Grumman American GA-7 COUGAR 1987 Owner's manual
Issued:April10,1978
Revised:September14,1987
PILOT’SOPERATINGHANDBOOK
ANDFAAAPPROVEDAIRPLANEFLIGHTMANUAL
FAA APPROVED IN THE NORMAL CATEGORY BASED ON FAR 23. THIS DOCUMENTMUSTBECARRIEDINTHE
AIRPLANEATALLTIMESANDBEKEPTWITHINREACHOFTHEPILOTDURINGALLFLIGHTOPERATIONS.
THISHANDBOOKINCLUDESTHEMATERIALREQUIREDTOBEFURNISHEDTOTHEPILOTBYFARPART23AND
ADDITIONALINFORMATIONPROVIDEDBYTHEMANUFACTURERANDCONSTITUTESTHEFAAAPPROVEDAIRPLANE
FLIGHTMANUAL.
SERIALNO.________________________________________
REGISTRATIONNO.__________________________________
GRUMMANAMERICAN FORTRAININGUSEONLY
MODELGA‐7/COUGAR
Issued:April10,1978
Revised:September14,1987
PAGEINTENTIONALLYBLANK
GRUMMANAMERICAN FORTRAININGUSEONLY
MODELGA‐7/COUGAR
Issued:April10,1978
Revised:September14,1987
LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES
ThishandbookwillbekeptcurrentbyServiceLettersandHandbookRevisionspublishedbyGulfstreamAerospace
Corporation.ThesearedistributedtoGulfstreamAerospaceDealersandDistributorsandtothosewhosubscribe
throughtheOwner’sRevisionService.Ifyouarenotreceivingsubscriptionservice,youwillwanttokeepintouch
withyourGulfstreamAerospaceDealerorDistributorforinformationconcerningthechangestatusofthe
handbook.Subsequentchangesshouldbeexaminedimmediatelyafterreceipt;thehandbookshouldnotbeused
foroperationalpurposesuntilithasbeenupdatedtoacurrentstatus.Onachangedpage,theportionofthetext
orillustrationaffectedbythechangeisindicatedbyaverticallineintheoutermarginofthepage.
DatesofIssuefororiginalandrevisedpagesare:
Original……….0……….April10,1978
Revision………1……….June15,1978
Revision………2……….October15,1978
Revision………3……….September14,1987
THETOTALNUMBEROFPAGESINTHISHANDBOOKIS212,CONSISTINGOFTHEFOLLOWING.THISTOTAL
INCLUDESTHESUPPLEMENTSPROVIDEDINSECTION9.
NOTE
This replicate document does not match the page numbers of the original
document.Therefore,thetablecontainingthelistofeffectivepagesandthe
“LogofRevisions”hasbeenremovedfromthisreplicatedocument.Information
containedhereinareprovidedasis,basedonthelastpublishedrevisionofthe
originaldocument(Revision3).
GRUMMANAMERICAN FORTRAININGUSEONLY
MODELGA‐7/COUGAR
Issued:April10,1978
Revised:September14,1987
WELCOME ABOARD!
YourGA‐7/Cougarhasbeendesignedandconstructedtoprovideyouwitharesponsivefour‐placeairplaneto
serveyourneedsforeitherpleasureorbusinessflyinginbothcomfortandeconomy.
Thishandbookhasbeenpreparedtohelpyouobtainthemaximumpleasureandutilityfromyourairplane.Readit
carefully,reviewitfrequently,andkeepitwithyouintheairplaneatalltimes.
Withproperoperationaltechniquesandgoodmaintenance,yourGrummanAmericanCougarshouldserveyou
well.GettoknowyourGrummanAmericanDealer.Heisequippedtoprovideanyassistancethatmaybe
required.
