HP 9g User manual

General Operations
Power Supply
Turning on or off
To turn the calculator on, press [ ON ].
To turn the calculator off, press [ 2nd ] [ OFF ].
Battery replacement
The calculator is powered by two alkaline button batteries (GP76A or
LR44). When battery power becomes low, LOW BATTERY appears
on the display. Replace the batteries as soon as possible.
To replace the batteries:
1. Remove the battery compartment cover by sliding it in the
direction of the arrow.
2. Remove the old batteries.
3. Install new batteries, each with positive polarity facing outward.
4. Replace the battery compartment cover.
5. Press [ ON ] to turn the power on.
Auto power-off function
The calculator automatically turns off if it has not been used for 9–15
minutes. It can be reactivated by pressing [ ON ]. The display,
memory, and settings are retained while the calculator is off.
Reset operation
If the calculator is on but you get unexpected results, press [ MODE ]
or [ CL/ESC ]. If problems persist, press [ 2nd ] [ RESET ]. A message
appears asking you to confirm that you want to reset the calculator.
RESET : N Y
Press [ ] to move the cursor to Yand then press [ ]. The
calculator is reset. All variables, programs, pending operations,
statistical data, answers, previous entries, and memory are cleared.
To cancel the reset operation, move the cursor to Nand press [ ].
If the calculator becomes locked and pressing keys has no effect,
press [ EXP ] [ MODE ] at the same time. This unlocks the
calculator and returns all settings to their default values.
Contrast Adjustment
Press [ MODE ] and then [ ] or [ ] to make the screen lighter or
darker.
Display Features
Graph display
Calculation display
Entry line Displays an entry of up to 76 digits. Entries with more
than 11 digits will scroll to the left. When you input the
69th digit of a single entry, the cursor changes from
to to let you know that you are approaching the
entry limit. If you need to input more than 76 digits, you
should divide your calculation into two or more parts.
Result line Displays the result of a calculation. 10 digits can be
displayed, together with a decimal point, a negative sign,
the x10 indicator, and a 2-digit positive or negative
exponent. Results that exceed this limit are displayed in
scientific notation.
Indicators The following indicators appear on the display to
indicate the status of the calculator.
Indicator Meaning
MValues are stored in running memory
–Result is negative
Invalid action
2nd The next action will be a 2nd function
X = Y = The x- and y-coordinates of the trace function pointer
Alphabetic keys are active
STAT Statistics mode is active
PROG Program mode is active
Angle mode: Degrees, Rads, or Grads
SCIENG SCIentific or ENGineering display format
FIX Number of decimal places displayed is fixed
HYP Hyperbolic trig function will be calculated
The displayed value is an intermediate result
There are digits to the left or right of the display
There are earlier or later results that can be displayed.
These indicators blink while an operation or program is
executing.
Before Starting a Calculation
Changing Modes
Press [ MODE ] to display the modes menu. You can choose one of
four modes: 0 MAIN, 1 STAT, 2 BaseN, 3 PROG.
For example, to select BaseN mode:
Method 1: Press [ MODE ] and then press [ ], [ ] or
[ MODE ] until 2 BaseN is underlined; then press
[].
Method 2: Press [ MODE ] and enter the number of the mode, [ 2 ].
Selecting an Item from a Menu
Many functions and settings are available from menus. A menu is a
list of options displayed on the screen.
For example, pressing [ MATH ] displays a menu of mathematical
functions. To select one of these functions:
1. Press [ MATH ] to display the menu.
2. Press [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] to move the cursor to the function
you want to select.
3. Press [ ] while the item is underlined.
With numbered menu items, you can either press [ ] while the
item is underlined, or just enter the number of the item.
To close a menu and return to the previous display, press [ CL/ESC ].
Key Labels
Many of the keys can perform more than one function. The labels
associated with a key indicate the available functions, and the color of
a label indicates how that function is selected.
Label color Meaning
White Just press the key
Yellow Press [ 2nd ] and then the key
Green In Base-N mode, just press the key
Blue Press [ ALPHA ] and then the key
Using the 2nd and ALPHA keys
To execute a function with a yellow label, press [ 2nd ] and then the
corresponding key. When you press [ 2nd ], the 2nd indicator appears
to indicate that you will be selecting the second function of the next
key you press. If you press [ 2nd ] by mistake, press [ 2nd ] again to
remove the 2nd indicator
Pressing [ ALPHA ] [ 2nd ] locks the calculator in 2nd function mode.
This allows consecutive input of 2nd function keys. To cancel this,
press [ 2nd ] again.
To execute a function with a blue label, press [ ALPHA ] and then the
corresponding key. When you press [ ALPHA ], the indicator
appears to indicate that you will be selecting the alphabetic function of
the next key you press. If you press [ ALPHA ] by mistake, press
[ ALPHA ] again to remove the indicator.
Pressing [ 2nd ] [ ALPHA ] locks the calculator in alphabetic mode.
This allows consecutive input of alphabetic function keys. To cancel
this, press [ ALPHA ] again.
