Edimax ES-516G+ User manual

24 / 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch
User's Manual
Release 1.03

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Table of Contents
CAUTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV
ELECTRONIC EMISSION NOTICE S--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1-1. OVERVIEW OF 16 GIGABIT WEB SMART SWITC H ----------------------------------------------------------- 2
1-2. CHECKLIST ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1-3. FEATURES-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1-4. VIEW OF 16 GIGABIT WEB SMART SWITCH ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5
1-4-1. User Interfaces on the Front Panel (Button, LEDs and Plugs)---------------------------- 5
1-4-2. User Interfaces on the Rear Panel------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
1-5. VIEW OF THE OPTIONA L MODULES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
CHAPTER 2. INSTALLATION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2-1. STARTING 16GIGABIT WEB SMART SWITCH UP------------------------------------------------------------ 8
2-1-1. Hardware and Cable Installation---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2-1-2. Cabling Requi rements------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
2-1-2-1. Cabling Requi rements for TP Ports--------------------------------------------------------- 10
2-1-2-2. Cabl ing Requi rements for 1000SX/LX SFP Modul e --------------------------------- 10
2-1-2-3. Swi tch Cascading in Topol ogy-----------------------------------------------------------------11
2-1-3. Configuring the Management Agent of 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch -------------- 14
2-1-3-1. Configuring Management Agent of16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch through
Ethernet Port----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
2-1-4. IP Address A ssi gnment--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
2-2.TYPICAL APPLIC ATIONS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
CHAPTER 3. BASIC CONCEPT AND MANAGEMENT-------------------------------------------------- 23
3-1. WHAT’S THE ETHERNET ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23
3-2. MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL (M AC)----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
3-3. FLOW CONTRO L---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
3-4. HOW DOES A SWITCH WORK?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
3-5. VIRTUAL LAN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
3-6. LINK AGGREGATION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
CHAPTER 4. OPERATION OF WEB-BASED MANAGEMENT-------------------------------------- 47
4-1. WEB MANAGEMENT HOME OVERVI EW ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
4-2. CONFIGURATION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
4-2-1. System Confi guration----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
4-2-2. Ports Configuration--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
4-2-3. VLAN Mode Confi gurati on ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
4-2-4. VLAN Group Configuration --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
4-2-5. PVID Configuration -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
4-2-6. Aggregati on Confi guration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
4-2-7. Mirror Configurati on-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64
4-2-8. Quality of Service Configuration-------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
4-2-9. Bandwidth Management------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74
4-2-10. T rap Event Confi gurati on ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76
4-2-11. Max. Packet Length------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 77

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4-3. MONITORING -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78
4-3-1. Stati sti cs Overvi ew--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78
4-3-2. Detailed Statistics----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79
4-4. MAINTENANC E ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 82
4-4-1. Status---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82
4-4-1-1.Swi tch Status----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 83
4-4-1-2. TP / Fiber Ports Status--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85
4-4-1-3. Aggregati on ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 87
4-4-1-4. VLAN --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88
4-4-1-5. Mirror --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90
4-4-1-6. Trap Event-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91
4-4-1-7. Maxim um Packet Length ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 92
4-4-2. Warm Restart----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93
4-4-3. Factory Default -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
4-4-4. Logout--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
CHAPTER 5. MAINTENANCE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96
5-1. RESOLVING NO LINK CONDITION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 96
5-2. Q&A------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96
APPENDIX A TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS--------------------------------------------------------------- 97
APPENDIX B MIBSPECIFICATIONS-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101
Revision History
Release Date Revision
0.99 12/30/2004 A1
1.03 01/20/2005 A1
1.03 01/26/2005 A1

Caution
Circuit devices are sensitive to static electricity, which can damage theirdelicate
electronics. Dry weather conditions or walking across a carpeted floor may cause you to
acquire a static electrical charge.
To protect your device, always:
Touch the metal chassi s of your computer to ground the static electrical charge
before you pick up the circuit device.
Pick up the device by holding it on the left and right edges only.
Electronic EmissionNotices
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Statement
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a classA
computing device pursuant to Subpart J of part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to
provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial
environment.
European Community (CE) Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the protection requirements
of European Emission Standard EN55022/EN60555-2 and the Generic European Immunity
Standard EN50082-1.
EMC: EN55022(1988)/CISP
R
-
22(1985) classA
EN60555-2(1995) classA
EN60555-3
IEC1000-4-2(1995) 4K V CD, 8KV, AD
IEC1000-4-3(1995) 3V/m
IEC1000-4-4(1995) 1KV – (power line), 0.5KV – (signal line)
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Publication date: January, 2005
Revision A1
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About this user’s manual
In this user’s manual, it will not only tell you how to install and connect your
network system but configure and monitor the 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch
through the built-in console and web by RS-232 serial interface and Ethernet ports
step-by-step. Many explanation in detail of hardware and software functions are
shown as well as the examples of the operation for web-based interface and text-
based menu-driven console interface.
Overview of this user’s manual
Chapter 1 “Introduction” describes the features of 16 Gigabit Web
Smart Switch
Chapter 2 “Installation”
Chapter 3 “Operating Concept and Management”
Chapter 4 “Operation of Web-based Management”
Chapter 5 “Maintenance”