GRUMMANAMERICAN FORTRAININGUSEONLY
MODELGA‐7/COUGAR
Issued:April10,1978
Revised:September14,1987
PERFORMANCE - SPECIFICATIONS
SPEED:
MaximumatSeaLevel.......................................................................................................................168Knots
Cruise,75%Powerat8500Ft............................................................................................................160Knots
Cruise,45%Powerat8500Ft............................................................................................................109Knots
RANGEANDENDURANCE:
RangeandEndurancefiguresincludeallowancesforstart,takeoff,cruiseclimbtoaltitude,cruise,descent,
plusfuelsufficientfor45minutesofholdingat45%power.
MaximumRecommendedCruiseSpeed:
(118GallonsFuel,75%Power,8500Ft.)
Endurance..............................................................................................................................................5.3hrs.
Range....................................................................................................................................................840NM
(80GallonsFuel,75%Power,8500Ft.)
Endurance..............................................................................................................................................3.3hrs.
Range....................................................................................................................................................530NM
MaximumRange:
(118GallonsFuel,45%Power,8500Ft.)
Endurance............................................................................................................................................10.6hrs.
Range..................................................................................................................................................1170NM
(80GallonsFuel,45%Power,8500Ft.)
Endurance..............................................................................................................................................6.7hrs.
Range....................................................................................................................................................730NM
RATEOFCLIMBATSEALEVEL:
TwinEngine........................................................................................................................................1160fpm
SingleEngine........................................................................................................................................200fpm
SERVICECEILING:
TwinEngine........................................................................................................................................17,400Ft.
SingleEngine.........................................................................................................................................4250Ft.
TAKEOFFPERFORMANCE:(Max.GrossWeight,SeaLevel,59°F)
GroundRoll...........................................................................................................................................1000Ft.
TotalDistancetoClear50Ft.Obstacle.................................................................................................1850Ft.
LANDINGPERFORMANCE:(Max.GrossWeight,SeaLevel,59°F)
GroundRoll.............................................................................................................................................710Ft.
TotalDistancetoClear50Ft.Obstacle.................................................................................................1330Ft.
STALLSPEEDS:(PowerOFF)
FlapsUp................................................................................................................................................71Knots
FlapsDown...........................................................................................................................................63Knots
MINIMUMAIRCONTROLSPEED,VMCA:(SingleEngine).......................................................................................61Knots
MAXIMUMGROSSWEIGHT................................................................................................................................3800Lbs.
STANDARDEMPTYWEIGHT................................................................................................................................2569Lbs.
BAGGAGEALLOWANCES:
Forward(Nose)Compartment................................................................................................................75Lbs.
AftCabinCompartment........................................................................................................................175Lbs.
WINGLOADING:Pounds/Sq.Ft................................................................................................................................20.65
POWERLOADING:Pounds/HP..................................................................................................................................11.88
FUELCAPACITY:
Total.....................................................................................................................................................118Gal.
Useable................................................................................................................................................114Gal.
OILCAPACITY:(EachEngine)....................................................................................................................................8Qts.
ENGINE:(2)Lycoming......................................................................................................................................O‐320‐D1D
160BHP,@2700RPM
PROPELLER:ConstantSpeed(FullFeathering)(2)
Diameter...................................................................................................................................................73In.
GRUMMANAMERICAN FORTRAININGUSEONLY
MODELGA‐7/COUGAR
Issued:April10,1978
Revised:September14,1987
INTRODUCTION
Thishandbookcontains10sections.Thesectionsarearrangedinthehandbookinanorderwhichincreasesthein‐
flightusefulnessofthishandbook.Informationthatmayberequiredbythepilotduringflight,islocatedinthe
frontportionofthehandbooktoprovideeasyaccess.Eachsectionofthehandbookismarkedwithaplasticized
tabdivider.Thetabdividersarestaggeredforeaseofreferencewithsectionnumberandtitleprintedonthetab.
The“EmergencyProcedures”sectiontabiscoloredredsothatitmaybeeasilylocated.Thishandbookalso
includesthematerialrequiredtobefurnishedtothepilotbyFARPart23.Italsocontainssupplementaldata
suppliedbytheairframemanufacturer.
