Heath H89-17 User manual

SOFTWARE REFERENCE

MANUAL

1979

Heath Company

Heath

Disk

Operating

System

Model

H89-17

HEATH

COMPANY

BENTON

HARBOR,

MICHIGAN

49022

595-2334-01

Printed in the United

States of America

II

Contents

NOTE:

An

individual

Table

of Contents is

included

at

the

beginning

of

each

of

the

following Chapters:

Introduction

...............................

~

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter

O

Operating System (HDOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter

1

Console Debugger

(DBUG)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter

2

Heath Text Editor (EDIT)

......................................

Chapter

3

Heath Assembly Language (ASM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter

4

Extended

Benton

Harbor BASIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter

5

SPECIAL DISCLAIMER

Heath

cannot

provide

consultation

on

user-developed

programs

or

modified

versions of

Heath

Software products.

Some of

these

software

products

were

developed

for

the

Heath

Company

by

the

Wintek Corporation. Software copyrights for

these

produ'i-ts

reside

with

Wintek

. Corporation.

SOFTWARE REFERENCE

MANUAL

HDOS SYSTEM

Chapter O

Configuration

for

the

H89-17

0-2

ICHAPTER ZERO

Table

of

Contents

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-3

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

.........................................

0-5

THEORY OF OPERATION

...........................................

0-7

The

Diskette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-7

Access

Time-Finding

the

Right Sector

............................

0-8

The

Software

System

............................................

0-8

Files

.-

..........................................................

0-9

Controlling

the

Peripherals

.....................................

·

0-1

O

Tran

sferring Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-1

O

Memory

Map

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-11

Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-12

Notation

Conventions

..........................................

0-12

Console

Conventions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-13

SYSTEM SET-UP PROCEDURE

.....................................

0-15

Power

Up

.....................................................

0-15

Bootstrap

......................................................

0-16

INITIALIZATION (INIT)

............................................

0-21

DIAGNOSTIC (TEST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-2

7

Drive

Speed

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-28

General

Checkout

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-2

9

Media

Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-31

Seek

Time

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-32

Switch

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-33

Exit

..................

-.

........................................

0-33

SYSTEM GENERATION

............................................

0-37

SYSGEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-37

ONECOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-40

POWER-DOWN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-44

APPENDIX A

Memory Layout

.................................................

0-45

APPENDIX B

Stand-Alone

Program

Outputs

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-48

INDEX

............................................................

0-55

Configuration for the H89-17 I

0-3

INTRODUCTION

The

heart

ofyourH89-17

Heath

DiskOperating System,HDOS, isa

sophisticated

library of programs

which

control

and

facilitate

the

operations

you

will

soon

be

performing. Before you

use

HDOS,

be

sure

to

read

the

parts of

this

chapter

entitled

"System

Configuration" (on Page 0-5)

and

"Theory

of

Operation"

(on

Page 0-7). You

will

then

have

to perform

the

"System

Set-Up

Procedure"

(on

Page 0-15)

in

order to

get

your

system

up

and

running.

From there,

you

can

proceedtoChapter1,

the

HDOS Manual,

which

will

instruct

you

in

the

everyday

use

of HDOS.

The

H89-17 system

and

HDOS have set a

new

standard

in

the

hobby

computer

industry.

This

is

the

first

hobby

system to offer

many

of

the

functions

of large

commercial

computer

systems.

The

enjoyment

and

rewards

you

will

derivefrom

using

the

system are

limited

only

by

your

own

imagination.

This

Chapter

introduces

you

to

the

H89

computer

system,

and

instructs

you

in

setting

up

and

running

your

computer's

software.

It

also

contains

detailed

explanations of

the

procedures

that

you

must

use.

If

this

is

your

first

use

of

an

H89,

you

can

quickly

set

up

your

system

by

using

the

sections

titled

~'FIRST

TIME

m~ROUGH::·?'~

Later,

you

should

go

back

through

this

chapter

and

read

all

the

information.

You

should

have

two

blank,

unlabeled

diskettes

and

the

distribution

diskette.

The

distribution

diskette has a write-protect tab

on

it.

This

tab

must

NOT

be

removed. You

should

only

use

the

distribution

diskette to transfer files

to

other

diskettes.

DISTRIBUTION

LAB

EL

PROTECT

TAB

0-4

ICHAPTER ZERO

FIRST TIME THROUGH?

Follow

the

instr~ctions

in

sequence.

The

re-

sponses

that

you

type

are

given

in

bold type.