Cursor
Press [ ] or [ ] to move the cursor to the left or the right. Hold
down a cursor key to move the cursor quickly.
If there are entries or results not visible on the display, press [ ] or
[ ] to scroll the display up or down. You can reuse or edit a
previous entry when it is on the entry line.
Press [ ALPHA ] [ ] or [ ALPHA ] [ ] to move the cursor to the
beginning or the end of the entry line. Press [ ALPHA ] [ ] or
[ ALPHA ] [ ] to move the cursor to the top or bottom of all entries.
The blinking cursor indicates that the calculator is in insert mode.
Inserting and Deleting Characters
To insert a character, move the cursor to the appropriate position and
enter the character. The character is inserted to the immediate left of
the cursor.
To delete a character, press [ ] or [ ] to move the cursor to that
character and then press [ DEL ]. (When the cursor is on a character,
the character is underlined.) To undo the deletion, immediately press
[ 2nd ] [ ].
To clear all characters, press [ CL/ESC ]. See Example 1.
Recalling Previous Inputs and Results
Press [ ] or [ ] to display up to 252 characters of previous input,
values and commands, which can be modified and re-executed. See
Example 2.
Note: Previous input is not cleared when you press [ CL/ESC ] or the
power is turned off` but it is cleared when you change modes.
Memory
Running memory
Press [ M+ ] to add a result to running memory. Press [ 2nd ] [ M– ] to
subtract the value from running memory. To recall the value in
running memory, press [ MRC ]. To clear running memory, press
[ MRC ] twice. See Example 4.
Standard memory variables
The calculator has 26 standard memory variables—A, B, C, D, …,
Z—which you can use to assign a value to. See Example 5.
Operations with variables include:
• [ SAVE ] + Variable assigns the current answer to the specified
variable (A, B, C, … or Z).
• [ 2nd ] [ RCL ] displays a menu of variables; select a variable to
recall its value.
• [ ALPHA ] + Variable recalls the value assigned to the specified
variable.
• [ 2nd ] [ CL-VAR ] clears all variables.
Note: You can assign the same value to more than one variable in
one step. For example, to assign 98 to variables A, B, C and D,
press 98 [ SAVE ] [ A ] [ ALPHA ] [ ~ ] [ ALPHA ] [ D ].
Storing an equation
Press [ SAVE ] [ PROG ] to store the current equation in memory.
Press [ PROG ] to recall the equation. See Example 6.
Array Variables
In addition to the 26 standard memory variables (see above), you can
increase memory storage by converting program steps to memory
variables. You can convert 12 program steps to one memory. A
maximum of 33 memories can be added in this way, giving you a
maximum of 59 memories (26 + 33).
Note: To restore the default memory configuration—26
memories—specify Defm 0.
Expanded memories are named A [ 1 ] , A [ 2 ] etc and can be used in
the same way as standard memory variables. See Example 7.
Note: When using array variables, be careful to avoid overlap of
memories. The relation between memories is as follows:
Order of Operations
Each calculation is performed in the following order of precedence:
1. Functions inside parentheses, coordinate transformations, and
Type B functions, that is, those where you must press the
function key before entering the argument, for example, sin, cos,
tan, sin-1, cos-1, tan-1, sinh, cosh, tanh, sinh-1, cosh-1, tanh-1, log,
ln, 10 X, e X,, , NEG, NOT, X’( ), Y ’( ), MAX, MIN, SUM,
SGN, AVG, ABS, INT, Frac, Plot.
2. Type A functions, that is, those where you enter the argument
before pressing the function key, for example, x 2, x 3, x-1, x!, º, r,
g, %, º΄΄΄, ENGSYM.
3. Exponentiation ( ),
4. Fractions
5. Abbreviated multiplication format involving variables, π, RAND,
RANDI.
6. ( – )
7. Abbreviated multiplication format in front of Type B functions,
, Alog2, etc.
8. nPr, nCr
9. ×,
10. +, –
11. Relational operators: = =, < , >, ≠, ≤, ≥
12. AND, NAND (BaseN calculations only)
13. OR, XOR, XNOR (BaseN calculations only)
14. Conversion (A b/c d/e, F D,  DMS)
When functions with the same priority are used in series, execution is
performed from right to left. For example:
e
Xln120 →e X{ ln (120 ) }
Otherwise, execution is from left to right.
Compound functions are executed from right to left.
Accuracy and Capacity
Output digits: Up to 10 digits
Calculating digits: Up to 24 digits
Where possible, every calculation is displayed in up to 10 digits, or as
a 10-digit mantissa together with a 2-digit exponent up to 10 ±99.
The arguments you input must be within the range of the associated
function. The following table sets out the allowable input ranges.