GRUMMANAMERICAN FORTRAININGUSEONLY
MODELGA‐7/COUGAR
Issued:April10,1978
Revised:September14,1987
LIST OF SECTIONS
SECTION
GENERAL........................................................................................................................................1
LIMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................2
EMERGENCYPROCEDURES............................................................................................................3
NORMALPROCEDURES..................................................................................................................4
PERFORMANCE..............................................................................................................................5
WEIGHT&BALANCE/EQUIPMENTLIST.........................................................................................6
AIRPLANE&SYSTEMSDESCRIPTIONS............................................................................................7
AIRPLANEHANDLING,SERVICE&MAINTENANCE.........................................................................8
SUPPLEMENTS................................................................................................................................9
SAFETYTIPS..................................................................................................................................10
GRUMMANAMERICAN FORTRAININGUSEONLY
MODELGA‐7/COUGAR
Issued:April10,1978
Revised:September14,1987
GRUMMANAMERICANAVIATIONCORPORATION(hereinGRUMMANAMERICAN)warrantseachnewairplaneand
partthereofmanufacturedbyit,togetherwithallnewairplaneequipmentandaccessoriesbearingthename
“GRUMMANAMERICANAVIATION,”tobefreefromdefectsinmaterialandworkmanshipundernormaluseand
service,butextendsnowarrantyofanykind,expressedorimplied,toanyitemsnotmanufacturedbyGRUMMAN
AMERICAN,ornotsobearingitsname,whetherincorporatedintoorinstalledintheairplane,exceptthatthe
workmanshipinvolvedininstallingsuchitemsiswarrantedtobewithoutdefect.TheobligationofGRUMMAN
AMERICANunderthiswarrantyislimitedtoreplacementorrepair,attheoptionofGRUMMANAMERICAN,ofany
suchairplane,oranypartoraccessorywhichshallwithintwelve(12)monthsofoperationbefounddefective.
Suchairplane,partoraccessoryistobereturnedtoaGRUMMANAMERICANDEALERuponwhichexaminationby
GRUMMANAMERICAN,shalldisclosetoitsreasonablesatisfactiontohavebeenthusdefective.Thiswarranty
shallnotinanywayapplytoorcoveranyproductswhichareinGRUMMANAMERICAN’sopiniondamagedasa
resultofbeinginanymanneralteredorrepairedoutsideofthefactoryofGRUMMANAMERICANorthatshall
havebeensubjecttomisuseofnegligence.
GRUMMANAMERICANmakesnowarrantywhatsoeverwithrespecttoengines,radios,propellers,ignition
apparatus,startingdevices,generators,batteries,orothertradeaccessories,inasmuchassuchproductsare
generallywarrantedseparatelybytheirrespectivemanufacturers.
“THESEWARRANTYPROVISIONSAREEXPRESSLYINLIEUOFALLOTHERWARRANTIES,EXPRESSED,STATUTORYOR
IMPLIEDINFACTORBYLAW,INCLUDINGANYIMPLIEDWARRANTYOFMERCHANTABILITYORFITNESSFORA
PARTICULARPURPOSE,ANDOFANYOTHEROBLIGATIONORLIABILITYONTHEPARTOFGRUMMANAMERICAN
NEITHERASSUMESNORAUTHORIZESANYOTHERPERSONORBUSINESSORGANIZATIONTOASSUMEFORITANY
OTHERWARRANTYORLIABILITYINCONNECTIONWITHTHESALE,USEOROPERATIONOFITSPRODUCTS.”
IMMEDIATELYONCOMMENCINGFIRSTUSEOFANAIRPLANE,AWARRANTYVALIDATIONCARDMUSTBEFILLED
OUTANDMAILEDTOTHEATTENTIONOFCUSTOMERSERVICE,COMMERCIALLIGHTAIRCRAFT,P.O.BOX2206,
SAVANNAH,GEORGIA31402.NOWARRANTYCLAIMSWILLBEHONOREDIFTHISCARDISNOTONFILEATTHE
FACTORY.