User Manual
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1. Introduction
1-1. Overview of Gigabit WebSmart Switch
24/ 16-port Gigabit Web Smart Switch is a standard switch that meets all
IEEE 802.3/u/x/z Gigabit, Fast Ethernet specifications. The switch included 22 or
14-Port 10/100/1000Mbps TP and 2-Port GigabitTP/SFP Fiber Web Smart
management Ethernet Switch. The switch can be managed through Ethernet port
using Web-based management unit, associated with web-based management, the
network administrator can logon the switch to monitor, configure and control each
port’s activity. In addition, the switch implements the QoS (Quality of Service),
VLAN, and Trunking. It is suitable for office application.
In this swi tch, last two ports i ncl udes two types of media --- T P and SFP
Fiber (LC, BiDi-SC…); this port supports 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP
Fiber with auto-detected function. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is used for high-
speed connection expansion.
1000Mbps LC, Multi-Mode, SFP Fiber transceiver
1000Mbps LC, 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver
1000Mbps LC, 30km, SFP Fiber transceiver
1000Mbps LC, 50km, SFP Fiber transceiver
1000Mbps BiDi-SC, 20km, 1550nm SFP Fiber WDM transceiver
1000Mbps BiDi-SC, 20km, 1310nm SFP Fiber WDM transceiver
10/100/1000Mbps TP is a standard Ethernet port that meets all IEEE
802.3/u/x/z Gigabit, Fast Ethernet specifications. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver
is a Gigabit Ethernet port that fully complies with all IEEE 802.3z and 1000Base-
SX/LX standards.
1000Mbps Single Fiber WDM (BiDi) transceiver is designed with an optic
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology that transports bi-directional
full duplex signal over a single fiber simultaneously.
• Key Features in the Device
QoS:
The switch offers powerful QoS function. This function supports TOS field of
IP header (equal DSCP low 3 bits) on Layer 3 of network framework and 6
kinds of special network transmission events on Layer 4.
VLAN:
Supports Port-based VLAN, IEEE802.1QTag VLAN. And supports 16 active
VLANs and VLAN ID 1~4094.
Port T run ki ng:
Allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a Link
Aggregation Group by the static setting.

User Manual
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1-2. Checklist
Before you start installing the switch, verify that the package contains the
following:
A set of 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch
Modules (optional)
Mounting Accessory (for 19” Rack Shelf)
Thi s User' s Manual i n CD-ROM
AC Power Cord
Please notify your sales representative immediately if any of the aforementioned
items is missing or damaged.
1-3. Features
The 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch, a standalone off-the-shelf switch,
provides the comprehensive features listed below for users to perform system
network administration and efficiently and securely serve your network.
• Hardw are
• 22 or 14 10/100/1000MbpsAuto-negotiation Gigabit Ethernet TP ports
• 2 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber dual media auto sense
• 400KB on-chip frame buffer
• Jumbo frame support
• Programmable classifier for QoS (Layer 4/Multimedia)
• 8K MAC address and 4K VLAN support (IEEE802.1Q)
• Per-port shaping, policing, and Broadcast Storm Control
• IEEE802.1Q-in-Q nested VLAN support
• Full-duplex flow control (IEEE802.3x) and half-duplex backpressure
• Extensive front-panel diagnostic LEDs; System: Power, TP Port, LINK/ACT,
10/100/1000Mbps, SFP Port 23, 24 or 15,16: SFP(LINK/ACT)
• Management
•Supports concisely the status of port and easily port configuration
•Supports per port traffic monitoring counters
• Supports a snapshot of the system Information when you login
• Supports port mirror function
• Supports the static trunk function

