Droplet UHSAS User manual

COPYRIGHT © 2017 DROPLET MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Ultra High Sensitivity
Aerosol Spectrometer
(UHSAS)
0.06 – 1.0 microns
Operator Manual
DOC-0210 Rev E-4
Software Version 4.1.0
2400 Trade Centre Avenue
Longmont, CO 80503

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2400 TRADE CENTRE AVENUE
LONGMONT,COLORADO,USA80503
TEL:[phone]
FAX:[phone]
WWW.DROPLETMEASUREMENT.COM
All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
written permission from Droplet Measurement Technologies, Inc. Although every precaution has
been taken in the preparation of this document, Droplet Measurement Technologies, Inc.
assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages
resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
Information in this document is subject to change without prior notice in order to improve
accuracy, design, and function and does not represent a commitment on the part of the
manufacturer. Information furnished in this manual is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed for its use, or any infringements of patents or other rights
of third parties, which may result from its use.
Trademark Information
All Droplet Measurement Technologies, Inc. product names and the Droplet Measurement
Technologies, Inc. logo are trademarks of Droplet Measurement Technologies, Inc.
All other brands and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective
owners.
Warranty
The seller warrants that the equipment supplied will be free from defects in material and
workmanship for a period of one year from the confirmed date of purchase of the original buyer.
Service procedures and repairs are warrantied for 90 days. The equipment owner will pay for
shipping to DMT, while DMT covers the return shipping expense.
Consumable components, such as tubing, filters, pump diaphragms, and Nafion humidifiers and
dehumidifiers are not covered by this warranty.

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Laser Safety Warnings
STRICT OBSERVANCE OF THE FOLLOWING LASER SAFETY LABELS IS ADVISED.
The UHSAS is a Class I Laser Product with an embedded Class 4 pump laser. CAUTION: Use of
control or adjustments or performance of procedures other than specified in this manual may
result in hazardous radiation exposure.
The above certification and identification labels are located on the back panel.
This label is located on the support structure
underneath the instrument cover, identifying the
location of the two laser safety interlocks.
This label is located in two locations on the optical block and the
arrow points to the cleaning ports.
This label is located on the optics block.
Laser Characteristics
Class 1
Laser Product
Complies with 21 CFR
1040.10 and 1040.11 except
for deviations pursuant to
Laser Notice no. 50, dated
June 24, 2007

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Pump Laser
Main Laser
Wavelength
~797 nm
~1054 nm
Maximum power
1.6 W
- 50 mW for leakage through mirror
- 1100 W for recirculating power
Maximum exposure time
-1/10 second for 50 mW
-10-9 second for 1100 W

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Table of Contents
Part I: Hardware .........................................................................................................8
1.0 Product Description.......................................................................................8
1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Specifications and Features ............................................................................................. 9
1.3 Electrical Specifications ................................................................................................. 10
1.4 Physical Specifications ................................................................................................... 10
1.5 Operating Limits............................................................................................................. 10
2.0 Theory of Operation ....................................................................................11
2.1 Optical System ............................................................................................................... 12
2.1.1 The Laser.................................................................................................................. 12
2.1.2 The Detection System .............................................................................................. 12
2.1.3 The Mechanical Housing.......................................................................................... 13
2.2 Flow System ................................................................................................................... 15
2.3 Analog Electronics.......................................................................................................... 16
2.3.1 Particle Signal Amplification and Tracking .............................................................. 16
2.3.2 Laser Power Monitoring .......................................................................................... 17
2.4 Digital Electronics System.............................................................................................. 17
2.4.1 ADCs and Peak Height Analysis ............................................................................... 17
2.4.2 Monitoring and Control ........................................................................................... 18
2.5 On-board PC................................................................................................................... 19
3.0 Unpacking and Setting up the UHSAS...........................................................19
4.0 Using the Instrument...................................................................................21
4.1 Start-Up.......................................................................................................................... 21
4.2 Shutdown / Power Off Procedure ................................................................................. 25
5.0 Calibration ..................................................................................................26
5.1 Calibration Overview ..................................................................................................... 26
5.1.1 Relative Gain Calibration ......................................................................................... 26
5.1.2 Absolute Calibration ................................................................................................ 26
5.2Calibration Procedure.................................................................................................... 28
5.2.1 Reasons for Calibration............................................................................................ 28
5.2.2 Step One: Relative Gain Calibration......................................................................... 28