GRUMMAN AMERICAN FOR TRAINING USE ONLY – SECTION 1
MODEL GA-7/COUGAR GENERAL
1-1
Issued: April 10, 1978
SECTION 1
GENERAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THREE VIEW............................................................................................................................................................... 1-3
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 1-4
DESCRIPTIVE DATA .................................................................................................................................................... 1-4
ENGINES ................................................................................................................................................................ 1-4
PROPELLERS........................................................................................................................................................... 1-4
FUEL....................................................................................................................................................................... 1-4
OIL ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1-5
MAXIMUM CERTIFICATED WEIGHTS..................................................................................................................... 1-6
STANDARD AIRPLANE WEIGHTS............................................................................................................................ 1-6
CABIN AND ENTRY DIMENSIONS........................................................................................................................... 1-6
BAGGAGE SPACE AND ENTRY DIMENSIONS.......................................................................................................... 1-6
SPECIFIC LOADINGS............................................................................................................................................... 1-6
SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND TERMINOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 1-8
GENERAL AIRSPEED TERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLS ............................................................................................. 1-8
METEOROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY....................................................................................................................... 1-9
ENGINE POWER TERMINOLOGY............................................................................................................................ 1-9
ENGINE CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTS............................................................................................................. 1-10
AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE AND FLIGHT PLANNING TERMINOLOGY................................................................... 1-11
WEIGHT AND BALANCE TERMINOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 1-12
GRUMMAN AMERICAN FOR TRAINING USE ONLY – SECTION 1
MODEL GA-7/COUGAR GENERAL
1-2
Issued: April 10, 1978
PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK
GRUMMAN AMERICAN FOR TRAINING USE ONLY – SECTION 1
MODEL GA-7/COUGAR GENERAL
1-3
Issued: April 10, 1978
THREE VIEW
Figure 1-1. Three View.
GRUMMAN AMERICAN FOR TRAINING USE ONLY – SECTION 1
MODEL GA-7/COUGAR GENERAL
1-4
Issued: April 10, 1978
INTRODUCTION
This section provides basic data and information of general interest to the pilot, to assist him in loading, sheltering,
handling, and routine preflight checking of the airplane. Also included in this section are definitions and
explanations of the symbols, abbreviations and terminology used in this handbook.
NOTE
Unless otherwise noted, all performance and operational data in this handbook
are based on sea level standard day, and an airplane gross weight of 3800
pounds.
DESCRIPTIVE DATA
ENGINES
Number of Engines: 2
Manufacturer: AVCO Lycoming
Model Number: 0-320-D1D
Type: Normally aspirated, direct drive, air-cooled, wet sump,
horizontally opposed, four cylinder engine with 319.8 cubic inch
displacement.
Horsepower Rating and Engine Speed: 160 HP at 2700 engine RPM
PROPELLERS
Manufacturer: Hartzell
Model Number: HC-F2YL-2UF/FC7663D-3
Diameter: 73 inches
Type: Constant speed, full feathering, governor regulated, two bladed
propellers. An unfeathering accumulator is optional.
Blade Angle at 30 Inch Station: Low Pitch – 11.5° ± 0.1°
FUEL
CAUTION
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD FUEL OF A LOWER OCTANE RATING
THAN THAT SPECIFIED BELOW, OR AUTOMOTIVE FUEL (REGARDLESS OF
OCTANE) BE USED.
Minimum Grade (and color): 100 Minimum Grade Aviation Fuel (green).
100 Low Lead Aviation Fuel (blue) is also approved. Refer to latest
revision of Lycoming Service Instruction No. 1070 for further
information concerning fuels.
GRUMMAN AMERICAN FOR TRAINING USE ONLY – SECTION 1
MODEL GA-7/COUGAR GENERAL
1-5
Issued: April 10, 1978
Capacity at an ambient temperature of 70°F (21°C):
Total 118 U.S. gallons (98.3 Imperial gallons) (446.6 Liters)
Each Tank: 59 U.S. gallons (49.1 Imperial gallons) (223.3 Liters)
Total Usable: 114 U.S. gallons (94.9 Imperial gallons) (431.5 liters)
Intermediate Loading: 100 U.S. gallons (80 Imperial gallons) (380 Liters) and 80 U.S. gallons (66.6 Imperial
gallons) (302.80 Liters)
Unusable Fuel: 2 U.S. gallons in each wing.
