HP HP-11C User guide

HEWLETT-PACKARD
Getting Started (page 165)
Memory Stack, LAST X, and Data Storage (page 26)
)
Numeric Functions page 42) ) =
Display
Control
(page
67)
)
;
)| OWNER’S HANDBOOK AND
Programming Basics (page 74)
PROBLEM-SOLVING GUIDE
—
Program Editing (page 96)
Program Decisions and Control (page 110) )
Subroutines (page 119)
The Index Register (page 127) )
Applications Programs (page 140) )
Programming Techniques (page 206) )
i @ HEWLETT
PACKARD
Portable Computer Division
1000 N.E. Circle Bivd., Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A.
00011-90001 Rev. G English Printed in Canada 11/85
i i a i a

Notice
Hewlett-Packard Company makes no express or implied
warranty with regard to the keystroke procedures and
Program material offered or their merchantability or their
fitness for any parti @ keystroke proced!
basis, and the entire risk as to their quality and performance is
with the user. Should the keystroke procedures or program
material prove defective, the user (and not Hewlett-Packard
Company nor any other party) shall bear the entire cost of all
necessary correction and all incidental or consequential
damages. Hewlett-Packard Company shall not be lia! for
any incidental or consequential damages in connection with
or arising out of the furnishing, use, or performance of the
keystroke procedures or program material.
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ad
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HEWLETT
PACKARD
HP-11C
Owner’s Handbook
and
Problem Solving Guide
November 1985
00011-90001 Rev. G
Printed in Canada 11/85
© Hewlett-Packard Company 1982

Introduction
Congratulations! Your selection of an HP-11C calculator with
Continuous Memory demonstrates your interest in quality,
capability, and ease of use. This handbook describes the
calculator’s many features and can help you to quickly learn how
to use the features you are not already familiar with.
Fundamentals, Programming, Applications Programs. Your
HP-11C handbook is divided into three main parts. Parts I and II
cover the use of keyboard and programming features you may be
familiar with if you have used other HP programmable calculators.
Part III provides you with a variety of applications programs, plus
some additional information on fundamental programming
practices. However, before you begin reading in any of the three
main parts, we suggest that you gain some experience using your
HP-11C by working through the introductory material entitled
Your HP-11C, A Problem Solver, on page 9.
Programming Sections in Brief. At or near the beginning of
each section in part II (sections five through nine) is a brief
discussion of the operating characteristics covered in that section.
This information may be all you need to read in the section if you
already know how to create, run, and edit programs on another HP
calculator. If you are new to HP calculators, you’ll want to also
read the remaining material in each section for a more tutorial
discussion and/or examples that highlight selected topics.
Additional Applications. Also available from many authorized
Hewlett-Packard dealers is the HP-11C Solutions Handbook. This
accessory handbook contains a comprehensive collection of
HP-11C programs covering applications in mathematics, statis-
tics, electrical engineering, chemistry, business, and games.
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Contents
Introduction
The
HP-11C
Keyboard
and
Continuous
Memory
Your
HP-11C:
A
Problem
Solver
-
Manual Solutions .........+-05+ss 6 1
Programmed Solutions .........0.sesseeee reece eee Pie |
Part
I:
HP-11C
Fundamentals
.....
eae
Gaye
Reise
eiet
15
Section
1;
Getting
Started
Power
On
and
Off
...
Display
Radix
Mark
and
Digit
Separator
Annunciators
.,....
Negative
Numbers
..
Display
Clearing:
(CLx
Running
......eeeee
vers
Overflow
and
Underflow
...
Error
Messages
.........
Low
Battery
Indicator
.
Memory
........e0.000s
Continuous
Memory
Resetting
Memory
..
Keyboard
Operation
...
Primary
and
Alternate
Functions
Clearing
Prefixes
.........
ra
5
|
One-Number
Functions
.
Two-Number
Functions
...
Section 2: The Automatic Memory Stack, LAST X,
and Data Storage
The Automatic Memory Stack and Stack Manipulation . . 26
Stack Manipulation Functions ....... 27
Calculator Functions and the Stack .. 29
Two-Number Functions . . 29
Chain Calculations .. . 31
LASTX oo... eee eee 32
Constant Arithmetic 34