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5.2.3 Step Two: Absolute Calibration................................................................................ 30
5.3 Calibration Confirmation ............................................................................................... 32
5.3.1 Particle Size Calibration Confirmation ..................................................................... 32
5.3.2 Flow Rate Calibration Confirmation ........................................................................ 32
6.0 Safety Procedures and Troubleshooting.......................................................33
6.1 Safety Procedures.......................................................................................................... 33
6.2 Troubleshooting............................................................................................................. 33
6.3 Manually Adjusting Flow Knobs..................................................................................... 34
7.0 Maintenance ...............................................................................................35
7.1 Yearly Maintenance at DMT .......................................................................................... 35
7.2 Cleaning the Laser Optics .............................................................................................. 35
8.0 Communications..........................................................................................39
Part II: Software........................................................................................................40
9.0 Map Tab......................................................................................................41
10.0 Histogram Tab .............................................................................................44
10.1 Autoscaling .................................................................................................................... 45
11.0 Controls Tab ................................................................................................46
12.0 Configuration Tab........................................................................................48
13.0 Calibration Tab ............................................................................................51
13.1 Calibration Curve Sub-tab.............................................................................................. 51
13.1.1 Calibration Points Control .................................................................................... 51
13.1.2 Calibration Curve.................................................................................................. 52
13.1.3 Control for Points Outside the Power-Law........................................................... 53
13.2 G3:G2 Gain, G2:G1 Gain, G1:G0 Gain (the Relative-Gain Sub-tabs).............................. 53
Appendix A: Output File Data Channels................................................................55
Appendix B: Revisions to Manual.........................................................................56

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Table of Figures
Figure 1: The UHSAS....................................................................................................8
Figure 2: Block Diagram of the UHSAS .......................................................................11
Figure 3: Side View of Optical Block...........................................................................13
Figure 4: Light Collection Angles................................................................................13
Figure 5: Top View of Optical Block ...........................................................................14
Figure 6: Schematic Diagram of Flow System .............................................................15
Figure 7: Block Diagram of Analog Electronics ...........................................................17
Figure 8: Handle on the Side of the UHSAS ................................................................19
Figure 9: Extra Tubing on Inlet Line............................................................................20
Figure 10: The Controls Tab on the UHSAS Software..................................................22
Figure 11: Zero Filter on Top of UHSAS Unit...............................................................23
Figure 12: 100-nm Particle Distribution on a Properly Calibrated Instrument .............24
Figure 13: 100-nm Particle Distribution on an Instrument that Needs Calibration ......24
Figure 14: Ambient-Air Distribution on a Properly Calibrated Instrument ..................25
Figure 15: Ambient-Air Distribution on an Instrument that Needs Calibration............25
Figure 16: Example Calibration Curve ........................................................................27
Figure 17: Running a Relative Gain Calibration ..........................................................29
Figure 18: Calibrating the UHSAS...............................................................................31
Figure 19: Sample and Sheath Flow Knobs (Rarely Used) ...........................................34
Figure 20: Opening the Exhaust Line..........................................................................36
Figure 21: UHSAS Power Switch on Front of Unit .......................................................36
Figure 22: UHSAS Laser Interlock Switch on Rear of Unit............................................37
Figure 23: Unscrewing Cleaning Port .........................................................................38
Figure 24: Cleaning the Optic.....................................................................................38
Figure 25: Map Tab ...................................................................................................41
Figure 26: Map Tab with Password-Protected Options...............................................42
Figure 27: Histogram Tab ..........................................................................................44
Figure 28: Controls Tab .............................................................................................46
Figure 29: Configuration Tab .....................................................................................48
Figure 30: Calibration Curve Sub-Tab.........................................................................51
Figure 31: A Relative Gain Sub-Tab ............................................................................54

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Part I: Hardware
1.0 Product Description
1.1 Introduction
The UHSAS is an optical-scattering, laser-based aerosol particle spectrometer system for sizing
particles in the 0.06 – 1 µm range. The instrument, which is pictured in Figure 1, counts particles
in up to 100 user-specified sizing bins.
The UHSAS is also available as an airborne instrument. Both airborne and ground-based versions
can be ordered with two additional features: bidirectional and particle-by-particle capabilities.
The bidirectional feature allows another computer to have limited control of the UHSAS and use
the instrument to acquire data. The particle-by-particle feature allows the UHSAS to generate
additional output data, specifically information on the size and inter-particle time of individual
particles. Documentation on these features is available in UHSAS: Bidirectional Option Appendix
(DOC-0240) and UHSAS: Particle-by-Particle (PbP) Option Appendix (DOC-0241).
Figure 1: The UHSAS