OIL
Grade (Specification):
Aviation Grade Straight Mineral Oil Military Specification MIL-L-6082B (Figure 8-2) shall be used to replenish oil
supply during the first 25 hours of operation and at the first 25-hour oil change. Continue to use this grade oil for
the first 50 hours of operation or until oil consumption has stabilized.
Ashless Dispersant Oil, Military Specification MIL-L-22851 (Figure 8-2): This specification oil should be used after
the first 50 hours of engine operation.
NOTE
The airplane is delivered from the factory with corrosion preventive airplane
engine oil. This oil should be drained after the first 25 hours of engine operation.
*Recommended Viscosity:
Average Ambient Air Temperature
Mineral Grade
Ashless Dispersant
Above 60°F (16°C)
SAE 50
SAE 40 or SAE 50
30°F (-1°C) to 90°F (32°C)
SAE 40
SAE 40
0°F (-18°C) to 70°F (21°C)
SAE 30
SAE 40 or SAE 20E-30
Below 10°F (-12°C)
SAE 20
SAE 20W-30
*Refer to latest revision of Lycoming Service Instruction No. 1014 and Lycoming Specification No. 301 for further
information.
Oil Capacity:
Sump: 8 U.S. Quarts (6.66 Imperial Quarts) (7.57 Liters)
Minimum Safe Quantity in Sump: 2 U.S. Quarts (1.67 Imperial Quarts) (1.89 Liters)
CAUTION
EACH DIP STICK IS MARKED WITH BOTH THE LEFT AND RIGHT ENGINE OIL
QUANTITIES. ENSURE THAT YOU READ THE QUANTITY FOR THE CORRECT
ENGINE.
GRUMMAN AMERICAN FOR TRAINING USE ONLY – SECTION 1
MODEL GA-7/COUGAR GENERAL
1-6
Issued: April 10, 1978
NOTE
Dip stick indicates the quantity of oil in the engine oil sump but does not account
for the one quart of oil in the oil filter. Refer to Section 8 for optional oil filter
information.
It is recommended that lubricating oil be changed at least every 50 hours of engine operation. If the engine is
equipped with an oil filter, the recommended time is 100 hours of engine operation or 6 months, whichever occurs
first.
MAXIMUM CERTIFICATED WEIGHTS
Takeoff: 3800 pounds
Landing: 3800 pounds
Weight in Baggage Compartment 175 pounds in the aft compartment, and 75 pounds in nose compartment is
maximum allowable if c.g. is within Center of Gravity Envelope (Figure 6-6). Refer to Section 6 for cargo loading
instructions.
STANDARD AIRPLANE WEIGHTS
NOTE
Actual weights for each airplane will vary according to installed equipment.
Refer to weight and balance data supplied with the particular airplane for
specific data for that airplane.
Standard Empty Weight: 2569 pounds
Maximum Useful Load: 1231 pounds
CABIN AND ENTRY DIMENSIONS
(See Figure 1-2 for cabin entry dimensions.)
BAGGAGE SPACE AND ENTRY DIMENSIONS
(See Figure 1-2 for baggage space and entry dimensions.)
SPECIFIC LOADINGS
Wing Loading (Pounds/Sq. Ft.): 20.7
Power Loading (Pounds/B.H.P.): 11.9
GRUMMAN AMERICAN FOR TRAINING USE ONLY – SECTION 1
MODEL GA-7/COUGAR GENERAL
1-7
Issued: April 10, 1978
Figure 1-2. Cabin, Baggage and Entrance Dimensions.
GRUMMAN AMERICAN FOR TRAINING USE ONLY – SECTION 1
MODEL GA-7/COUGAR GENERAL
1-8
Issued: April 10, 1978
SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND TERMINOLOGY
GENERAL AIRSPEED TERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLS
CAS
Calibrated Airspeed is the indicated speed corrected for position and instrument error.
Calibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.
g
g is acceleration due to gravity.
IAS
Indicated Airspeed is the speed as shown on the airspeed indicator when corrected for
instrument error. IAS values published in this handbook assume zero instrument error.
KCAS
Knots Calibrated Airspeed. Calibrated airspeed expressed in knots.
KIAS
Knots Indicated Airspeed. Indicated airspeed expressed in knots.
KTAS
Knots True Airspeed. True airspeed expressed in knots.
TAS
True Airspeed is the airspeed relative to undisturbed air which is the CAS corrected for
altitude, temperature and compressibility.
GS
Ground Speed. The speed of an aircraft relative to the ground.
V
A
Maneuvering Speed is the maximum speed at which application of full available control will
not overstress the airplane.
V
FE
Maximum Flap Extended Speed is the highest speed permissible with wing flaps in a
prescribed extended position.
V
LE
Maximum Landing Gear Extended Speed is the maximum speed at which an airplane can be
safely flown with the landing gear extended.
V
LO
Maximum Landing Gear Operating Speed is the maximum speed at which the landing gear
can be safely extended or retracted.
V
MCA
Air Minimum Control Speed is the minimum flight speed at which the airplane is controllable
with a bank of not more than 5° when one engine suddenly becomes inoperative and the
remaining engine is operating at takeoff power.
V
NE
Never Exceed Speed is the speed limit that may not be exceeded at anytime.
V
NO
Maximum Structural Cruising Speed is the speed that should not be exceeded except in
smooth air, then only with caution.
V
S
Stalling Speed (Clean) is the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is
controllable.
V
S0
Stalling Speed (Landing) is the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is
controllable in the landing configuration.
GRUMMAN AMERICAN FOR TRAINING USE ONLY – SECTION 1
MODEL GA-7/COUGAR GENERAL
1-9
Issued: April 10, 1978
V
X
Best Angle-of-Climb Speed is the speed which results in the greatest gain of altitude in a given
horizontal distance.
V
Y
Best Rate-of-Climb Speed is the speed which results in the greatest gain in altitude in a given
time.
METEOROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY
°C
°C is temperature in degrees Celsius (Centigrade).
°F
°F is temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
ISA
International Standard Atmosphere in which: The air is a dry perfect gas. The temperature at
sea level is 15° Celsius (59° Fahrenheit). The pressure at sea level is 29.92 inches Hg. (1013.2
mb). The temperature gradient from sea level to the altitude at which the temperature is -
56.5°C (-69.7°F), is -0.00198° (-0.003566°F) per foot and zero degrees above that altitude.
OAT
Outside Air Temperature is the free air static temperature. It is expressed in either degrees
Celsius (Centigrade) or degrees Fahrenheit.
Indicated
Pressure
Altitude
Indicated Pressure Altitude is the altitude read from an altimeter when the barometric
subscale has been set to 29.92 inches of mercury (1013 mb).
Pressure
Altitude
Pressure Altitude is altitude measured from standard sea level pressure (29.92 In. Hg.) by a
pressure or barometric altimeter. It is the indicated pressure altitude corrected for position
and instrument error. In this Handbook, altimeter instrument errors are assumed to be zero.
Position errors may be obtained from the altimeter correction chart.
Station
Pressure
Station pressure is actual atmospheric pressure at field elevation.
Wind
The wind velocities recorded as variables on the charts in this handbook are to be
understood as the headwind or tailwind components of the reported winds.
ENGINE POWER TERMINOLOGY
BHP
Brake Horsepower is the power developed by the engine.
Critical Altitude
The maximum altitude at which, in standard temperature, it is possible to maintain a
specified power.
Maximum
Continuous
Power
The power developed in a standard atmosphere from sea level to the critical altitude at the
maximum RPM and manifold pressure approved for use during periods of unrestricted
duration.
RPM
The revolutions per minute (RPM) of an engine is the rotational speed of the propeller shaft
as indicated on a tachometer.