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• Supports 802.1Q VLAN
• Supports user management and limits one user to login
• Maximal packet length can be up to 9216 bytes for jumbo frame application
• Supports Broadcasting Suppression to avoid network suspended or crashed
• Supports to send the trap event while monitored events happened
•Supports default configuration which can be restored to overwrite the current
configuration which is working on via Web UI and Reset button of the switch
• Supports on-line plug/unplug SFP modules
• Supports Quality of Service (QoS) for real time applications based on the
information taken from Layer 2 to Layer 4, such as VoIP
• Built-in web-based management instead of using CLI interface, providing a more
convenient GUI for the user

User Manual
1-4. View of 16 Gigabit WebSmart Switch
Fig. 1-1 Full View of 1
6
Gigabit Web Smart Switch
1-4-1. User Interfaces onthe Front Panel (Button, LEDs and Plugs)
There are 16 TP Gigabit Ethernet ports and 2 SFP fiber ports for optional
removable modules on the front panel of the switch. LED display area, locating on
the left side of the panel, contains a Power LED, which indicates the power status
and 16 ports working status of the switch.
Power Indication LE
D
RESET Button:
RESET button is used to
restore the system default
setting.
Gigabit Ethernet Port
TP Port Status Indication LE
D
s SFP Fiber Port
Fiber Port Status Indication LEDs
Fig. 1-2 Front Vie
w
of 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch
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User Manual
• LEDIndicators
LED Color Function
System LED
POWER Green Lit when +5V DC power is on and good
10/100/1000Ethernet TP Port LED
LINK/ACT Green
Lit when connection with remote device is good
Blinks when any traffic is present
Off when cable connection is not good
10/100/1000Mbps
Green/
Ember
Lit green when 1000Mbps speed is active
Lit ember when 100Mbps speed is active
Off when 10Mbps speed is active
1000SX/LX Gigabit Fiber Port LED
SFP(LINK/ACT) Green
Lit when connection with the remote device is good
Blinks when any traffic is present
Off when module connection is not good
Table1-1
1-4-2. User Interfaces on the Rear Panel
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A
C Line 100-240V 50/60 H
z
Fig. 1-3 Rear View of 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch

User Manual
1-5. View of the Optional Modules
In the switch, Port 15~16 includes two types of media --- T P and SFP Fi ber
(LC, BiDi-SC…); this port supports 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber
with auto-detected function. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is used for high-
speed connection expansion; nine optional SFP types provided for the switch are
listed below:
1000Mbps LC, MM, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.202)
1000Mbps LC, SM 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.10)
1000Mbps LC, SM 30km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.30)
1000Mbps LC, SM 50km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.50)
1000Mbps LC, SM 70km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.70)
1000Mbps LC, SM 110km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.B0)
1000Mbps BiDi SC, type 1, SM 20km, SFP Fiber WDM transceiver
(SFP.0BS.621.201)
1000Mbps BiDi SC, type 2, SM 20km, SFP Fiber WDM transceiver
(SFP.0BS.621.202)
1000Mbps LC, SM 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver with DDM
(SFP.DLC.212.10)
Fig. 1-4 Front View of 1000Base-SX/LX LC, SFP Fiber Transceiv e
r
Fig. 1-5 Front View of 1000Base-LX BiDi SC SFP Fiber Transceiv er
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User Manual
2. Installation
2-1. Starting Gigabit Web Smart Switch Up
Thi s section will give users a quick start for:
- Hardware and Ca bl e In stall ati on
- Management Station Installation
- Software booting and configuration
2-1-1. Hardware and Cable Installation
At the beginning, please do first:
Wear a grounding device to avoid the damage from electrostatic discharge
Be sure that power switch is OFF before you insert the power cord to power
source
• Installing Optional SFP Fiber Transceivers to the Gigabit WebSmartSwitch
Note: If you have no modules, please skip this section.
Fig. 2-1 Installation of Optional SFP Fiber
T
ransceiv e
r
•Connecting the SFP Module to the Chassis:
The optional SFP modules are hot swappable, so you can plug or unplug it
before or after powering on.
1. Verify that the SFP module is the right model and conforms to the chassi s
2. Slide the module along the slot. Also be sure that the module is properly
seated against the slot socket/connector
3. Install the media cable for network connection
4. Repeat the above steps, as needed, foreach module to be installed into
sl ot(s)
5. Have the power ON after the above procedures are done
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• TP Port and Cable Installation
In the switch, TP port supports MDI/MDI-X auto-crossover, so both types of cable,
straight-through (Cable pin-outs for RJ-45 jack 1, 2, 3, 6 to 1, 2, 3, 6 in 10/100M
TP; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 in Gigabit TP) and crossed-over
(Cable pin-outs for RJ-45 jack 1, 2, 3, 6 to 3, 6, 1, 2) can be used. It means you
do not have to tell from them, just plug it.
Use Cat. 5 grade RJ-45 TP cable to connect to a TP port of the switch and the
other end is connected to a network-aware device such as a workstation or a
se rv e r.
Repeat the above steps, as needed, for each RJ-45 port to be connected to a
Gigabit 10/100/1000 TP device.
Now, you can start having the switch in operation.
• PowerOn
The switch supports 100-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz power supply. The power
supply will automatically convert the local AC power source to DC power. It does not
matter whether any connection plugged into the switch or not when power on, even
modules as well. After the power is on, all LED indicators will light up immediately
and then all off except the power LED still keeps on. This represents a reset of the
sy st e m .
• Firmware Loading
After resetti ng, the bootloader wil l load the firmware into the memory. It will
take about 30 seconds, after that, the switch will flash all the LED once and
automatically performs self-test and is in ready state.
2-1-2. Cabling Requirements
To help ensure a successful installation and keep the network performance
good, please take a care on the cabling requirement. Cables with worse
specification will render the LAN to work poorly.