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1.2 Specifications and Features
Technique:
Aerosol spectrometry
Auxiliary Parameters:
Temperature
Pressure
Derived Parameters:
Particle diameter
Number Concentration Range:
3,000 per second
Particle Size Range:
0.06 – 1 µm
Aerosol Medium:
Air, 0 - 30 °C (32 - 86°F)
Counting Efficiency:
99%
Lasers:
•Solid-state N
d
3+:Y LiF
4
: ~1054 nm, 1 kW/cm2
intracavity circulating power
•Pump Laser: ~797 nm, 1.6 W.
Number of size bins:
100 max:
•99 standard bins (98 if both overflow and
underflow are enabled)
•One overflow bin and one underflow bin
Flow Range:
•Standard sample flow: 1 – 100 Sccm
(typically 50); other options available.
•Sheath airflow setting: 700 ccm at sea-level,
590 Sccm in Boulder, CO
Flow Control:
Controlled from software; can also be manually
adjusted via mass or volume flow controller
Routine Maintenance:
Daily:
•PSL size check to monitor laser power
•Zero check with high-efficiency filtered air
sample
Monthly and around field campaigns:
•Full-scale calibration Annually:
•Flow controller calibration
Recommended Service:
Annual cleaning and calibration at DMT service
facility
Data Recording:
•Output file written to computer hard drive
•Output data sent to serial port (optional)

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1.3 Electrical Specifications
Power Requirements:
100-240 VAC, 47-63 Hz, 200W
Fuse:
BUSS fuse, GMA-2A
1.4 Physical Specifications
Size:
56 x 43 x 24 cm
Weight:
31 kg
1.5 Operating Limits
Temperature:
0 to 30 °C
Altitude:
Sea level to 4 km
Relative humidity:
Non-condensing

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2.0 Theory of Operation
The instrument’s laser illuminates particles, which scatter light. The system captures the peak
light signals that are generated. These signals are used for particle sizing, since the amount of
light scattered correlates strongly with particle size.
The instrument consists of 5 general subsystems, described in this section:
1) Main optical subsystem—generates the laser light, detects the light scattered by
particles, and provides a mechanical enclosure for the optical system and for delivery of
the sample aerosol
2) Flow system—brings the sample aerosol through the optical interaction region, controls
and measures the flows
3) Analog electronics system—amplifies and processes the particle signals
4) Digital electronics system—analyzes particle signals, bins signals according to user-
specified bin mappings, generates a histogram of particles in the specified bins, and
communicates with the PC and system monitor/control functions
5) Onboard PC—allows user to control instrument and collect and report data
Figure 2 shows a block diagram of how these components work together.
Figure 2: Block Diagram of the UHSAS
Particle
photo-
signal
Digital electronics (4)
PC and Display (5)
Monitor and
control
Histogramming
functions
Analog signal
processing (3)
Optical
system (1)
(2) Flow
system
Flow control
and monitor
laser control
and monitor
Flow
Analog monitor
Analog
particle
peak
detector

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2.1 Optical System
The optical system consists of several parts: the laser and associated components and optics;
the detection system, including collection optics, photodetectors, and reference monitoring;
and the mechanical housing.
2.1.1 The Laser
The laser is a semiconductor-diode-pumped Nd3+:YLF solid-state laser. It operates in the
fundamental (TEM00) spatial mode on a 1054 nm laser line with an intra-cavity power of ~1 kW.
The pump laser is a temperature-controlled 1 W single-stripe diode at 800 nm, driven by a
stable current source. The Nd3+:YLF laser is a high quality factor optical resonator built around an
Nd3+:YLF active laser crystal, pumped end-on by the diode laser. The laser mirrors have
reflectivities near 0.99999 at the lasing wavelength. The laser mode has a 1/e2intensity
diameter of 600 µm. The standing wave laser mode is perpendicular to the flow of particles; the
light is linearly polarized with the electric field vector parallel to the flow of particles. Particle
scatter is collected in a direction perpendicular to both the particle flow and the laser standing-
wave; see Figure 3 and Figure 5 for side and top views of the optical block.
2.1.2 The Detection System
The detection system consists of two pairs of Mangin collection optics capable of collecting light
over a large solid angle. The Mangins image the space at which the sample flow intersects the
laser mode. The first pair of collection optics, the primary scattering detection system, images
onto an avalanche photodiode (APD) for detecting the smallest particles. The other pair, the
secondary scattering detection system, images onto a low-gain PIN photodiode for detecting
particles in the upper size range of the instrument. The two detection systems are located on
the opposite sides of the optic block (see Figure 5: Top View of Optical Block).
Each detector is amplified in a current-to-voltage stage that feeds into the analog electronics
system. The amplification allows the system to detect particles as small as 55 nm and 1-10
counts/minute at a zero-count rate. At this particle size, the peak scatter rate corresponds to
100 pW of detected light power at the detector. The size sensitivity is limited by several factors,
including a fundamental noise process from the photon-shot noise on the detected molecular
scatter from background gas, and a fundamental noise process from the Johnson noise in the
photodiode transimpedence feedback resistor.
The imaging optics have an acceptance aperture of 23 mm diameter at a distance of 8 mm from
the interaction region. The Mangin reflectors are aluminum coated with reflectivity of 0.9.
In addition to the primary and secondary detection systems, the UHSAS has a reference
detector. This detector serves as a reference for changes in laser power.

