltord.
Thosein the secondgroupare mostgenerally usedforcreft
work.They are easy to turn,being a Iffiie harderthanwood,
butmuch salter than are/of the softmetals.
MOUNTING THE WORK
The most usefulmountingdeviceisthe 4-jaw (metallathe)
chuck.When thisis notavailable,cylinderscan be mounted
on a slightlytaperedwooden mandrel. Reds canbe mounted
between centers, usingeither thewood mountingcenters or
metalmountingarrangements.When the spur center isused,
slotsshouldbe sawed acrossthe work.
USE OFWOODTURNING CHISELS
Standard wood turning chisels are excellent for turning pies-
tics by means of scraping methods.
•The tool rest should be slightly below center and the chisel
handle should be held a little higher than the cutting edge
to give anegative rake.
•Scraping tools should be kept to a minimum. A large con-
tact area, such as the lull edge of the epear-polnt chisel,
will cause chatter and probable chipping.
•Properly worked, the chip comes off in a continuous rbbon.
•In cetd weather, plastic may hecome brittle and shsold be
tempered inwarm water for about ton minutes before turning.
Rgure68
USE OF FORMEDTOOLS FOR PRODUCTION BEADING
AND SIMILAR OPERATIONS
When a number of identicalpiecesare tobe produced,all
havinga distinctivesurfacepettem, pre/ormed toolswill
speedthe work and assureunilorm_y.Pettems likethose
illustratedcan be created by grindingthin (.020 to .01(7')
gaugealuminum strips.A holder,likethe one shown,can
thenbe usedto supportany of your prepared stripsand to
guideit againstthe workpiece.See Figure 69, page 19.
18

Rgure 69
TURNING BALLS
Plasticballs are rough turned in the usual mannerand then
broughtto perfect roundnessby using a tubetool,The tube
shouldbe slightlyless in diameterthan the finishedsize of
the ball.It can be brass or steel, groundsquare acrossthe
end. The tool is used with orwithout a rest, and isworkedby
swingingitfrom side to side.
Figure70
POLISHING PLASTICS
Start withsanding.
• First use 150-grit dry paper to removetool marks.
• Then finishoffwith 150-grit and 400-grit papers, in succes-
sion. These abrasives should be wet.
•Press lightlyto avoidoverheating and marringthe work.
• Buffinggives thefklaipolish,usingthe polishingcompounds
commonlysuppliedforthispurpose.Do notpresstoo hardor
holdthewheel at one spottoo long- keep movingaround-
otherwise the plasticmightbecome heat marled.
SANDING, BUFFING AND POLISHING
USINGTHE LATHETO SANDTURNINGS
• Turalngsshouldbe sandedwith the Isthe runningin sec-
ond I(_Nestspeed.
•A largesheet of sandpaperis usefulforsmoothingcylinders,
•All othersandingoperationsare done with a narrowstrip
oi abrasivepaper.The best finishinggri is 3/0 forsoft-
wood, 4/0 forhardwoods.Worn 2/0 paper is oftenused,
and is the equivalent of 3/0 or4/0 newpaper.
Rgure 71
The aopicatianofthe sandpaperstrip isshownintheilustretians.
•Care must be exercisedin order to pr_ent dubbingthe
cornersof beads, shoulders, etc.
R0are 72
WoodFibers
r@
Sandpaper
J®
Fiberstilted aridCut Off
OF BANDING DRUMS
Referto Figure73.
Standardsandingdrums are usuallyrubber cylinderswhich
can be expandedto holdan abrasive sleeveinplace. Similar
cylinders, turned onthe latheand coveredwith abrasive
paper,willbe adequeteforthe job.These have the advantage
thstspecial sizes,lagers, etc. canbe made.Adhesivepapers
mustbe glued to the cylindrical surfacepreciselyand com-
pletely.
Rgure 73
The drumis usedmainlyforsandingthe edges oi curvedwork.
•The squarenessof the edgeof thework canbe best
retainedby usinga simpleformofverticalfence_shown.
• The standardsandingdrums are commonlymade with a
threadedholetofit the lethe drivespindle.
•Toguard against leeeen_g of thetaper shankwhilethe
drum isinoperation,it isadvisableto supportthe freeend,
usingeithera baibearing orplain60'=centerin the tailstock.
USE OFWOOD CHUCKS FOR SANDING
Quick-acting chucks can be very useful for sanding operations
on doplicate production pads. The chuck is made slightly
cversized, and a piece oi rubber hose (for small parts) is
inserted in the recess to grip the workpieoss.
J
19

WARNING: Make certainthat the unitis disconnectedfrom
powersourcebefore attemptingtoservice or removeany
component.
CLEANING
Keepmachine and wort_shepdean, Do not ailow sawdustto
accumulate on the tool,Keep centers clean.
Be certain motoris kept clean and is frequentlyvacuumed
line ofdust.
Use soap and water to cleanpainted parts, rubberparts and
plasticguards.
LUBRICATION
The shieldedball beadngs in thistoolare permanentlylubri-
cated at the factow.They requireno furtherlubricefine.
KEEP TOOL IN REPAIR
• If pcwer cord isworn, cut, or damaged in any way, hove it
replaced immediately.
- Replace any damaged or missing parts. Use parts list to
order parts.
Any attempt to repair motor may create a hazard unless
repair is done by a quaiified service technician. Repair service
is available at your nearest Sears atom.
REPLACING DRNE BELT
Referto Figures75 and 77.
• Remove cover (3 screws)
Loosensocket head boit.
Pushmotortowardsbed and remove belL,
• Replace belt and assen_)lein roversoorder.
S
Screw
Rgure 75 Bed Transmission Pulley
Socket
Mat_r pulley
REPLACING WORN VARIABLE SPEED BELT
Refer to Figures 76 and 77.
NOTE: Snap ring pliers are required for this operation.
•Remove rear cover (4 screws).
•Ren'Kx,e outboard spindle assembly and drive bet (3 screws).
Remove snap ring, outboard spindle drive puller, and sta-
tionary apindie pulley from spindle.
Remove snap ring, cap, apdng and pulley from drive shaft.
CAUTION: Cap is spring loaded and in tension.
•Remove and replace belt.
•Assemble in reverse order.
Outboard Spinde Assembly
Figure 78
20