Dell DR4000 Restore Manager User manual

Dell DR4000 System
Command Line
Reference Guide
book.book Page 1 Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

Notes, Cautions, and Warnings
NOTE: A NOTE indicates important information that helps you make better use of
your computer.
CAUTION: A CAUTION indicates potential damage to hardware or loss of data if
instructions are not followed.
WARNING: A WARNING indicates a potential for property damage, personal
injury, or death.
____________________
Information in this publication is subject to change without notice.
© 2011 Dell Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction of these materials in any manner whatsoever without the written permission of Dell Inc.
is strictly forbidden.
Trademarks used in this text: Dell™, the DELL logo, Dell Precision™, OptiPlex™, Latitude™,
PowerEdge™, PowerVault™, PowerConnect™, OpenManage™, EqualLogic™, KACE™,
FlexAddress™ and Vostro™ are trademarks of Dell Inc. Intel
®
, Pentium
®
, Xeon
®
, Core™ and
Celeron
®
are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. AMD
®
is a
registered trademark and AMD Opteron™, AMD Phenom™, and AMD Sempron™ are trademarks
of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Microsoft
®
, Windows
®
, Windows Server
®
, MS-DOS
®
and
Windows Vista
®
are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United
States and/or other countries. Red Hat Enterprise Linux
®
and Enterprise Linux
®
are registered
trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Novell
®
is a registered
trademark and SUSE ™ is a trademark of Novell Inc. in the United States and other countries. Oracle
®
is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Citrix
®
, Xen
®
, XenServer
®
, and
XenMotion
®
are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Citrix Systems, Inc. in the United States
and/or other countries. VMware
®
, Virtual SMP
®
, vMotion
®
, vCenter
®
, and vSphere
®
are registered
trademarks or trademarks of VMWare, Inc. in the United States or other countries.
Other trademarks and trade names may be used in this publication to refer to either the entities claiming
the marks and names or their products. Dell Inc. disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and
trade names other than its own.
2011 - 12 Rev. A00
book.book Page 2 Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

Contents iii
Contents
1 Introduction: DR4000 System
Command Line Reference Guide . . . . . . . . 1
About this Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Other Information You May Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Introducing the DR4000 System. . . . . . . . . 3
Accessing the DR4000 CLI Commands . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Managing the DR4000 System . . . . . . . . . . 7
Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Command Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
--show [--email]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
--show [--snmp]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
--show [--events] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
--show [--alerts] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
--show [--index <[-]number>] . . . . . . . . . . . 10
--show [--count <number>]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
--show [--summary] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
--email [--add <email>] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
--email [--delete <email>] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
--email [--recipients <email>] . . . . . . . . . . . 12
--email [--relay_host <server name>] . . . . . . . 13
--email [--admin_name <admin name>] . . . . . . 13
--email [--company <name>] . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
book.book Page iii Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

iv Contents
--email [--admin_email <email>] . . . . . . . . . . 14
--email [--phone <phone number>]. . . . . . . . . 15
--email [--comments <text>] . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
--test_email . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
--snmp_add, --host <server name>, --port <number>,
--community <name> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
--snmp_delete, --host <server name> . . . . . . . 16
--snmp_enable, --host <server name> . . . . . . . 17
--snmp_disable, --host <server name>. . . . . . . 17
alerts --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Authenticate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Command Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
--show [--users]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
--join, --domain <domain name> --ou
<org-unit name>, --user <user name> . . . . . . . 20
--leave --user <user name> [--force] . . . . . . . . 20
--update --kerberos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
--add --user <user name> . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
--delete, --user <user name> . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
--set, --user <user name>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
--guestmode [--enable, --disable] . . . . . . . . . 22
authenticate --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Command Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
--show. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
--restart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
--setdhcp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
--setstatic_ip, --ip <ip address>, --netmask
<netmask>, --gateway <ip address> . . . . . . . . 26
--setdns, --suffix <dns suffix>, --primary
<ip address> [--secondary <ip address>] . . . . . 26
--setbonding [--mode <ALB | 802.3ad>, -
-mtu <number>] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
book.book Page iv Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