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2.1.3 The Mechanical Housing
The laser and detection optics are built into the optical block, which is a sealed mechanical
enclosure. See the following figures.
Figure 4: Light Collection Angles
Figure 3: Side View of Optical Block

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Figure 3 and Figure 4 show two views of the optical cavity. Figure 3 shows the general layout of
the aerosol inlet, placement of the solid state laser and particle stream with respect to the
mangin mirror pair.
Figure 4 shows the optical path of light collected from scattering by particles that pass through
the laser. The detector is located at 900to the path of the particle through the laser. (The laser
can be envisioned as shining into the page.) The mangin mirror pair collects the scattered light
over solid angles of 900± 570(330– 1470), excluding the angles subtended by the circular
opening of the mangin mirrors 900± 14.80(75.20– 104.80).
For the purpose of calculating scattering cross sections with Mie scattering, the collection angles
are 330-75.20and 104.80-1470.
Figure 5 shows a top view of the optical block.
Figure 5: Top View of Optical Block

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2.2 Flow System
A pump draws on an exhaust jet, pulling flow through the inlet jet and across the laser mode as
illustrated in Figure 6. The inlet jet is an aerodynamically focused assembly with a sample nozzle
of 500 µm diameter and a sheath nozzle of 760 µm diameter. The tip of the sheath jet sits within
1 mm of the edge of the laser mode.
Sample flow is between 1 and 100 sccm, typically 50 sccm. The sheath flow is typically 700 sccm.
Particle velocity depends on sheath flow rate, but is on the order of 50 to 100 m/sec. Particles
are confined to a space that is approximately 10% to 20% of the laser beam diameter, which is
0.5 mm (e-2 intensity diameter). This yields a sizing resolution of approximately 2% to 5% of the
particle size.
Figure 6: Schematic Diagram of Flow System

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2.3 Analog Electronics
2.3.1 Particle Signal Amplification and Tracking
The detector photodiodes produce a photocurrent, which the analog chain then converts to a
voltage. The system then processes the resulting signal, which is called the particle signal. The
chain is repeated for the primary and secondary detection systems.
After the photodiode transimpedence amplifier magnifies the particle signal, it is mixed with a
signal derived from the reference detection system for drift detection.
The particle signal is fed into two different detectors, differing in gain as specified below. In total
there are four gain stages: high and low for each of the primary and secondary detection
systems.
Gain stage labeling convention
High gain
Low gain
Primary detector
G3
G2
Secondary detector
G1
G0
Gain ratios:
G3/G2 = 50
G2/G1 = 20
G1/G0 = 20
The gain ratios G3:G2 and G1:G0 are pure electrical amplification gain ratios. The G2:G1 ratio is
more complicated, since it involves two independent photodetectors with independent
electronics that are on opposite sides of the optical block. See the discussion in section 5.2.2.
The gain stages also provide low-pass filtering to the signal. Each gain stage then feeds its own
baseline restoration circuit. This restores the 0 Volt baseline, which is disturbed by frequent
particle signals after AC coupling. The particle signal is then passed to a peak-hold circuit, which
tracks the rise of the signal as a particle crosses the laser and holds the peak value. The digital
system then processes the signal and issues a reset.

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2.3.2 Laser Power Monitoring
The reference detector is used as a voltage reference and automatic gain control. It is also used
for monitoring laser output power, which is directly proportional to the laser cavity power. As
the laser power drifts, the instrument maintains calibration. Only large drifts in power (> 25%)
require a recalibration of the instrument, since the automatic gain control mostly compensates
for small drifts, and the particle sizing sensitivity is a sixth-root function of laser power.
2.4 Digital Electronics System
2.4.1 ADCs and Peak Height Analysis
For each of the four gain stages (2 primary, 2 secondary) there is an associated analog-to-digital
converter (ADC). The ADCs run a 16-bit conversion at 500 kHz sample rate. The chain of events is
begun as a particle traverses the laser mode and begins scattering light. The particle signal from
the highest gain stage on the primary detector (G3) feeds an analog comparator. If the signal
exceeds a preset, user-defined threshold, it generates a particle trigger. The threshold value is
independent of the particular active bin map; see the entry for Trigger Threshold in section 0.
Under typical operating conditions, the trigger threshold should be set to register the smallest
detectable particle (60 nm diameter).
Figure 7: Block Diagram of Analog Electronics