Functions Allowable Input range
sin x, cos x,
tan x
Deg : x ＜4.5 ×10
10 deg
Rad : x ＜2.5 ×10
8πrad
Grad : x ＜5 ×10 10 grad
however, for tan x
Deg : x ≠90 (2n+1)
Rad : x ≠2
π(2n+1)
Grad : x ≠100 (2n+1)
(n is an integer)
sin –1 x, cos –1 x x ≦1
tan –1 x x ＜1 × 10
100
sinh x, cosh x x ≦230.2585092
tanh x x ＜1 × 10
100
sinh –1 x x ＜5 × 10
99
cosh –1 x 1 ≦x ＜5 × 10 99
tanh –1 x x ＜1
log x, ln x 1 × 10 –99 ≦x <1 × 10 100
10 x–1 ×10
100 ＜x ＜100
ex –1 ×10
100 ＜x ≦230.2585092
x0 ≦x ＜1 × 10 100
x 2x ＜1 × 10 50
x -1 x ＜1 ×10
100, x≠0
X ! 0 ≦x ≦69, x is an integer.
P ( x, y ) 22 y+x ＜1 ×10
100
R (r,θ)0 ≦r＜1 ×10
100
Deg：│θ│＜4.5 ×10
10 deg
Rad：│θ│＜2.5 ×10
8πrad
Grad：│θ│＜5 ×10
10 grad
however, for tan x
Deg：│θ│≠90 (2n+1)
Rad：│θ│≠ 2
π(2n+1)
Grad：│θ│≠100 (2n+1)
(n is an integer)
DMS │D│, M, S ＜1 ×10
100,
0 ≦M, S, x ＜10
100
y > 0 : x≠0, -1 ×10 100 ＜log y ＜
100
y = 0: x > 0
y ＜0 : x = 2n+1, I/n, n is an integer.
(n≠0)
but -1 ×10
100 ＜log | y | ＜100
nPr, nCr 0 ≦r ≦n, n < 10 100, n, r are integers.
STAT | x | < 1×10 100,| y | < 1×10 100
1 -VAR : n ≦30, 2 -VAR : n ≦30
FREQ. = n, 0 ≦n < 10 100 : n is an integer
in 1-VAR mode
σx,σy, x, y, a, b, r : n≠0
Sx, Sy :n≠0,1
BaseN DEC : - 2147483648 ≦x ≦2147483647
BIN :
10000000000000000000000000000000≦x
≦11111111111111111111111111111111
( for negative )
0≦x≦01111111111111111111111111111111
(for zero, positive)
OCT : 20000000000≦x≦37777777777
(for negative)
0 ≦x≦17777777777 (for zero or positive)
HEX : 80000000≦x≦FFFFFFFF
(for negative)
0≦x≦7FFFFFFF (for zero or positive)
Error Conditions
When an illegal calculation is attempted or a program you enter
causes an error, an error message briefly appears and then the
cursor moves to the location of the error. See Example 3.
The following conditions will result in an error:
Message Meaning
DOMAIN Er 1. You have specified an argument that is outside
the allowable range.
2. FREQ ( in 1-VAR stats) < 0 or not an integer.
3. USL < LSL
DIVIDE BY O You attempted to divide by 0.
OVERFLOW Er The result of a calculation exceeds the limits of the
calculator.
SYNTAX Er 1. Input error.
2. An improper argument was used in a command
or function.
3. An END statement is missing from a program.
LENGTH Er An entry exceeds 84 digits after implied
multiplication with auto-correction.
OUT OF SPEC You input a negative CPU or CPL value, where
σ3
x–USL
=CPU and σ3
LSL–x
=CPL
NEST Er Subroutine nesting exceeds 3 levels.
GOTO Er There is no corresponding Lbl nfor a GOTO n.
GOSUB Er 1. There is no corresponding PROG nfor a GOSUB
PROG n.
2. Attempt to jump to a program area in which there
is no program stored.
EQN SAVE Er Attempt to save an equation to a program area that
already has a stored program.
EMPTY Er Attempt to run a program from an area without an
equation or program.
MEMORY Er 1. Memory expansion exceeds the steps remaining
in the program.
2. Attempt to use a memory when no memory has
been expanded.
DUPLICATE The label name is already in use.
LABEL
Press [ CL/ESC ] to clear an error message.
Basic Calculations
Arithmetic Calculation
• For mixed arithmetic operations, multiplication and division have
priority over addition and subtraction. See Example 8.
• For negative values, press [ (–) ] before entering the value. See
Example 9.
• Results greater than 1010 or less than 10-9 are displayed in
exponential form. See Example 10.
Display Format
• A decimal format is selected by pressing [ 2nd ] [ FIX ] and
selecting a value from the menu (F0123456789). To set the
displayed decimal places to n, enter a value for ndirectly, or
press the cursor keys until the value is underlined and then press
[]. (The default setting is floating point notation (F) and its n
value is •). See Example 11.
• Number display formats are selected by pressing [ 2nd ]
[ SCI/ENG ] and choosing a format from the menu. The items on
the menu are FLO (for floating point), SCI (for scientific), and
ENG (for engineering). Press [ ] or [ ] until the desired
format is underlined, and then press [ ]. See Example 12.
• You can enter a number in mantissa and exponent format using
the [ EXP ] key. See Example 13.