Contents v
--nslookup, --destination <ip address |
hostname> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
--traceroute, --destination <ip address |
hostname> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
--ping, --destination <ip address | hostname>
[--tries <number>] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
--troubleshoot [--links, --gateway, --ntp, --dns,
--active_domain, --nis, --clients, --port_mapper,
--network_config] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
network --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Stats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Command Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
--system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
--cpu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
--memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
--network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
--nfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
--cifs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
--container --name <name> [--file]. . . . . . . . . 45
--replication --name <name>. . . . . . . . . . . . 46
--cleaner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
--reset [--nfs, --cifs] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
stats --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Command Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
--show [--config, --hardware, --ntp, --version,
--timezones, --upgradefile, --upgradehistory] . . . 51
--reboot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
--shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
--upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
--setname --name <node_name> . . . . . . . . . 53
--setcompression [--fast, --best] . . . . . . . . . . 54
book.book Page v Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

vi Contents
--setdate [--date <date>, --timezone
<Region/Zone>] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
--setntp [--add <server name>, --delete
<server name>, --enable, --disable,
--adjust_time] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
--setlogin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
--telnet [--enable, --disable] . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
--marker [--enable <commvault>, --disable
<commvault>] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
system --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
User. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Command Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
--show. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
--enable, --user <service | root> . . . . . . . . . . 60
--disable, --user <service | root> . . . . . . . . . . 61
user --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4 Maintaining the DR4000 System . . . . . . 63
Diagnostics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Command Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
--show. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
--collect [--name <name>, --reason <reason>,
-force, --dset, --all] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
--delete [--name <name>, --all]. . . . . . . . . . . 66
--copy --name <name>, --host <user@<host|ip>:
<path>> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
diagnostics --help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Command Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
--filesystem [--scan_status] . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
--filesystem [--scan_report] . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
--filesystem [--repair_status] . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
book.book Page vi Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

Contents vii
--filesystem [--repair_history] . . . . . . . . . . . 71
--filesystem [--scan_restart] . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
--filesystem [--repair_now] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
--filesystem [--skip_repair] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
--filesystem [--reclaim_space] . . . . . . . . . . . 72
--filesystem [--stop_reclaim_space] . . . . . . . . 72
--filesystem [--start_scan] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
--configuration [--backup] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
--configuration [--restore] [--reinit_dictionary] . . 73
--hardware [--reinit_nvram,
--network_reconfigure]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
--disk [--make_standby [slot num],
--clear_foreign]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
maintenance --help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5 Managing DR4000 System
Storage Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
System Storage Operation Commands . . . . . . . . . 79
Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Command Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
--show [--name <name>, --type <nfs | cifs>,
--verbose]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
--add, --name <name>, --type <nfs | cifs>,
[--clients <ip address>, --rootmap <nobody | root |
administrator>, --options <nfs options>] . . . . . . 81
--update, --name <name>, --type <nfs |
cifs> [--clients <ip address>, --rootmap
<nobody | root | administrator>, --options
<nfs options>]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
--delete, --name <name>, --type <nfs | cifs>
[--clients <ip address>]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
--enable, --name <name>, --type <nfs | cifs> . . . 83
--disable, --name <name>, --type <nfs | cifs> . . . 84
book.book Page vii Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

viii Contents
connection --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Command Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
--show [-name <name>, --verbose] . . . . . . . . 86
--add, --name <name> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
--delete, --name <name> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
container --help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Command Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
--show [--name <name>, --role <source | target>,
--verbose, --limits] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
--add, --name <name>, --role <source | target>,
--peer <ip address | hostname> [--peer_name
<name>, --username <user name>] . . . . . . . . 90
--update, --name <name>, --role <source | target>,
--peer <ip address | hostname> . . . . . . . . . . 91
--delete, --name <name>, --role <source | target>
[--force] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
--start, --name <name>, --role <source | target>. . 92
--stop, --name <name>, --role <source | target>. . 93
--limit, --speed <<num><kbps | mbps | gbps> |
default>, --target <ip address | hostname>. . . . . 93
--resync, --name <name>, --role <source
| target> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
replication --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Command Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
--show [--cleaner, --replication] . . . . . . . . . . 96
--add --day <day of the week> [--start_time
<hh:mm>, --stop_time <hh:mm>,
--cleaner, --replication] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
--delete --day <day of the week> [--cleaner,
--replication] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
book.book Page viii Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

Contents ix
schedule --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6 Additional Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
awk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
grep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
book.book Page ix Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

xContents
book.book Page x Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

Introduction: DR4000 System Command Line Reference
1
Introduction: DR4000 System
Command Line Reference Guide
About this Guide
This guide explains how to use the command line interface (CLI) for the Dell
DR4000 system to manage data backups, perform a variety of data storage
operations, and use containers to meet backup and replication storage needs.
NOTE: The command line interface (CLI) provides one method for managing the
DR4000 system, and it also provides additional features and options that are not
available in the DR4000 system graphical user interface (GUI).
Other Information You May Need
WARNING: For more information, see the safety and regulatory information that
shipped with the system. Warranty information may be included within this
document or as a separate document.
•TheDell DR4000 System Getting Started Guide provides an overview of
setting up the DR4000 system, and technical specifications.
This
document is available at
support.dell.com/manuals .
•The
Dell DR4000 System Owner's Manual provides information about the
DR4000 system features, how to troubleshoot the DR4000 system, and
install or replace DR4000 system components. This document is available
at
support.dell.com/manuals .
•The
Dell DR4000 System Administrator Guide provides information about
managing backup and replication operations using the DR4000 system
GUI. This document is available at
support.dell.com/manuals .
•TheDell DR4000 System Interoperability Guide provides information on
the supported hardware and software. This document is available at
support.dell.com/manuals .
book.book Page 1 Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

