HP 35s User manual

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HP 35s Solving Trigonometry Problems
The trigonometric functions
Trigonometric modes
Practice working problems involving trig functions

hp calculators
HP 35s Solving Trigonometry Problems
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The trigonometric functions
The trigonometric functions, sine, cosine, tangent, and related functions, are used in geometry, surveying, and design.
They also occur in solutions to orbital mechanics, integration, and other advanced applications.
The HP 35s provides the three basic functions, and their inverse, or “arc” functions. These work in degrees, radians and
gradians modes. In addition, πis provided as a function onthe left-shifted “cos” key, and the sign function is found in the
INTG menu on the left-shifted “tan”key.
The secant, cosecant and cotangent functions are easily calculated using the n, k, and qkeys respectively,
followed by ,. To help remember whether the secant function corresponds to the inverse sine or cosine, it can be
helpful to note that the first letters of “secant” and “cosecant” are inverted in relation to those of “sine” and “cosine”, just
as the secant and cosecant are the inverted cosine and sine functions.
The display mode can be changed to show either rectangular and radial coordinates. This can therefore be useful in
some trigonometric calculations.
Trigonometric modes
The HP 35s can calculate trigonometric functions in any of these three modes: Degrees, Radians or Gradians.
Practice working problems involving trig functions
Example 1: Select the appropriate angle mode.
Solution: Press the 9key.
Figure 1
Press 1, 2or 3to select DEGrees, RADians or GRADians mode, or use the arrow keys Ö, Õ,
×and Øto select the required mode and then press Ï. For example, to select RAD, press 2.
Answer: The selected trigonometric mode is displayed at the top of the screen if it is RAD or GRAD. If no angle
mode is shown, then it is degrees. The 9command works the same way in algebraic and in RPN
modes.
There are 360 degrees, or 2 πradians in a circle. Gradians mode divides each quarter of a circle into 100
parts, in a sort of decimal system, making 400 gradians in a circle.
Note: It is very easy to forget that one angle mode is set but angles are being entered in a different mode.
It is a good policy to make it a habit to check the angle mode before every calculation. The commands
DEG, RAD and GRAD can be entered into programs, and it is worth using them to ensure that a program
will work as required.
Example 2: What is the sine of π/2 radians?

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HP 35s Solving Trigonometry Problems
hp calculators - 3 - HP 35s Solving Trigonometry Problems - Version 1.0
Solution: In RPN mode, calculate π/2, then press k.
¹j2¯k.
In algebraic mode, press kthen calculate π/2.
k¹j¯2Ï.
Figure 2
Answer: The sine of π/2 radians is calculated as exactly 1
Example 3: Show that the rule sin²(x) + cos²(x) = 1 applies correctly when x is 30°.
Solution: First, remember to set the required angle mode. Press 91.
In algebraic mode:
º=k30ÕÕÙº=n30Ï
Figure 3
In RPN mode:
30kº=30nº=Ù
Figure 4
Answer: Both the algebraic and the RPN calculations confirm that the rule sin²(x) + cos²(x) = 1 applies correctly
when x is 30°.
Example 4: A designer wants to use triangular tiles with sides 3 inches, 5 inches and 7 inches long, to put a mosaic on
a floor. What is the angle opposite the 7 inch side? Will it be possible to lay three tiles next to each other
with this angle pointing inwards?
Solution: Use the cosine rule to calculate the angle. The cosine rule states that for any triangle with sides a, b and c,
and angle A facing side a:
Figure 5
From this, A can be calculated as:

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HP 35s Solving Trigonometry Problems
hp calculators - 4 - HP 35s Solving Trigonometry Problems - Version 1.0
Figure 6
In RPN mode, the calculation can be done like this:
5º=3º=Ù7º=Ã2¯5¯3¯ºl
In algebraic mode, calculate:
ºl4º=5ÕÙº=3Õú=7ÕÕ¯2¯5¯3Ï
Figure 7
Answer: The angle opposite the 7 inch side is 120 degrees. This means that three tiles will fit together exactly with
this angle pointing inwards, as they would make up 360 degrees.
Example 5: A ladder is leaning against a vertical wall. The ladder is 6 meters long and the foot of the ladder is 3 meters
from the base of the wall. What is the angle between the top of the ladder and the wall?
Solution: In RPN mode, divide the side opposite the angle by the long side and get the arc sine:
3Ï6¯ºi
In algebraic mode, press:
ºi3¯6Ï.
Figure 8
Answer: The ladder is at an angle of 30 degrees from the wall.
Example 6: A vector has components –5 in the X direction and –8 in the Y direction. In what direction does it point?
Solution: It would be possible to divide –5 by –8 and calculate the arc tangent, giving approximately 32 degrees, but
this would not specify the quadrant in which the vector lies. Fortunately, the 35s complex display modes
provide a way to view the complete arc tangent function that recognizes in which quadrant an angle lies.
The solution is the same in either RPN or algebraic mode.
First, set the display mode to rΘa.

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HP 35s Solving Trigonometry Problems
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Then, enter the Y magnitude, press the 6 key, and enter the X magnitude. Then press Ï.
8z65zÏ
Figure 9
Answer: The vector direction is very nearly –148 degrees as indicated by the value shown after the Θ.
Example 7: A program is being written to automate calculations with vectors. The program needs to know whether the
Y component of directions in calculations such as the above is in the +Y or the –Y direction. How can the
direction be obtained?
Solution: The SIGN function (the first choice in the ¹gmenu) gives the sign of a number, +1 or –1. Thus it is
enough to obtain the sign of the angle calculated in the previous example and to check whether it is +1 or –
1.
In RPN mode follow the above calculation with:
¹=¹gÏ
In algebraic mode follow the above calculation with:
¹gϹ=ºÍÏ
Figure 10
Answer: The sign is –1, so the vector direction is down, not up. Note that theÏfollowing ¹g will
choose the first option in the displayed menu.