• This calculator also provides 11 symbols for input of values using
engineering notation. Press [ 2nd ] [ ENG SYM ] to display the
symbols. See Example 14. The symbols are listed below:
Parentheses Calculations
• Operations inside parentheses are always executed first. Up to
13 levels of consecutive parentheses are allowed in a single
calculation. See Example 15.
• Closing parentheses that would ordinarily be entered immediately
prior to pressing [ ] may be omitted. See Example 16.
Percentage Calculations
[ 2nd ] [ % ] divides the number in the display by 100. You can use
this function to calculate percentages, mark-ups, discounts, and
percentage ratios. See Example 17.
Repeat Calculations
You can repeat the last operation you executed by pressing [ ].
Even if a calculation concluded with the [ ] key, the result
obtained can be used in a further calculation. See Example 18.
Answer Function
When you enter a numeric value or numeric expression and press
[], the result is stored in the Answer function, which you can then
quickly recall. See Example 19.
Note: The result is retained even if the power is turned off. It is also
retained if a subsequent calculation results in an error.
Common Math Calculations
Logarithm and Antilogarithm
You can calculate common and natural logarithms and antilogarithms
using [ log ], [ ln ], [ 2nd ] [ 10 x], and [ 2nd ] [ e x]. See Example 20.
Fraction Calculation
Fractions are displayed as follows:
5 ┘12 =
56 U 5 ┘12 =
• To enter a mixed number, enter the integer part, press [ A b/c ],
enter the numerator, press [ A b/c ], and enter the denominator.
To enter an improper fraction, enter the numerator, press [ A b/c ],
and enter the denominator. See Example 21.
• During a calculation involving fractions, a fraction is reduced to its
lowest terms where possible. This occurs when you press [ + ],
[ – ], [ ×], [ ] ) or [ ]. Pressing [ 2nd ] [ A b/c d/e ]
converts a mixed number to an improper fraction and vice versa.
See Example 22.
• To convert a decimal to a fraction or vice versa, press [ 2nd ]
[ F D ] and [ ]. See Example 23.
• Calculations containing both fractions and decimals are
calculated in decimal format. See Example 24.
Converting Angular Units
You can specify an angular unit of degrees (DEG), radians (RAD), or
grads (GRAD). You can also convert a value expressed in one
angular unit to its corresponding value in another angular unit.
The relation between the anglular units is :
180° = π radians = 200 grads
To change the angular unit setting to another setting, press
[ DRG ] repeatedly until the angular unit you want is indicated on the
display.
The conversion procedure follows (also see Example 25):
1. Change the angle units to the units you want to convert to.
2. Enter the value of the unit to convert.
3. Press [ 2nd ] [ DMS ] to display the menu. The units you can
select are °(degrees), ’(minutes), ” (seconds), r (radians), g
(gradians) or
DMS (Degrees-Minutes-Seconds).
4. Select the units you are converting from.
5. Press [ ] twice.
To convert an angle to DMS notation, select
DMS. An example of
DMS notation is 1°30’ 0” (= 1 degrees, 30 minutes, 0 seconds). See
Example 26.
To convert from DMS notation to decimal notation, select
°(degrees), ’(minutes), ”(seconds). See Example 27.
Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric functions
The calculator provides standard trigonometric functions and inverse
trigonometric functions: sin, cos, tan, sin-1, cos-1 and tan-1. See
Example 28.
Note: Before undertaking a trigonometric or inverse trigonometric
calculation, make sure that the appropriate angular unit is set.
Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic functions
The [ 2nd ] [ HYP ] keys are used to initiate hyperbolic and inverse
hyperbolic calculations using sinh, cosh, tanh, sinh-1, cosh-1 and tanh-1.
See Example 29.
Note: Before undertaking a hyperbolic or inverse hyperbolic
calculation, make sure that the appropriate angular unit is set.
Coordinate Transformations
Press [ 2nd ] [ R P ] to display a menu to convert rectangular
coordinates to polar coordinates or vice versa. See Example 30.
Note: Before undertaking a coordinate transformation, make sure that
the appropriate angular unit is set.
Mathematical Functions
Press [ MATH ] repeatedly to is display a list of mathematical
functions and their associated arguments. See Example 31. The
functions available are:
!Calculate the factorial of a specified positive integer n ,
where n≦69.
RAND Generate a random number between 0 and 1.
RANDI Generate a random integer between two specified
integers, A and B, where A ≦random value≦B.
RND Round off the result.
MAX Determine the maximum of given numbers. (Up to 10
numbers can be specified.)
MIN Determine the minimum of given numbers. (Up to 10
numbers can be specified.)
SUM Determine the sum of given numbers. (Up to 10
numbers can be specified.)
AVG Determine the average of given numbers. (Up to 10
numbers can be specified.)
Frac Determine the fractional part of a given number.
INT Determine the integer part of a given number.
SGN Indicate the sign of a given number: if the number is
negative, –1 is displayed; if zero, 0 is displayed; if
positive, 1 is displayed.
ABS Display the absolute value of a given number.
nPr Calculate the number of possible permutations of n
items taken r at a time.
nCr Calculate the number of possible combinations of n
items taken r at a time.