2Introduction: DR4000 System Command Line Reference Guide
• Any media that ships with the system that provides documentation and
tools for configuring and managing the system, including those pertaining
to the operating system, system management software, system updates,
and system components that were purchased with the system.
NOTE: Always check for documentation updates on support.dell.com/manuals and
read the updates first because they often supersede information in other
documents.
NOTE: Always check for release notes on support.dell.com/manuals and read the
release notes first, because they contain the most recently documented information
about known issues with a specific product release.
book.book Page 2 Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

Introducing the DR4000 System 3
2
Introducing the DR4000 System
The DR4000 system is a high-performance, disk-based backup and recovery
appliance that is simple to deploy and manage, and offers unsurpassed Total
Cost of Ownership benefits. Features such as innovative firmware and an all-
inclusive licensing model ensure optimal functionality and the assurance of
no hidden costs for desired future features.
NOTE: Unless otherwise noted, later references to "the system" or "DR4000 system"
in this guide are used interchangeably to represent the Dell DR4000 system.
The system has a simple installation process with full, intuitive remote setup
and management capabilities and is available in three usable capacity
points—2.70 Terabytes (TB), 5.4TB, or 9T, and is ideal for small enterprise
and remote office environments.
Through the use of innovative Dell deduplication and compression algorithm
technology, the system can achieve data reduction levels ranging from 10:1 to
50:1. This reduction in data means less incremental storage needs and a
smaller backup footprint. By removing redundant data, the system provides
deduplication and compression that delivers:
• Fast, reliable backup and restore functionality.
• Reduces media usage and power and cooling requirements.
• Improved overall data protection and retention costs.
The benefits of data deduplication can be extended across the enterprise as
well—through the deduplicated replication function—to provide a complete
backup solution for multi-site environments.
Shorter Recovery Time Objectives (RTO) and more attainable Recovery
Point Objectives (RPO) can also be assured as critical backup data remains on
disk and online longer. Capital and administrative costs are diminished at the
same time as internal service level agreements (SLAs) are more easily met.
The DR4000 system includes the following:
• Advanced data protection and disaster recovery
• Simple management interface (using the system CLI)
• Wide variety of data backup installations and environments
book.book Page 3 Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

4Introducing the DR4000 System
The Dell DR4000 system contains data backup and management software
preinstalled on a Dell hardware appliance, which provides a robust disk-based
data deduplication backup capability installed on a deduplication-enabled
appliance. The system supports two interface types, and the system software
manages the storage containers using the following interfaces:
• Command line interface (CLI)
• Graphical user interface (GUI)
The DR4000 system CLI provides the means for managing the status, data
capacity, storage savings, and throughput of data containers by using the
following set of commands, each of which are described in this guide:
•Alerts
• Authenticate
•Connection
•Container
•Diagnostics
•Help
• Maintenance
•Network
•Replication
•Schedule
• Stats
•System
•User
This guide assumes that the DR4000 system has been deployed in its network
location, and it is ready to be accessed using the DR4000 CLI commands.
Accessing the DR4000 CLI Commands
To access the DR4000 system CLI commands from the system command line
interface:
1
Launch a terminal emulation application and start the process to log in to
the DR4000 system.
book.book Page 4 Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

Introducing the DR4000 System 5
2 In Host Name (or IP address ), type the host name or IP address for the
DR4000 system, and click
Open .
3 At the system prompt, enter the username for the Administrator:
–Type
administrator
–Press< Enter >
4 At the administrator password prompt, enter the password for the
Administrator (the default is St0r@ge!):
–Type
St0r@ge!
–Press< Enter >
The DR4000 system's administrator prompt is displayed.
5 At the administrator prompt, type help .
The DR4000 system CLI commands are displayed.
administrator@mydr4000 > help
DR4000 Help
alerts View system events and configure email
notifications.
authenticate Configure Active Directory (AD)
authentication.
connection Configure CIFS or NFS access to a
container.
container Configure a filesystem to share over CIFS
or NFS.
diagnostics Gather log information for support issues.
help Display this help message.
maintenance Repair the data and state of the system.
network Configure networking properties.
replication Manage replication between systems.
schedule Manage replication and cleaner schedules
in the system.
stats View statistics for system components.
book.book Page 5 Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