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After a trigger is generated, a small delay occurs to allow the particle signal to reach its
maximum. Then the four ADCs sample the four peak-held particle signals from the four gain
stages. The system first examines the highest gain (G3), then the next-highest, and so on. The
first ADC that is not in saturation is the valid particle ADC. The value of this ADC is read and
compared to a look-up table of bin boundaries previously loaded into memory via the Map tab.
Depending on where in the look-up table the particle signal belongs, a counter for the
appropriate bin is incremented. (Note that there are some conditions which will invalidate a
particle event—for example, if the event falls outside certain timing requirements.) After the
particle signal is sampled, a reset is sent to the peak-hold circuit and the cycle repeats for the
next particle.
The look-up table is the crux of the peak-height analysis in the UHSAS. The user can reset this
table at any time to generate a new bin mapping. Using the relative gains and the calibration
curve and points, the instrument automatically converts the bin boundaries to a mapping of
voltages at each of the gain stages. The mapping process is transparent to the user and occurs
every time a bin map is committed to the instrument.
2.4.2 Monitoring and Control
The digital electronics also monitor and control various onboard systems, as follows.
Monitoring and Control:
Monitoring Only:
•The mass flow controller, which regulates
the sample flow
•The pump laser diode—this is regulated
through enable/disable lines and through
current and temperature set points
•The electronic flow meters for the sheath
and purge flows (flows are controlled by
mechanically-actuated needle valves)
•The laser reference from the reference
photodiode (sampled on an ADC)
•The molecular scattering level (sampled on
an ADC)
•Additional housekeeping parameters, such
as the electronics box temperature and
ambient barometric pressure.1
Set points for the controlled parameters are stored in configuration files. All monitored
parameters are logged with the sample data.
1In the future, these readings may be used for correcting flow meters and noise-cancellation
circuitry.

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2.5 On-board PC
The onboard PC provides a user interface to the instrument. The monitor is a standard LCD
display built into the front panel of the instrument. The user interface is a virtual instrument
written in LabVIEW. Communication with the digital electronics system is via internal RS232
(115,200 baud, 8N1). The sampling time of the PC I/O is controlled by the user.
Note that the PC is a modest computer intended primarily for running UHSAS software.
Installing and running additional programs on the PC, including anti-virus software, may
compromise the performance of the system.
3.0 Unpacking and Setting up the UHSAS
The UHSAS instrument is delivered in a shipping case that contains the necessary cables and
other equipment to make the instrument functional. The power cable, keyboard, and mouse for
the instrument are located in a pouch in the lid of the box.
To set up the UHSAS, follow the steps below.
1) Remove the instrument from the case by putting your hands in the small Styrofoam
cutouts on the sides of the instrument. The handles for the instrument are located in
these cutouts. See Figure 8. (Note: The 2 small handle-like protectors on the top lid of
the instrument are protectors for the inlet. Do not use these as handles).
Figure 8: Handle on the Side of the UHSAS

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Use the handles, which are located about halfway down each side of the case, to lift the
instrument from the case, and place it on a stable working area. The front legs of the
instrument are hinged so that the front of the instrument case can be elevated (see
Figure 1).
Warning: The edges of the instrument legs are sharp. Handle carefully to avoid
puncturing cables, and always ship the instrument with the legs folded to avoid damage
to the shipping case.
2) The instrument will be shipped with 1.5 inches of extra tubing on the inlet line. This
tubing makes a “tail” that fits over the sample needle. See Figure 9.
If the sample tubing needs to be reinstalled, use 1/8” (~3.2 mm) outside diameter (OD)
conductive silicon or urethane tubing.
3) Connect the keyboard/track-pad to a USB port on the front panel. The USB ports are
located just below the floppy/CD combo drive.
4) Make sure the instrument ON/OFF switch is in the off position. The ON/OFF switch is a
rocker-type toggle located on the back of the instrument near the power plug.
5) Connect the power cable to the wall power outlet. Input power to the instrument can
range from 100-240 VAC 50/60Hz.
6) Connect the UHSAS instrument to an Ethernet network, if desired. The connector (RJ-45
female) for that cable is located on the back of the instrument.
7) If desired, use the serial port connection (9 pin D-connector) located on the back of the
instrument to connect to an external data system.
Figure 9: Extra Tubing on Inlet Line