Defm Memory expansion.
Other Functions ( x-1, , , ,x 2, x 3, ^)
The calculator also provides reciprocal ( [ x -1] ), square root ( [ ] ),
cube root ( [ ] ), square ( [ x 2 ] ), universal root ( [ ] ), cubic
( [ x 3] ) and exponentiation ( [ ^ ] ) functions. See Example 32.
Unit Conversion
hp 9g
Graphing Calculator

You can convert numbers from metric to imperial units and vice versa.
See Example 33. The procedure is:
1. Enter the number you want to convert.
2. Press [ 2nd ] [ CONV ] to display the units menu. There are 7
menus, covering distance, area, temperature, capacity, weight,
energy, and pressure.
3. Press [ ] or [ ] to scroll through the list of units until the
appropriate units menu is shown, then press [ ] .
4. Press [ ] or [ ] to convert the number to the highlighted
unit.
Physics Constants
You can use the following physics constants in your calculations:
Symbol Meaning Value
cSpeed of light 299792458 m / s
gAcceleration of gravity 9.80665 m.s -2
GGravitational constant 6.6725985
×10
-11 N.m 2kg -2
Vm Molar volume of ideal gas 0.0224141 m 3mol -1
NA Avogadro’s number 6.022136736
×10
23 mol -1
eElementary charge 1.602177335
×10
-19 C
meElectron mass 9.109389754
×10
-31 kg
mpProton mass 1.67262311
×10
-27 kg
hPlanck’s constant 6.62607554
×10
-34 J.S
kBoltzmann’s constant 1.38065812
×10
-23J.K -1
IR Gas constant 8.3145107 J / mol • k
IF Faraday constant 96485.30929 C / mol
mn Neutron constant 1.67492861
×10
-27 kg
µAtomic mass constant 1.66054021 ×10
-27 kg
ε0Dielectric permittivity 8.854187818
×10
-12 F / m
µ0Magnetic permittivity 0.000001257 H / m
φ0Flux quantum 2.067834616 ×10
-15 Vs
a 0Bohr radius 5.291772492
×10
-11m
µBBohr magneton 9.274015431
×10
-24 A • m 2
µNNeutron magnetic moment 5.050786617
×10
-27J / T
To insert a constant:
1. Position your cursor where you want the constant inserted.
2. Press [ 2nd ] [ CONST ] to display the physics constants menu.
3. Scroll through the menu until the constant you want is underlined.
4. Press [ ]. (See Example 34.)
Multi-statement functions
Multi-statement functions are formed by connecting a number of
individual statements for sequential execution. You can use
multi-statements in manual calculations and in the program
calculations.
When execution reaches the end of a statement that is followed by
the display result command symbol ( ), execution stops and the
result up to that point appears on the display. You can resume
execution by pressing [ ]. See Example 35.
Graphs
Built-in Function Graphs
You can produce graphs of the following functions: sin, cos, tan, sin -1,
cos -1, tan -1, sinh, cosh, tanh, sinh -1, cosh -1, tanh -1,, , x 2,
x3, log, ln, 10 x, e x, x –1.
When you generate a built-in graph, any previously generated graph
is cleared. The display range is automatically set to the optimum. See
Example 36.
User-generated Graphs
You can also specify your own single-variable functions to graph (for
example, y = x 3+ 3x 2– 6x – 8). Unlike built-in functions (see above),
you must set the display range when creating a user generated graph.
After setting the range, press [ Graph ] and enter the expression to be
graphed. See Example 37.
Graph ↔Text Display and Clearing a Graph
Press [ G T ] to switch between graph display and text display and
vice versa.
To clear the graph, please press [ 2nd ] [ CLS ].
Zoom Function
The zoom function lets you enlarge or reduce the graph. Press [ 2nd ]
[ Zoom x f ] to specify the factor for enlarging the graph, or press
[ 2nd ] [ Zoom x 1/f ] to specify the factor for reducing the graph. To
return the graph to its original size, press [ 2nd ] [ Zoom Org ]. See
Example 37.
Superimposing Graphs
• A graph can be superimposed over one or more graphs. This
makes it easy to determine intersection points and solutions that
satisfy all the corresponding expressions. See Example 38.
• Be sure to input variable Xin the expression for the graph you
want to superimpose over a built-in graph. If variable Xis not
included in the second expression, the first graph is cleared
before the second graph is generated. See Example 39.
Trace Function
This function lets you move a pointer around a graph by pressing
[ ] and [ ]. The x- and y-coordinates of the current pointer
location are displayed on the screen. This function is useful for
determining the intersection of superimposed graphs (by pressing
[ 2nd ] [ X Y ]). See Example 40.
Note: Due to the limited resolution of the display, the position of the
pointer may be an approximation.
Scrolling Graphs
After generating a graph, you can scroll it on the display. Press [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] to scroll the graph left, right, up or down
respectively. See Example 41.
Plot and Line Function
The plot function is used to mark a point on the screen of a graph
display. The point can be moved left, right, up, or down using the
cursor keys. The coordinates of the point are displayed.