Messages from

the

computer

are

shown

in

"QUOTES". Each

step

gives a

brief

explanation

of

the

program's

activity.

The

complete

descrip-

tion

is

given

in

the

program

description

follow-

ing

the

sections. You

can

check

off each

step

as

you

finish it.

NOTE:

From

now

on,

you

will

notice

that

all of

the

examples

assume

you

can

spell

and

type

correctly.

This

is

not

always

an

accurateassumption.

If

you

type

a

word

incorrectly,

and

notice

it

BEFORE

you

press

the

RETURN key,

you

can

instruct

the

computer

to

ignore

that

entry.

To

do

this,

hold

down

the

CTRL

key

and

type

the

letter U.

The

"U"

will

be

displayed,

a carriage

return

will

be

automatically generated,

and

you

can

re-type

your

entry.

If

you

misspell

or

mistype

a

word,

and

don't

notice it

until

after

you

press

the

RETURN,

don't

panic. HDOS

will

attempt

to

execute

the

word

you

entered

(UMUT, for example);

when

it

can't,

an

error message will

be

displayed

for you.

A

new

prompt

will

then

be

printed.

Just

enter

the

word

again.

GO TO PAGE 0-14.

Configuration for the H89-17 I

0-5

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

The

following

paragraphs

describe

the

minimum

requirements

of

your

opera-

ting

system.

It

is

impossible

to

list

all

the

different

combinations

that

you

may

want

to

use.

But

this

information

will

let

you

configure

the

operating

system

so

you

can

begin

using

your

H89

computer

system.

This

section

only

contains

the

information

about

the

software configuration.

Refer to

the

"System

Configuration"

section

of

your

"Operation

Manual"

for

instructions

on

how

to

configure

your

hard

ware.

You

must

have

an

H89

computer

system

with

a

minimum

16K bytes ofmemory.

Moreover,

this

memory

must

operate

continuously

from

decimal

location

8192

(i.e.040.000A)

to

the

available

upper

memory

limit

of

your

computer.

Note

that

the

lower

8192 bytes of

memory

are reserved.

Table 0-1 outlines

the

port

allocation

scheme

used

on

the

H89

computer

system.

It

lists

the

device

and

the

device

name

used

in

the

software. For

instance,

the

console

terminal

is

referenced

by

the

softwareasTT:

and

the

Line

Printer

asLP:.

The

Operating

system

does

not

use

any

port

address

below

100 octal.

These

ports

are available for

your

use.

TABLE

0-1

DEVICE INTERFACE

DEVICE NAME CARD

PORT

ADDRESS INTERRUPTS

Console

Terminal

Cassette

Line

Printer

Alt.

Terminal

Floppy

Disk

Reserved

* -

None

is

used.

NOTES:

TT:

*

--

LP:

AT:

SY:

350-357Q

H88-5 Serial 370-371Q

HBB-3 Serial 340-347Q

HBB-3 Serial 320-327Q

Special

174-177Q

170-173Q

360-361Q

376-377Q

1.

If

you are

using

an

H36 DECWRITER as a Line Printer, you

must

connect

it

as

the

device AT:.

In

addition,

an

H14 Line

Printer

must

be

connected as

the

device LP:.

2.

The

AT: driveris

named

ATH84.

DVD

and

must

be

reconfiguredtoaddressPort320Q. It

can

only

be

used

to

communicate

with

RS232-style devices.

3.

AT: port addresses are given

in

octal, indicated

by

"Q".

Thus, address 350Q is

port

350 octal.

3

0-6

ICHAPTER ZERO

The

H89 system

includes

a single

5.25"

disk

drive

unit.

The

systemalso

includes

a

disk

controller card,

which

plugs

into

the

H89 bus.

The

drive is

mounted

in

the

right

side

of

the

H89 cabinet

and

is

connected

to

the

disk

controller

by

means

of a

34-conducter

flat

ribbon

cable.

This

drive

will

hereafter

be

referred to as

SY~:.

The

HeathDiskOperating System, HDOS,

supports

two

disk

drives.

This

second

drive is referred to as "SY1:".

SY~:

is

the

"system"

drive

unit.

You

were

provided

with

one

5.25"

"distribu-

tion"

diskette.

When

you

have

generated a

"system"

diskette, as

described

in

the

"System

Set-Up

Procedure",

it

will

always

be

mounted

in

SY~:

for

normal

operation.