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2-1-2-1. Cabling Requirements for TP Ports
For Fast Ethernet TP network connection
The grade of the cable must be Cat. 5 or Cat. 5e with a maximum length of
100 meters.
Gigabit Ethernet TP network connection
The grade of the cable must be Cat. 5 or Cat. 5e with a maximum length of
100 meters. Cat. 5e is recommended.
2-1-2-2. Cabling Requirements for 1000SX/LX SFP Module
It is more complex and comprehensive contrast to TP cabling in the fiber
media. Basically, there are two categories of fiber, multi mode (MM) and single
mode (SM). The later is categorized into several classes by the distance it supports.
They are SX, LX, LHX, XD, and ZX. From the viewpoint of connector type, there
mainly are LC and BIDI SC.
Gigabit Fiber with multi-mode LC SFP module
Gigabit Fiber with single-mode LC SFP module
Gigabit Fiber with BiDi SC 1310nm SFP module
Gigabit Fiber with BiDi SC 1550nm SFP module
The following table lists the types of fiber that we support and those else not
listed here are available upon request.
Multi-mode Fiber Cable and Modal Bandwidth
Multi-mode 62.5/125μm Multi-mode 50/125μm
Modal
Bandwidth Distance Modal Bandwidth Distance
160MHz-Km 220m 400MHz-Km 500m
IEEE 802.3z
Gigabit Ethernet
1000SX 850nm
200MHz-Km 275m 500MHz-Km 550m
Single-mode Fiber 9/125μm
Single-mode transceiv er 1310nm 10Km
1000Base-
LX/LHX/ XD/ZX
Single-mode transceiv er 1550nm 30, 50Km
TX(Transmit) 1310nm
Single-Mode
*20Km RX(Receive) 1550nm
TX(Transmit) 1550nm
1000Base-LX
Single Fiber
(BIDI SC) Single-Mode
*20Km RX(Receive) 1310nm
Table2-1

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2-1-2-3. Switch Cascading in Topology
• Takes the Delay Time into Account
Theoretically, the switch partitions the collision domain for each port in switch
cascading that you may up-link the switches unlimitedly. In practice, the network
extension (cascading levels & overall diameter) must follow the constraint of the
IEEE 802.3/802.3u/802.3z and other 802.1 series protocol specifications, in which
the limitations are the timing requirement from physical signals defined by 802.3
series specification of Media Access Control (MAC) and PHY, and timer from some
OSI layer 2 protocols such as 802.1d, 802.1q, LACP and so on.
The fiber, TP cables and devices’ bit-time delay (round trip) are as follows:
1000Base-X TP, Fiber 100Base-TX TP 100Base-FXFiber
Round trip Delay: 4096 Round trip Delay: 512
Cat. 5 TP Wire: 11.12/m Cat. 5 TP Wire: 1.12/m Fiber Cable: 1.0/m
Fiber Cable : 10.10/m TP to fiber Conv erter: 56
Bit Time unit : 1ns (1sec./1000 Mega bit) Bit Time unit: 0.01μs (1sec./100 Mega bit)
Table 2-2
Sum up all elements’ bit-time delay and the overall bit-time delay of
wires/devices must be within Round Trip Delay (bit times) in a half-duplex network
segment (collision domain). For full-duplex operation, this will not be applied. You
may use the TP-Fiber module to extend the TP node distance over fiber optic and
provide the long haul connection.
• Typical Network Topology in Deployment
A hierarchical network with minimum levels of switch may reduce the timing
delay between server and client station. Basically, with this approach, it will
minimize the number of switches in any one path; will l ower the possibili ty of
network loop and will improve network efficiency. If more than two switches are
connected in the same network, select one switch as Level 1 switch and connect all
other switches to it at Level 2. Server/Host is recommended to connect to the Level
1 switch. This is general if no VLAN or other special requirements are applied.