When the pointer is at the desired location, press [ 2nd ] [ PLOT ] to
plot a point. The point blinks at the plotted location.
Two points can be connected by a straight line by pressing [ 2nd ]
[ LINE ]. See Example 42.
Statistical Calculations
The statistics menu has four options: 1-VAR (for analyzing data in a
single dataset), 2-VAR (for analyzing paired data from two datasets),
REG (for performing regression calculations), and D-CL (for clearing
all datasets).
Single-Variable and Two-Variable Statistics
1. From the statistics menu, choose 1-VAR or 2-VAR and press
[].
2. Press [ DATA ], select DATA-INPUT from the menu and press
[].
3. Enter an
xvalue and press [ ].
4. Enter the frequency ( FREQ ) of the xvalue (in 1-VAR mode) or
the corresponding yvalue ( in 2-VAR mode ) and press [ ].
5. To enter more data, repeat from step 3.
6. Press [ 2nd ] [ STATVAR ].
7. Press [ ] [ ] [ ] or [ ] to scroll through the statistical
variables until you reach the variable you are interested in (see
table below).
Variable Meaning
nNumber of x values or x–y pairs entered.
or Mean of the x values or y values.
Xmax or Ymax Maximum of the x values or y values.
Xmin or Ymin Minimum of the x values or y values.
Sx or Sy Sample standard deviation of the x values or y
values.
σxorσyPopulation standard deviation of the x values or
y values.
Σx or ΣySum of all x values or y values.
Σx 2or Σy 2Sum of all x 2values or y 2values.
Σx y Sum of (x × y) for all x–y pairs.
CV x or CV y Coefficient of variation for all x values or y
values.
R x or R y Range of the x values or y values.
8. To draw 1-VAR statistical graphs, press [ Graph ] on the
STATVAR menu. There are three types of graph in 1-VAR mode:
N-DIST (Normal distribution), HIST (Histogram), SPC (Statistical
Process Control). Select the desired graph type and press [ ].
If you do not set display ranges, the graph will be produced with
optimum ranges. To draw a scatter graph based on 2-VAR
datasets, press [ Graph ] on the STATVAR menu.
9. To return to the STATVAR menu, press [ 2nd ] [ STATVAR ].
Process Capability
(See Examples 43 and 44.)
1. Press [ DATA ], select LIMIT from the menu and press [ ].
2. Enter a lower spec. limit value ( X LSL or Y LSL ), then press
[ ].
3. Enter a upper spec. limit value ( X USL or Y USL), then press
[] .
4. Select
DATA-INPUT mode and enter the datasets.
5. Press [ 2nd ] [ STATVAR ] and press [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] to
scroll through the statistical results until you find the process
capability variable you are interested in (see table below).
Var iable Meaning
Cax or Cay Capability accuracy of the x values or y values
,
Cpx or Cpy Potential capability precision of the x values or y
values,
,
Cpkx or Cpky Minimum (CPU, CPL) of the x values or y values,
where CPU is the upper spec. limit of capability
precision and CPL is lower spec. limit of
capability precision.
C pkx = Min (CPUX, CPLX) = Cpx(1–Cax)
Cpky = Min (CPUY, CPLY) = Cpy(1–Cay)
ppm Parts per million, Defection Per Million
Opportunities.
Note: When calculating process capability in 2-VAR mode, the x n
and y nvalues are independent of each other.
Correcting Statistical Data
See Example 45.
1. Press [ DATA ].
2. To change the data, select DATA-INPUT. To change the upper
or lower spec. limit, select LIMIT. To change ax, select DISTR.
3. Press [ ] to scroll through the data until the entry you want to
change is displayed.
4. Enter the new data. The new data you enter overwrites the old
entry.
5. Press [ ] or [ ] to save the change.
Note: The statistical data you enter is retained when you exit
statistics mode. To clear the data, select D-CL mode.
Probability Distribution (1-Var Data)
See Example 46.
1. Press [ DATA ] , select DISTR and press [ ].
2. Enter a
a xvalue, then press [ ].
3. Press [ 2nd ] [ STATVAR ].
4. Press [ ] or [ ] to scroll through the statistical results until
you find the probability distribution variables you want (see table
below).
Var iable Meaning
tTest value
P(t) The cumulative fraction of the standard normal
distribution that is less than t.
R(t) The cumulative fraction of the standard normal
distribution that lies between tand 0. R(t) = 1 – t.
Q(t) The cumulative fraction of the standard normal
distribution that is greater than t. Q(t) = | 0.5– t|.
Regression Calculation
There are six regression options on the REG menu:
LIN Linear Regression y = a + b x
LOG Logarithmic Regression y = a + b lnx
e ^ Exponential Regression y = a • e bx
PWR Power Regression y = a • x b
INV Inverse Regression y = a +
QUAD Quadratic Regression y = a + b x + c x 2
See Example 47~48.
1. Select a regression option on the REG menu and press [ ] .
2. Press [ DATA ], select DATA-INPUT from the menu and press
[].
3. Enter an
xvalue and press [ ].