And

since

you

can

easily

damage

or destroy a diskette

by

misuse

or

improper

handling,

always follow

the

instructions

very carefully

until

you

are

thoroughly

familiar

with

HDOS operating procedures.

WARNING

You

should

only

use

the

distribution

diskette

to

transfer files to

the

volumes

in

your

system.

Therefore,

do

not

run

any

programs

other

than

those

specified

in

these

Software Reference

Manuals.

If

you

try

to

run

other

programs,

such

as BASIC (with

the

distribution

diskette

in

SY¢:)

you

will cause

unpredictable

results.

Note

that

the

distribution

diskette is

supplied

with

a write-protection tab

in

place.

This

is

done

to

guarantee

that

you

will

always have

an

accurate

copy

of

the

operating system. Neverremove

this

tab.

Heath

may

refuseto

support

a system

if

the

write-protection tab is

removed

from

the

distribution

diskette.

Under

normal

conditions,

you

will

need

extra diskettes for storage of

data

and

programs. We

recommend

that

you

have

at

least

two

copies of

the

system

diskette

on

hand,

as

well

as a

spare

copy

of

any

important

information.

The

"System

Set-Up

Procedure"

will

tell

you

how

to

make

these

extra diskettes.

Note:"SY¢:"

means

system

unit

zero.

Where

the

notation

may

be

confusing,

zeros will

be

slashed

(/),

to

distinguish

them

from

the

letter

0.

THEORY OF OPERATION

Although

it is

not

absolutely essential

that

you

know

the

Theory

of

Operation

for

this

system, a

basic

knowledge

of it

will

help

you

to

use

the

system

more

effectively. Read

this

information

before

you

proceed

to

the

"System

Set-Up Pro-

cedure".

Refer

to

Appendix

A,

the

"Glossary",

in

Chapter

1,

for a

definition

of

any

unfamiliar

terms.

Configuration for the H89-17 I

0-7

A

disk

system combines

many

of

the

advantages

of other

types

of

data

storage

systems.

ltis

not

as fast as random-access memory,

but

for

the

same

amount

of

storage area

it

is

much

less expensive.

On

the

other

hand

a

disk

system

costs

more

than

a

tape

systemfor

the

same

amount

ofstorage,

but

it

can

locate a

given

data

record

much

more

rapidly. Each

type

of

data

storage system

has

its advan-

tages. however,

the

disk

system

provides

the

most

functional

combinations

for

everyday applications.

The Diskette

A diskette is a

circular

sheet

of

mylar

coated

with

a

magnetic

oxide. As

the

diskette rotates at

300

rpm,

an

electromagnetic

head

passes over

the

oxide

material, called

the

"medium",

and

interacts

with

it

by

means

of a

magnetic

field.

This

combination

of

head

and

medium

is a lot like

the

magnetic

tape

recorder

you

use

to

record

and

play

music.

The

medium

consists of

millions

of

tiny

magnetic

particles

called

"domains".

Each ofthese

domains

is

magnetized

in

one

direction

or

the

other.

The

direction

in

which

a

domain

is

magnetized

describes

the

binary

datastored

on

the

diskette.

If

the

read/write

head

is

"reading"

information,

it

senses

the

direction

in

which

the

domains

in

a

given

area

are magnetized,

and

converts

this

information

into

electric

impulses

which

become

binary

bits.

If

the

head

is

"writing"

the

opposite

happens;

the

bits are

converted

into

electrical

impulses,

changing

the

magnetic

field

around

the

head.

This,

in

turn,

magnetizes

some of

the

domains

in

one

direction

or

the

other,

depending

upon

whether

the

bits are ones or zeros.

Each diskette

can

store

102,400

bytes of data,

with

each

byte

composed

of

eight

bits.

The

diskettes are

divided

into

40

tracks, circular rings,

much

like

the

grooves

in

an

LP record. Eachtrackis

subdivided

into

10

sectors, giving a total of

400

sectors of

256

bytes each.

0-B

ICHAPTER ZERO

Access

Time -Finding The Right Sector

The

process of finding

the

correct track is called "seeking".

It

takes a small

amount

of

time

forthe

head

to

jump

from track

to

trackas

it

seeks

the

correct one

and

this

is called

the

"track

step-time".

The

drive

used

in

the

H89

has

a guaran-

teed track step-time of

30

milliseconds.

"Test"

will

explain

how

to

determine

your

drive's

optimum

time.

Another

factor

that

detemines

system

speed

is called "rotational

latency".