6Introducing the DR4000 System
system Manage and view system configuration.
user Enable or Disable service and root
accounts on the system.
System tools available: awk grep more
NOTE: The DR4000 system administrator account only provides access to the
DR4000 system CLI command listed above. Access to any other Linux
commands are not available, except for awk, grep, and more.
book.book Page 6 Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

Managing the DR4000 System 7
3
Managing the DR4000 System
This chapter describes the CLI commands for configuring, managing, and
viewing the current status of a DR4000 system. For example, the CLI alerts
and system commands both contain options that provide administrators with
the capability to configure, manage, and display the DR4000 system status.
To match how the commands are displayed in the DR4000 system CLI, all
command options remain grouped together under the main command
heading.
The following commands provide functionality for configuring, managing,
and displaying the status of a DR4000 system:
•Alerts
• Authenticate
•Network
• Stats
•System
•User
Alerts
This set of DR4000 CLI commands enable the following tasks:
• Display system alerts and events.
• Create new email recipients or modify existing email recipients used for
email alert notifications.
• Send email test notifications to confirm that recipients can receive alerts
via SNMP traps for a designated host.
• Set, enable, disable, or delete Simple Network Mail Protocol (SNMP) traps
for a designated host.
book.book Page 7 Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

8Managing the DR4000 System
Command Usage
• alerts --show [options]
• alerts --email [options]
• alerts --test_email
• alerts --snmp [options]
• alerts --help
--show [--email]
To display the list of email recipients, mail relay host, and the administrator
contact information, enter the following command string at the system
prompt:
administrator@mydr4000 > alerts --show --email
Recipients: [email protected]
Relay Host: 10.10.10.10
Admin Name: John Smith
Company Name: Acme.com
Admin Email: [email protected]
Phone: [phone]
Comments: Day Shift Administrator
--show [--snmp]
To display the current Simple Network Mail Protocol (SNMP) information
for a DR4000 system, enter the following command string at the system
prompt:
administrator@mydr4000 > alerts --show --snmp
SNMP Host Port Community
=======================================
10.25.25.10 1120 snmp11Public
NOTE: To add Management Information Base (MIB) support for the DR4000 system
in an SNMP console, go to support.dell.com/support/downloads and download the
DR4000 MIB.
book.book Page 8 Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

Managing the DR4000 System 9
NOTE: For more information about configuring a host to receive SNMP alerts, see
"--email [--relay_host <server name>]" on page 13.
--show [--events]
To display the current list of system events, enter the following command
string at the system prompt:
NOTE: The default is to display the 32 most recent events. The options count and
index may also be used to filter the list of events.
administrator@mydr4000 > alerts --show --events
Index Severity Time Event Message
==================================
Index Severity Time Event Message
399 INFO 2012-01-10 14:07:18 System diagnostic package
collected.
398 INFO 2012-01-10 12:21:47 Successfully updated
Cleaner schedule.
397 INFO 2012-01-10 12:20:03 User service enabled.
--show [--alerts]
To display the current list of system alerts, enter the following command
string at the system prompt:
NOTE: By default, all system alerts are displayed.
administrator@mydr4000 > alerts --show --alerts
Index Time Alert Message
1 2011-12-19 18:19:09 Network Interface Controller
Embedded (LOM) Port 1
disconnected. Reconnect it to a
network and/or check your
network switches or routers for
network connectivity issues.
2 2011-12-19 18:19:09 Network Interface Controller
PCI Slot 1 Port 0 disconnected.
Reconnect it to a network
and/or check your network
switches or routers for network
connectivity issues.
book.book Page 9 Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM

10 Managing the DR4000 System
3 2011-12-19 18:19:09 Network Interface Controller
PCI Slot 1 Port 1
disconnected. Reconnect it
to a network and/or check
your network switches or
routers for network
connectivity issues.
--show [--index <[-]number>]
To display the current list of system alerts by index value (in this example, the
index selected is 1), enter the following command string at the system
prompt:
administrator@mydr4000 > alerts --show --index 1
Index Severity Time Event Message
1 INFO 2011-07-11 16:12:33 Appliance System
Health Monitor Service
has been installed.
--show [--count <number>]
To display the current count of system alerts by number (in this example, it is
2), enter the following command string at the system prompt:
administrator@mydr4000 > alerts --show --count 2
Index Time Alert Message
1 2011-08-31 16:46:36 Power Supply 0 detected a
failure. Replace the failed
power supply.
2 2011-08-31 16:46:36 Network Interface Controller
PCI slot 3, NIC index 2
disconnected. Reconnect it to
a network and/or check network
switches or routers for
connectivity issues. PCI slot
zero represents embedded NIC,
external otherwise.
book.book Page 10 Monday, January 16, 2012 3:06 PM