4. Enter the corresponding yvalue and press [ ].
5. To enter more data, repeat from step 3.
6. Press [ 2nd ] [ STATVAR ].
7. Press [ ] [ ] to scroll through the results until you find the
regression variables you are interested in (see table below).
8. To predict a value for x (or y) given a value for y (or x), select the
x ’ (or y ’) variable, press [ ] , enter the given value, and press
[] again.
Variable Meaning
aY-intercept of the regression equation.
bSlope of the regression equation.
rCorrelation coefficient.
cQuadratic regression coefficient.
x ’ Predicted x value given a, b, and y values.
y ’ Predicted y value given a, b, and x values.
9. To draw the regression graph, press [ Graph ] on the STATVAR
menu. To return to the STATVAR menu, press [ 2nd ]
[ STATVAR ].
BaseN Calculations
You can enter numbers in base 2, base 8, base 10 or base 16. To set
the number base, press [ 2nd ] [ dhbo ], select an option from the
menu and press [ ]. An indicator shows the base you selected: d,
h, b, or o. (The default setting is d: decimal base). See Example 49.
The allowable digits in each base are:
Binary base (b): 0, 1
Octal base (o): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Decimal base (d): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Hexadecimal base (h): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, IA,IB,IC,ID,IE,IF
Note: To enter a number in a base other than the set base, append
the corresponding designator (d, h, b, o) to the number (as in
h3).
Press [ ] to use the block function, which displays a result in octal
or binary base if it exceeds 8 digits. Up to 4 blocks can be displayed.
See Example 50.
Negative Expressions
In binary, octal, and hexadecimal bases, negative numbers are
expressed as complements. The complement is the result of
subtracting that number from 10000000000 in that number’s base.
You do this by pressing [ NEG ] in a non-decimal base. See Example
51.
Basic Arithmetic Operations for Bases
You can add, subtract, multiply, and divide binary, octal, and
hexadecimal numbers. See Example 52.
Logical Operation
The following logical operations are available: logical products (AND),
negative logical (NAND), logical sums (OR), exclusive logical sums
(XOR), negation (NOT), and negation of exclusive logical sums
(XNOR). See Example 53.
Programming
The options on the program menu are: NEW (for creating a new
program), RUN (for executing a program), EDIT (for editing a
program), DEL (for deleting a program), TRACE (for tracing a
program), and EXIT (for exiting program mode).
Before Using the Program Area
Number of Remaining Steps: The program capacity is 400 steps.
The number of steps indicates the amount of storage space available
for programs, and it will decrease as programs are input. The number
of remaining steps will also decrease when steps are converted to
memories. See Array Variables above.
Program Type: You must specify in each program the calculation
mode that the calculator should enter when executing the program.
To perform binary, octal or hexadecimal calculations or conversions,
choose BaseN; otherwise choose MAIN.
Program Area: There are 10 program areas for storing programs
(P0–P9 ). If an area has a program stored in it, its number is
displayed as a subscript (as in P1).
Program Control Instructions
The calculator’s programming language is similar to many
programming languages, such as BASIC and C. You can access
most of the programming commands from the program control
instructions. You display these instructions by pressing [ 2nd ]
[ INST ].
Clear screen command
CLS
⇒Clear the display on the screen.
Input and output commands
INPUT memory variable
⇒Makes the program pause for data input. memory variable = |
appears on the display. Enter a value and press [ ]. The value
is assigned to the specified variable, and the program resumes
execution. To input more than one memory variable, separate
them with a semicolon (;).
PRINT “ text ” , memory variable
⇒Print the text specified inside the double quotation marks and
the value of the specified memory variable.
Conditional branching
IF ( condition ) THEN {statement }
⇒IF the condition is true, THEN statement is executed.
IF ( condition ) THEN { statement }; ELSE { statement }
⇒IF the condition is true, the specified THEN statement is
executed, otherwise the ELSE statement is executed.
Jump commands
Lbl n
⇒An Lbl n command marks a destination point for a GOTO n
jump command. Each label name (Lbl) must be unique (that is, not
repeated in the same program area). The label suffix nmust be an
integer from 0 to 9.
GOTO n
⇒When program execution encounters a GOTO nstatement,
execution jumps to Lbl n(where nis the same value as the n in
the GOTO nstatement).
Mainroutine and Subroutine
GOSUB PROG n ;
⇒You can jump between program areas, so that the resulting
execution is made up of code from different program areas. The
program from which other program areas are jumped to is the
mainroutine, and an area jumped to is a subroutine. To cause a
jump to a subroutine, enter PROG nwhere nis the number of the
destination program area.
Note: The GOTO n command does not allow jumps between
program areas. A GOTO n command only jumps to the
corresponding label (Lbl) within the same program area.
End
⇒Each program needs an END command to mark the end of the
program. This is displayed automatically when you create a new
program.
Increment and decrement
Post-fixed: Memory variable + + or Memory variable – –
Pre-fixed: + + Memory variable or – – Memory variable
⇒A memory variable is decreased or increased by one. For
standard memory variables, the + + ( Increment ) and – –
( Decrement ) operators can be either post-fixed or pre-fixed. For
array variables, the operators must be pre-fixed.