Since

the

diskette rotates

at

300

rpm,

the

system

may

have

to

wait as

long

as

200

milliseconds for

the

desired

sector

to

rotate

under

the

head

after

it

finds

the

correct track.

This

latency

period

averages

100

milliseconds for a

random

disk

access.

A little arithmetic,

then,

shows

that

up

to

500

milliseconds

will

be

required

to

access a

random

sector.

This

depends

on

the

track

step-time of

the

particular

drive;

and

it

is

based

on

calculations

which

show

that

one-third of

the

tracks

will

have

to

be

skipped

over,

on

the

average, for a

random

disk access.

The

average

drive will require about

225

milliseconds for every access ofa

random

sector.

If

many

sectors are accessed

and

if

they are close

to

each

other,

the

average access

time

will

be

much

lower.

As

soon

as

the

systemfinds

the

correctsector,

it

reads

orwrites

the

data, one

bit

at

a

time

(serially) at a rate of

16,000

bytes

per

second.

The

data

is

transferred

between

the drive

and

the

controller.

The

controllerconverts

the

serial

data

into

a parallel format,

and

communicates

it

by

means

of

an

1/0

port

to

the

CPU.

As

an

exampleofits

quick

access

and

high

performance,

the

H89system

can

load

Extended

Benton

Harbor BASIC

into

memory

in

about

two

seconds.

The

Heath

cassette system, operating

at

1200

baud,

requires

about

two

minutes

to

load

from

the

beginning

of

the

tape.

The Software System

The

sector, because

it

is

the

smallest

amount

of

data

that

the

system

can

transfer

between

the

disk

drive

and

memory

in

a single access, is

the

basic

unit

of

the

diskette.

The

disk

system is "hard-sectored".

This

means

that

the

size

and

location of

each

sector is

determined

by

the

disk

controller

board

rather

than

by

the

operating system.

This

is actually

where

HDOS comes

into

play.

It

must

communicate

with

hardware

devices,

such

as a

disk

drive controller.

On

the

other side of

the

interface,

it

must

also

communicate

with

you,

the

"user"

or

"operator",

by

means

of

programmed

instructions

or console

commands.

Configuration for the H89-17 I

0-9

An

operating system is

more

than

just a

collection

of

programs

that

perform

variousfunctions,

such

as

communicating

with

peripherals

or

finding

data

on

a

diskette.

The

central

idea

is

that

the

software system is logically organized. All

its programs are available

to

you

at

any

ti~e,

for specific

purposes,

by

means

of

operating system

"commands".

A

portion

of

the

operating

system

called

the

"Monitor" is

in

command

of

the

other portions.

It

controls

the

decoding

of

commands

and

temporarily

passes

control to subprograms,

which

carry

out

the

commands.

After

each

operation

is

completed, control

returns

to

the

monitor,

which

awaits

the

Thus,

the

monitor

is like a

switchboard

operator

who

handles

communications

for a

busy

city.

Files

The

operating system establishes

this

communication

between

hardware

and

software

by

means

of a data

structure

known

as a "file".

If

you

consider

a

disk

drive as

if

it

were a filing cabinet,

then

the

sectors

on

the

diskette

correspond

to

sheets of

paper

within

the

filing cabinet.

The

disk

file is

then

analogous

to

a

folder

within

the

cabinet,

with

a label

on

it,

which

contains a

number

of

the

sheets of paper.

In

other words, a file is

an

organized group of

disk

sectors.

Whether

you

keep

the

files

in

an

office filing

cabinet

or on a diskette,

you

must

organize

them

in

a

way

that

allows

you

to

find

them

easily. A

new

file

must

be

inserted

into

its

proper

place,

and

oldfiles

that

are

changed

must

be

replaced

for

future reference.

In

this

sense,

an

operating

system

is likea clerk

who

keepstrack ofa greatdeal of

information, or a

librarian

who

must

know

where

all

the

books are found.

The

operating systemmust:

find

space

on

the

disk

for

new

files; give

each

file a

name

that

allows it

to

be

cross-referenced; beable

to

copy

data

from onefile

to

another;

and

be

able

to

re-name,

update,

and

deletefiles. Above all,

the

operating

system

must

be

able to

communicate

with

you

and

carry

out

your

commands

quickly

and

efficiently.

Under

HDOS, eachfile consists of one or

more

"clusters",

where

each

cluster is

composed of

two

contiguous

sectors. HDOS automatically increases

the

size of

files, asrequired,

in

increments

ofonecluster. Therefore,

the

size of

an

HDOS file

can

run

from 512 bytes,

which

is

two

256-byte sectors,

up

to

the

total available

space

on

a diskette.