4 Contents
Storage
Register
Operations
.................,
37
Storing
Numbers
..
37
Recalling
Numbers
.
38
Storage
and
Recall
Exercises
.
38
Clearing
Data
Storage
Registers
..
38
Storage
Register
Arithmetic
...
.
39
Storage
Register
Arithmetic
Exercises
40
Problams
5
24)ci50
ee
akin
get
sea
e
oases
40
. 42
. 42
Number
Alteration
Functions
.
-
42
One-Number
Functions
..
-
43
General
Functions
...
-
43
Trigonometric
Operations
..
-
45
Time
and
Angie
Conversions
-
46
Degrees/Radians
Conversions
.
47
Logarithmic
Functions
.
-
48
Hyperbolic
Functions
..
.
48
Two-Number
Functions
. »
49
Exponential
..
.
49
Percentages
..
.
49
Polar-Rectangular
Coordinate
Conversions
.
51
Probability
.......
52
Statistics
Functions
.
54
Random
Number
Generator
.
54
Accumulating
Statistics
....
55
Correcting
Statistics
Accumulations
.
58
Mean ......,.......
Standard Deviation .
Linear Regression .........
Linear Estimation and Correlation Coefficient ..
Section 4: Display Control
Display Mode Control
Fixed Decimal! Display
Scientific Notation Display .
Engineering Notation Display
Keying In Exponents ......
Rounding at the Tenth Digit
ea a a
wwe
Contents 5
Part H: HP-11C Programming
Section 5: Programming Basics
Whatls a Program? ...
Why Write Programs? .
Program Control ......
Automatic Memory Reallocation
Keycodes and Line Numbers
Abbreviated Key Sequences
Program Control Functions .
User Mode .....c.ccccrveneee
Program Memory .....
Interpreting Keycodes .
Programming Operations
Beginning and Ending a Program
The Complete Program .......
Loading a Program ..
Running a Program .
User Mode Operation .
Program Stops and Pauses
Planned Stops During Program Execution .
Pausing During Program Execution .
Unexpected Program Stops .
Labels ..
Problems .
Section
6:
Program
Editing
..
96
Finding
Program
Errors
..
96
Editing
Functions
...
97
Editing
Example
..
. 98
Single-Step Execution of a Program 99
Using [SST] and [BST] in Program Mode 100
Modifying a Program
Problems
Section 7: Program Decisions and Control ..
Program Conditional Tests
Flags’ cvccsecsaces
Program Control ..
GoTo
Branching and Looping .
Using Flags ..

6 Contents
Section 8: Subroutines ...
Go To Subroutine ..
Subroutine Limits ..
Subroutine Usage ...
119
119
. 120
121
. 127
127
130
132
134
135
136
136
. 137
Section 9: The Index Register .
Direct Index Register Functions .
Indirect Index Register Functions
Loop Control Using [ISG] . .
Direct R, Operations ..
Indirect R, Operations ..
Indirect Program Control ...
Indirect Label Branches and Subroutines .
Indirect Line Number Branches and Subroutines ...
. 139
140
140
149
154
Part III: Programmed Problem Solving ..
Section 10: Applications Programs
MatrixAlgebra ............... 0. cere
Systems of Linear Equations With Three Unknowns
Newton's Method (Solution to f(x) =O) ...
Numerical Integration by Discrete Points .
Curve Fitting
Triangle Solutions
t Statistics
Chi-Square Evaluation ...
Finance: Annuities and Compound Amounts .
Submarine Hunt
. 206
Section 11: Programming Techniques . _
Structure ..............e0 206
The Problem Statement +. 206
. 206
The Algorithm
Flowcharts . 208
Subroutines .. 210
(isG} With (RCL. 211
Datalnput ... 212
Looping .. 214
215
217
217
218
. 218
Flags ..
Random Numbers
User-Definable Keys
Storing Data ...
Selecting Different Routines .
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Contents 7
Appendix A: Error Conditions
Appendix B: Stack Lift and LAST X
Digit Entry Termination ..
Stack LA vacscceesees
Disabling Operations
Enabling Operations ..
Neutral Operations ...
LASTX .
Appendix How Automatic Memory
Reallocation Operates
Converting Storage Reyisters to Program Memory
Converting Program Memory to Storage Registers
Using [MEM] ...... 0.0 cece cece cence ere etn ee enee
Appendix D: Battery, Warranty, and
Service
Information
.
Batteries ............-...- . 230
Low Power Indication . 231
Installing New Batteries ... 231
Verifying Proper Operation (Self Tests) . 234
Limited One-Year Warranty .. 236
What is Not Covered 236
Warranty for Consumer Transactions in the
United Kingdom
Obligation to Make Changes .
Warranty Information ...
Obtaining Repair Service in Europe
International Service Information .
Service Repair Charge ...
Service Warranty
Shipping Instructions ...
Further Information .
When You Need Help
Temperature Specifications .......
Potential for Radio and Television
Interference (for U.S.A. Only) ....- 242
Programming
Techniques
Index
.
243
Function
Key
Index
.......
245
Programming
Key
Index
249
Subject
Index
........--...-
.
251