User Manual
Case1: All switch ports are in the same local area network. Every port can access
each other (See Fig. 2-2).
Fig. 2-
2
No VLAN Configuration Diagram
If VLAN is enabled and configured, each node in the network that can
communicate each other directly is bounded in the same VLAN area.
Here VLAN area is defined by what VLAN you are using. The switch
supports both port-based VLAN and tag-based VLAN. They are different in practical
deployment, especially in physical location. The following diagram shows how it
works and what the difference they are.
Case2a: Port-based VLAN (See Fig.2-3).
Fig. 2-3 Port-based VLAN Diagram
1. The same VLAN members could not be in different switches.
2. Every VLAN members could not access VLAN members each other.
3. The switch manager has to assign different names for each VLAN groups
at one switch.
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User Manual
Case 2b: Port-based VLAN (See Fig.2-4).
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1. VLAN1 members could not access VLAN2, VLAN3 and VLAN4 members.
2. VLAN2 members could not access VLAN1 and VLAN3 members, but they could
access VLAN4 members.
3. VLAN3 members could not access VLAN1, VLAN2 and VLAN4.
4. VLAN4 members could not access VLAN1 and VLAN3 members, but they could
access VLAN2 members.
Case3a: The same VLAN members can be at different switches with the same VID
(See Fig. 2-5).
Fig. 2-4 Port-based VLAN Diagram
Fig. 2-5 Attribute-based VLAN Diagram

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2-1-3. Configuring the Management Agent of Gigabit Web Smart Switch
In the way of web, user is allowed to startup the switch management function.
Users can use any one of them to monitor and configure the switch. You can touch
them through the following procedures.
Section 2-1-3-1: Configuring Management Agent of 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch
through Ethe rnet Port

User Manual
2-1-3-1. Configuring Management Agent of Gigabit Web Smart Switch through
Ethernet Port
There are two ways to configure and monitor the switch through the switch’s
Ethernet port. They are Web browser and SNMP manager. The user interface for
the last one is NMS dependent and does not cover here. We just introduce the first
type of management interface. Web-based UI for the switch is an interface in a
highly friendly way.
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16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch
Def ault IP Setting:
IP = 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
Def ault Gateway = 192.168.1.254
Et hernet LAN
Def ault Gateway = 192.168.1.254
Fig. 2-6
A
ssign a reasonable IP address,
For example:
IP = 192.168.1.100
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
• Managing Gigabit Web Smart Switch through Ethernet Port
Before you communicate with the switch, you have to finish first the
configuration of the IP address or to know the IP address of the switch.Then,
follow the procedures listed below.
Set up a physical path between the configured the switch and a PC
by a qualified UTP Cat. 5 cable with RJ-45 connector.
Note: If PC directly connects to the switch, you have to setup the
same subnet mask between them. But, subnet mask may be
different for the PC in the remote site. Please refer to Fig. 2-6 about
the Gigabit Web Smart Switch default IP address information.
Run web browser and follow the menu. Please refer to Chapter4.

User Manual
Fig. 2-7 the Login Screen f or Web
2-1-4. IP Address Assignment
For IP address configuration, there are three parameters needed to be filled
in.They are IP address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and DNS.
IP address:
The address of the network device in the network is used for internetworking
communication. Its address structure looks is shown in the Fig. 2-8. It is “classful”
because it is split into predefined address classe s or categories.
Each class has its own network range between the network identifier and
host identifier in the 32 bits address. Each IP address comprises two parts: network
identifier (address) and host identifier (address). The former indicates the network
where the addressed host resides, and the latter indicates the individual host in the
network which the address of host refers to. And the host identifier must be unique
in the same LAN. Here the term of IP address we used is version 4, known as IPv4.
32 bits
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Ne t wo rk i d en ti fi e r Ho st i d en ti fi e r
Fig. 2-8 IP address structure