In

order

to

communicate

with

the

operating system, you or

your

program

must

issue commands.

The

exact

command

syntax

is

discussed

in

the

HDOS Manual.

In

some

cases,

the

commands

will be

issued

from

the

system console.

0-10

ICHAPTER ZERO

Other

commands

may

be

included.

in

a

program

written

in

BASIC or assembly

language. These will

allow

a process

to

"open"

and

"close"

files,

and

to

perform

read/write operations

on

the

files. Refer

to

the

appropriate

language

manual

for

the

proper

command

syntax.

Controlling

the

Peripherals

An

operating system

must

also

manage

all

the

peripherals

in

the

system.

This

allows you

to

type-in

commands

from

the

system console,

and

have

the

operat-

ing

system perform some

I/0

function

without

your

intervention. You

may

also

include

such

commands

in

your

programs

without

having

to

write

detailed

instructions for controlling

the

peripherals.

The

operating system

will

take care

of

the

''messy

details''.

HDOS usesprograms called

"device

drivers"

to

controlperipherals. Eachdevice

driver is

written

with

the

characteristics ofa particuliar

peripheral

in

mind.

Its

speed, line length,

and

"handshaking"

capability are examples of

the

charac-

teristics. For

standard

ASCII serial peripherals,

the

device drivers

may

differ

only

in

minor

details.

They

may

be

unique

for

other

devices

such

as

paper

tape

punches

or

X-Y

plotters.

However, all device drivers have one

thing

in

common. After

they

are written,

one for each peripheral, they become a

part

of

the

operating system. It is

not

necessary

to

include

the

drivers

in

each

program

which

uses

the

peripherals

because these programs

can

simply

issue I/O requests

to

the

operating system.

This

can

save a great deal of space

in

each

program

because

the

instructions

for

controlling

the

peripherals

need

not

be

repeated.You

can

also make a

program

communicate

with

many

different peripherals,

without

rewriting it,

by

simply

redefining

the

appropriate

device drivers.

Programs

running

under

HDOS are called

"device

independent".

Each

peripheral is

given

a symbolic name,

much

like a file. For instance,

the

system

console is referred

to

as "TT:",

and

"SY~:"

identifies

the

system

disk

drive.

The

colon

(:)

at

the

end

ofeach

name

identifies

it

as

that

ofa device

name

rather

than

a

file name.

Transferring

Data

can

be

copied

from file

to

file. It

can

also

be

copied

from a file

to

a device, or

from a device to a file. To create a

new

file

with

data

typed-in

from

the

console,

you simply

command

HDOS

to

copy from

your

terminal

to

a

unique

file name.

Refer to

the

HDOS

Manual

for

the

syntax of

such

commands.

ConUguration for

the

HBO-

17

I

0-11

In

order

to

keep

track of all

the

files

and

devices

in

the

system,

an

operating

system

uses

a cross-indexlisting

known

asa

''directory''.

The

directory

contains

the

name, location, size,

and

creation

date

ofevery file

in

the

system.

In

order

to

access a

given

file, HDOS first looks

up

its

name

in

the

directory.

It

then

uses

information

listed

with

the

name

to locate

the

sectors

which

make

up

the

file.

As

the

sectors are accessed, HDOS transfers

the

data

between

the

disk

and

RAM.

The

area of RAM

that

is

used

to

hold

the

data

is called

the

"buffer".

A buffer of

sufficient size

must

be

set

aside

by

each

program

which

reads

files. BASIC

automatically sets

aside

any

necessary buffer space.

Memory Map

An

operating

system

requires

a

memory

management

capability

in

order

to

function

with

other

programs.

If

you

issue

a

command

to

run

a

program,

HDOS

finds

the

file

that

bears

the

program's

name

and

determines

whether

or

not

it

will

fit

in

the

available memory.

If

it

will

fit, HDOS

reads

the

file

into

a

memory

area

which

begins

at

the

program's

starting address. After

the

loading

process is

completed, HDOS

jumps

to

the

program's

starting address,

and

execution

be-

gins.

The

HDOS

monitor

is automatically

located

in

the

high

end

of

your

H89's

memory

when

you

"boot-up"

the

system.

It

occupies about 2.4K ofRAM. Other

portions ofHDOS,

such

as

the

program

which

communicates

with

the

disk

drive

and

otherperipherals,

may

require

another

9K.