Manifold
Pressure
Manifold Pressure is the absolute pressure in the intake manifold of the engine.
GRUMMAN AMERICAN FOR TRAINING USE ONLY – SECTION 1
MODEL GA-7/COUGAR GENERAL
1-10
Issued: April 10, 1978
ENGINE CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTS
Throttle
Controls
The levers used to control the induction of a fuel-air mixture into the intake passages of an
engine.
Mixture
Controls
These levers, in the idle cut-off positions, stop the flow of fuel and in the intermediate
through full rich positions, regulate the fuel-air mixture.
Propeller
Controls
These levers request the governor to maintain rpm at a selected value and in the Maximum
decrease rpm position, feather the propellers.
Propeller
Governor
The propeller governors maintain the selected rpm requested by the propeller control levers.
Manifold
Pressure Gauge
The manifold pressure gauge measure the absolute pressure in the intake manifold of the
engine, expressed in inches of mercury (In. Hg.).
Tachometers
Tachometers indicate the rotational speed of the propellers (and engines) in revolutions per
minute (rpm).
GRUMMAN AMERICAN FOR TRAINING USE ONLY – SECTION 1
MODEL GA-7/COUGAR GENERAL
1-11
Issued: April 10, 1978
AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE AND FLIGHT PLANNING TERMINOLOGY
Balked Landing
A balked landing is an aborted landing (i.e. all engines go-around).
Demonstrated
Crosswind
Velocity
Demonstrated Crosswind Velocity is the velocity of the crosswind component for which
adequate control of the airplane during takeoff and landing was actually demonstrated
during certification tests.
Climb Gradient
The ratio of the change in height, during a portion of a climb, to the horizontal distance
traversed in the same time interval.
MEA
Minimum enroute IFR altitude.
Route Segment
A part of a route. Each end of that part is identified by: (1) a geographical location; or (2) a
point at which a definite radio fix can be established.
GPH
U.S. gallons per hour.
GRUMMAN AMERICAN FOR TRAINING USE ONLY – SECTION 1
MODEL GA-7/COUGAR GENERAL
1-12
Issued: April 10, 1978
WEIGHT AND BALANCE TERMINOLOGY
Arm
Arm is the horizontal distance from the reference datum to the center of gravity (c.g.) of an
item.
Standard Empty
Weight
Weight of a standard airplane including unusable fuel, full operating fluids and full oil.
Basic Empty
Weight
Standard weight plus optional equipment.
Center of
Gravity (c.g.)
Center of Gravity is the point at which an airplane would balance if suspended. Its distance
from the reference datum is found by dividing the total moment by the total weight of the
airplane.
c.g. Arm
Center of Gravity Arm is the arm obtained by adding the airplane’s individual moments and
dividing the sum by the total weight.
c.g. Limits
Center of Gravity Limits are the extreme center of gravity locations within which the airplane
can be operated at a given weight.
Gross Weight
Gross Weight is the maximum weight to which the airplane is certificated.
Jack Point
One of the points on the airplane designed to rest on a jack.
Maximum
Landing Weight
Maximum Landing Weight is the maximum weight approved for the landing touchdown.
Maximum
Takeoff Weight
Maximum Takeoff Weight is the maximum weight approved for the start of the takeoff run.
Moment
Moment is the product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm. (Moment divided by
the constant 1000 is used in this handbook to simplify balance calculations by reducing the
number of digits.)
Reference
Datum
An imaginary vertical plane from which all horizontal distances are measured for balance
purposes.
Station
Station is a location along the airplane longitudinal axis given in terms of the distance from
the reference datum.
Tare
Tare is the weight of chocks, blocks, stands, etc., used when weighing an airplane, and is
included in the scale readings. Tare is deducted from the scale reading to obtain the actual
(net) airplane weight.
Unusable Fuel
Unusable Fuel is the quantity of fuel that cannot be used in flight.
Usable Fuel
Usable Fuel is the fuel available for flight.
Useful Load
Useful Load is the difference between maximum gross weight and the basic empty weight.
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