With pre-fixed operators, the memory variable is computed before
the expression is evaluated; with post-fixed operators, the memory
variable is computed after the expression is evaluated.
For loop
FOR (start condition; continue condition; re-evaluation )
{statements }
⇒A FOR loop is useful for repeating a set of similar actions while
a specified counter is between certain values.
For example:
FOR ( A = 1 ; A
≤
4 ; A + + )
{ C = 3
×
A ; PRINT ” ANS = ” , C }
END
⇒Result : ANS = 3, ANS = 6, ANS = 9, ANS = 12
The processing in this example is:
1. FOR A = 1: This initializes the value of Ato 1. Since A = 1 is
consistent with A ≤4, the statements are executed and Ais
incremented by 1.
2. Now
A = 2. This is consistent with A ≤4, so the statements are
executed and Ais again incremented by 1. And so on.
3. When
A = 5, it is no longer true that A ≤4, so statements are not
executed. The program then moves on to the next block of code.
Sleep command
SLEEP ( time )
⇒A SLEEP command suspends program execution for a
specified time (up to a maximum of 105 seconds). This is useful for
displaying intermediate results before resuming execution.
Swap command
SWAP ( memory variable A, memory variable B )
⇒The SWAP command swaps the contents in two memory
variables.
Relational Operators
The relational operators that can be used in FOR loops and
conditional branching are:
= = (equal to), < (less than), > (greater than), ≠(not equal to), ≤
(less than or equal to), ≥(greater than or equal to).
Creating a New Program
1. Select NEW from the program menu and press [ ].
2. Select the calculation mode you want the program to run in and
press [ ].
3. Select one of the ten program areas (P0123456789) and press
[].
4. Enter your program’s commands.
• You can enter the calculator’s regular functions as commands.
• To enter a program control instruction, press [ 2nd ] [ INST ] and
make your selection.
• To enter a space, press [ ALPHA ] [ SPC ].
5. A semicolon (;) indicates the end of a command. To enter more
than one command on a command line, separate them with a
semicolon. For example:
Line 1: INPUT A ; C = 0.5
× A ; PRINT ” C = ” , C ; END
You can also place each command or group of commands on a
separate line, as follows. In this case, a trailing semicolon can be
omitted.
Line 1: INPUT A ; C = 0.5
× A[ ]
Line 2: PRINT ” C = ” , C ; END
Executing a Program
1. When you finish entering or editing a program, press [ CL/ESC ] to
return to the program menu, select RUN and press [ ]. (Or
you can press [ PROG ] in MAIN mode.)
2. Select the relevant program area and press [ ] to begin
executing the program.
3. To re-execute the program, press [ ] while the program’s
final result is on the display.
4. To abort the execution of a program, press [ CL/ESC ]. A message
appears asking you to confirm that you want to stop the
execution.
STOP : N Y
Press [ ] to move the cursor to Yand then press [ ].
Debugging a Program
A program might generate an error message or unexpected results
when it is executed. This indicates that there is an error in the
program that needs to be corrected.
• Error messages appear for approximately 5 seconds, and then
the cursor blinks at the location of the error.
• To correct an error, select EDIT from the program menu.
• You also can select TRACE from the program menu. The
program is then checked step-by-step and a message alerts you
to any errors.
Using the Graph Function in Programs
Using the graph function within programs enables you to graphically
illustrate long or complex equations and to overwrite graphs
repeatedly. All graph commands (except trace and zoom) can be
included in programs. Range values can also be specified in the
program.
Note that values in some graph commands must be separated by
commas (，) as follows:
• Range ( Xmin, Xmax, Xscl, Ymin, Ymax, Yscl )
• Factor ( Xfact, Yfact )
• Plot ( X point, Y point )
Display Result Command
You can put in a program if you want to be able to see the value
of a variable at that particular stage in program execution.
For example:
Line 1: INPUT A ; B = ln ( A + 100 )
Line 2: C = 13
× A ; -------Stop at this point
Line 3: D = 51 / ( A
× B )
Line 4:PRINT ” D = ”, D ; END
1. Execution is interrupted at the point where you placed .
2. At this time, you can press [ 2nd ] [ RCL ] to view the value of the
corresponding memory variable (Cin the above example).
3. To resume program execution, press [ ].
Deleting a Program
1. Select DEL from the program menu and press [ ].
2. To erase a single program, select ONE, the program area you
want to erase, and then press [ ]
3. To erase all the programs, select ALL.
4. A message appears asking you to confirm that you want to delete
the program(s).
Press [ ] to move the cursor to Yand then press [ ].
5. To exit
DEL mode, select EXIT from the program menu.
Program Examples
See Examples 54 to 63.
Hewlett-Packard Company 2002
All rights reserved. Reproduction, adaptation or translation without
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Press the [ Range ] key to access
the range parameters for each axis:
minimum value, maximum value,
and scale (that is, the distance
between the tick marks along an
axis).
Number of Remaining
Steps