Therefore, 12K is

required

to

run

HDOS. Other

products,

such

as BASIC,

require

as

much

as 16K total RAM,

with

HDOS

included.

HDOS

attempts

to conserve

memory

by

using

the

available area for

more

than

one

purpose.

For

example,

some

of

this

areais

used

onlyfor

opening

and

closing

files.

This

capabilityis

not

required

veryfrequently, so

this

part

of

the

operating

system

can

be

left

on

the

diskette

most

of

the

time.

When

HDOS

requires

thse

functions,

it

temporarily

stores

the

contents

of

the

overlay area

on

a file

while

it

loads

the

contents

of

another

file

into

the

area.

This

new

portion

of

the

operating

system performs its

task

and

then

restores

the

original overlay

area

memory

contents

when

finished.

When

the

overlay area

is

not

required

for

other

pur-

poses, HDOS resides

there

continuously.

0-121

CHAPTER ZERO

Errors

The

last

important

function

ofHDOS, its ability

to

recognize

and

report

errors,

is

one

with

which

you

will

soon

become very familiar. Typical errors

involve

attempts to issue

commands

which

are

not

correctly formatted, or references

to

nonexistent files.

In

order

to

prevent

damage

to

the

contents of

your

diskette,

HDOS recognizes

such

attempts

and

replies

with

appropriate

error messages.

NOTE: The

remaining

parts

of

this

"Introduc-

tion"

will lead you

through

the

important

parts

of

HDOS onestep

at

a time, so

your

errors should

be few. If you follow

the

instructions

carefully,

you

will be able to

take

full

advantage

of

all

the

capabilities

of

HDOS.

Notation Conventions

/:::,.

= Required space,

produced

by

depressing

the

space bar.

'§) = Carriage return,

produced

by

the

RETURN key.

<exp> =

If

you

type

a '§), HDOS assumes

the

reply

enclosed

in

the

arrows.

CTRL = Symbol for Control key

on

a console keyboard.

Underlined

text is

used

to

indicate

user/operator

input

from

the

console.

Configuration for the H89-17 I

0-13

Console Conventions

In

addition

to

the

standard

operating

system

commands,

there

are a

number

of

conventionalASCII control codes

you

can

use

for specialpurposes.

For

example,

in

typing

a

command,

you

may

accidentally

strike the

wrong

key

on

your

console. You

may

use

the

ASCII DELETE (or RUBOUT) control

code

to erase

the

last character,

whilch

you

may

then

retype. You

may

also

use

the

key

several

times

in

succession

toback-up

more

than

one

space. You

may

reject

an

entire

line

of keyboard

input

by

striking CTRL-U, as

long

as

you

do

it

before

typing

a

carriage return.

The

following

list

summarizes

the

HDOS control conventions.

CTRL-C -Halts

any

ongoing activity

by

HDOS or a utility program. Control is

retained

by

whatever

program

is

currently

running,

but

it will stop

and

await

command

from

the

console.

CTRL-D -Causes

an

exitfrom

the

command

mode

of a utility program,

such

as

PIP, back

to

the

end

of

the

HDOS

command

mode.

When

copying

files,

this

signifies

an

"end-of-transmission"

condition,

returning

you to

the

current

com-

mand

mode,

whether

it

is

the

"main"

HDOS

command

mode,

or

one

of

the

utilities.

CTRL-0-

Discards

output

from HDOS

and

the

utilities

until

the

is

reached.

CTRL-P -

Immediately

resume

output

(following a CTRL-0).

CTRL-S -

Temporarily

halts

the

output

to

the

console

until

CTRL-Q is struck.

CTRL-Q -Restarts

output

to

the

console (following a CTRL-S).

CTRL-U -Discards

the

current

console

input

line, allowing

you

to

start

over.

CTRL-Z -Cancels

any

ongoing HDOS activities

when

struck

twice

in

succes-

sion. Also causes

the

data

in

an

input

file or buffer to

be

discarded.

This

code

is

generally

used

in

emergency

situations

to

return

directlyto

the

HDOS

command

mode.

DELETE-Allows

you

to

retype

the

last

character.

The

system

will

backspace

over

the

last

character, removing

it

from

the

screen.

RUBOUT -Has

the

same

effect as DELETE.

0-14

ICHAPTER ZERO

FIRST TIME THROUGH

BOOT-UP?

( ) 1. Make sure

the

off-line key is up.

This

puts

the

console terminal on-line

to

the

computer.

( ) 2.

Turn

on

the

power

to

the

H89. You

should

hear

two

beeps

and

see

an

"H:"

in

the

upper

left

hand

corner of

the

screen.

( ) 3. Insert

the

distribution diskette

in

the

drive.

The

label

should

be

facing

towards

the

console screen, on

the

upper

corner of

the

diskette. Close

the

door on

the

drive

unit

after

you

insert

the

diskette.

4.

Type

the

letter

B.

The

screen will

print

"oat".

5. Press

the

RETURN key. (This is willreferred to from

now

on

as§)).

You

will hear some noise

and

clicks from

the

disk drive as

it

accesses

the

diskette. This is normal. Get

used

to it!

( ) 6. A message "TYPESPACES TO DETERMINE BAUD

RA

TE'' will

display

on

the

screen.

Press

the

space

bar

until

the

message ''ACTION?

<BOOT>" appears. (Don't worry if

you

press

the

space bar extra times

and

get a lot of "ACTION? <BOOT>" messages. You

haven't

damaged

anything.

( ) 7. Type

a§)

(carriagereturn,

produced

by

the

RETURN key).

There

will

be

some more noise.

( ) 8.

The

message "DATE (DD-MMM-YY)?" will display.

Type

the

correct

date after

the

message

in

the

format shown: 16-0CT-79

and

then

type

a

§). Expect more

sounds

from

the

drive!!

( )

9.

A

">"

will

display

on

the

screen. This is a

prompt

from HDOS,

and

means

that

the

operating system is

now

in

memory

and

in

charge. You

can

now

request

the

operating system to

do

things

for you. So long as

your request is valid,

it

will be done!

THIS FINISHES THE BOOT-UP PROCEDURE.

IF THIS

IS

YOUR FIRST TIME THROUGH, GO

TO INITIALIZATION, PAGE 0-19. .

Configuration for the H89-17 I

0-15

SYSTEM SET-UP PROCEDURE

At

this point,

your

H89

computer

system

should

be

assembled

and

the

"Rota-

tional

Speed

Test"

in

your

Operations

Manual

should

have

been

successfully

completed. Read

through

the

following sections before actually performing

any

of

the

operations.

You

will

use

this

section frequently.

The

first time, however,

you

will

have

to

sysgena diskette.

The

distribution

diskette

should

onlybe

used

to

transferfiles.

Running

a program other

than

those specified

in

this

procedure

will

cause

unpredictable results.

Sysgening a diskette

will

produce

your

own

system

volume

capable of

running

HDOS

and

other programs. You will probably

wish

to configure different disk-

ettes for other programs. For

now

however, follow

this

procedure

to generate a

system volume.

WARNING:

If

the

"Rotational

Speed

Test"

failed, DO NOT

attempt

to

perform

the

"System

Set-Up

Procedure"

at

this

time. Instead,referto

the

troubleshooting

guide

in

your

H89 Operations Mrmual.

Power-Up

Use

the

following

method

to

get

your

H89 system started from a power-off

condition.

WARNING: DO NOT install a diskette

in

the

drive

unit

before

applying

power.

1.

Make sure

your

unit

is

"on-line",

and

apply

power

to

your

H89. You

should

hear

two

"beeps",

and

see

an

"H:"

on

the

upper

left corner of

the

console screen.

2.

Install

the

system(distribution) diskette

in

your

systemdriveunit.

The

label

should

be

facing towards

the

consolescreen,

on

the

upper

corner

of

the

diskette. Close

the

door

on

the

drive

unit

after

you

insert

the

diskette.

3.

Type

a

"B"

after

the

"H:"

prompt.

The

monitor

will complete

the

word

"BOOT" for you.

Type

a §

and

the

H89 will access

the

ROM.

4.

Perform

the

"Bootstrap"

procedure

which

follows.

0-16

ICHAPTER ZERO

Bootstrap

This

procedure

establishes

communication

between

your

H89

computer

and

your

disk

drive.

It

is called "b.ooting"

the

operating system (HDOS)

to

get

it

started.

When

you

"boot

up",

the

ROM bootstrap

program

(located

on

the

CPU

board) will

examine

your

HB

9's

memory

to

find

out

how

much

isinstalled.

It

will

then

load

the

HDOS

monitor

into

the

upper

2.4K

of

the

memory

area.

When

this

is

accomplished,

control will

be

passed

from

the

ROM bootstrap

program

to

the

monitor.

The

monitor

will

then

take control.

The

following

instructions

tell

you

how

to

accomplish

this

process of

"booting

up"

the

system. Before starting it,

you

should

have

performed

the

"Power-Up"

procedure

above.

The

"Type

Spaces to Determine

Baud

Rate"

prompt

appears

from

the

HDOS

monitor.

It

is

now

ready

to access

the

diskette,

and

must

know

the

console

baud

rate. Usually,

this

takes

3-4

strikings of

the

space

bar,

but

can

vary.

The

variation

is

dependent

both

on

baud

rate

and

how

fast

you

strike

the

space

bar.

Once HDOS

has

determined

the

baud

rate

at

,which

your

terminal

is set,

it

will

resume

with

the

normal

"BOOT" routine. (Note:

the

number

of spaces HDOS

requires to

determine

your

baud

rate

will

vary.)

When

the

baud-rate

is deter-

mined,

HDOS

will

prompt

on

the

system console with:

ACTION?

<boot>

If

this

does

not

take place,

repeat

this

procedure,

making

sure

you

are

using

the

system (distribution) diskette

and

that

you

have

correctly

installed

the

disk

controller

board

and

interconnecting

cable.

If

you

have

the

system

properly

configured

and

it

still does

not

"boot

up"

correctly, refer to

the

troubleshooting

guide

in

your

H89 Operations Manual.

At

this

point,

you

can

take

any

one of

three

options. First,

if

you

strike

any

key

except

"C"

,"B", or Carriage Return, a

"help"

listing

will

be

printed,

as follows:

ACTION?

<boot>

HELP

LEGAL

COMMANDS

BOOT

-

BOOT

HDOS

CHECK

-

SECTOR

CHECKSUMS

HELP

-

PRINT

THIS

LIST

ACTION?

<boot>

Configuration for the H89-17 I

0-17

The

most

common

option

is

to

"boot

up"

your

system normally. Use

the

follow-

ing procedure:

1. Press

the

carriage

return

or

the

letter

"B".

HDOS

will

identify

itself

by

printing

the

version

and

issue

number.

The

current

date

is

then

re-

quested

by

printing:

DATE

(DD-MMM-YY)?

2.

Respond

with

the

date

in

the

following format:

25-MAY-79

~

If

you

arerebooting

the

system

without

having

turned

off

the

power,

the

current

date

is

retained

in

the

computer's

memory.

In

this

case,

the

date

will

be

printed

out.

If

the

dateis correct,

you

may

proceed

by

hitting

a carriage

return.

If

not,

you

may

type

in

a

new

date.

The

system is

now

booted

up.

From

now

on, HDOS will

reply

with">"

as a

prompt

to

indicate

that

it

is

in

the

command

mode,

waiting for

you

to

issue

operating system.

commands.

In

general,

you

should

type

the

command

as

directed

and

follow

it

with

a carriage

return.

The

third

option

selects a

"checksum"

test

to

be

performed

on

each

of

the

diskette's sectors,

except

the

first ten,

which

are

reserved

by

HDOS. HDOS

compares

the

numbers

printed

during

this

test

with

a

checksum

value

stored

in

each sector

"header"

to

determine

if

any

data

on

a

given

sector

has

been

dam-

aged.

If

a

bad

sectoris discovered,

an

errormessage

will

be

printed.

This

allows

you

to

isolate

the

problem

to

the

disketteitself,

rather

than

the

drive or controller.·

If

this

occurs

with

your

distrubution

diskette,

it

will

have

to

be

replaced.

If

the

problem

occurs

with

any

other

diskette

you

can

reuse

it

as

explained

in

the

"Initializa-

tion"

section. Take

the

following steps

to

execute

the

CHECKSUM routine.

1.

Type

a capital

C.

2. Examine

the

listing

for

an

error message.

0-18

ICHAPTER ZERO

You

may

type

a CTRL-C to

terminate

the

test early.

An

abbreviated

listing

of

the

CHECKSUM

test

is

printed

below:

ACTION?<BOOT>

Q.

SECTOR

010 = 0268

SECTOR

011 = 50062

SECTOR

012 = 73497

?DO

*

ERROR

*

SECTOR

013 = 63304

"C

ACTION?

<BOOT>

In

this

example a Bootstrap error

was

discovered

at

sector

013.

The

listing

was

terminated

when

CTRL-C was pressed.

If

this

test

should

function

without

any

error message

and

the

"Bootstrap"

prodedure

still does

not

function

properly,

refer to

the

troubleshooting

guide

in

your

"Operation

Manual"

for assistance.

Heath H89-17 User manual

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