The HP-11C Keyboard and
Continuous Memory
=
=
AUTOMATIC
(Bq
Memory
stack
TTT
ITT
pg
ITTT
TTT
TT
Meee
a
a
a
a
x»
Displayed
LASTX
PROGRAM MEMORY
STORAGE REGISTERS
Permanent Shared Permanent Shared
[ooo- |{oea- JR,L_ro[ JR»
seis fone I :
[oa |lose- |
|
rol]
[os1- _|[zor-__| — tg
The
basic
program
memory-storage
register
allocation
is
63
lines
of
programming
and
20
data
storage
registers,
plus
the
Index
register
(Rj).
The
calculator
automatically
converts
one
data
storage
register
into
seven
lines
of
program memory,
one
register
at
a
time,
as
you
need
them.
Conversion
begins
with
R
g and
ends
with
Ro.
eo @y
UU
Your HP-11C:
A Problem Solver
Your HP-11C Programmable Scientific Calculator is a powerful
problem solver you can carry with you almost anywhere to handle
problems ranging from the simple to the complex, and to remember
important data. The HP-11C is so easy to program and use that it
requires no prior programming experience or knowledge of
programming languages.
The HP-11C helps you to conserve power by automatically shutting
itself off if it is left on and inactive for more than 8 to 17 minutes.
But don’t worry about losing data—any information you have
keyed into your HP-11C is saved by Continuous Memory.
We're different! Your Hewlett-Packard calculator uses a unique
operating logic, represented by the key, that differs from the
logic in most other calculators. The power in HP calculator logic
becomes obvious through use. Later we will cover the details of
and your HP-11C’s logic, but right now let’s get acquainted
with [ENTER] by seeing how easy it is to perform calculations with
your HP-11C,
Answers appear immediately after you press a numerical function
key. For example, let’s look at the arithmetic functions. The (4) key
adds the last entry to whatever is already in the machine, and the
=] key subtracts the last entry; the [x] key multiplies what’s in the
machine by the last entry, and the [=] key divides by the last entry.
First we have to get the numbers into the machine. To do this, key
in the first number, press [ENTER] to separate the first number from
the second, then key in the second number and press (+], [=], [x], or
9

10 Your HP-11C: A Problem Solver
To get the feel of your new calculator
turn it on by pressing the (ON) key" If
any nonzero digits appear, press [+]
to clear the display to 0.0000. If four
zeroes are not displayed to the right
of the decimal point, press [f][FIX]4 so
your display will match those in the
following problems. (All displays
illustrated in this handbook are set to
the [FIX] 4 display setting unless
otherwise specified.)
0.0000
Note: An asterisk (*) flashing in the lower-left corner of the
display when the calculator is turned on signifies that the
available battery power is nearly exhausted. To install new
batteries, refer to appendix D.
Manual Solutions
It is not necessary to clear the calculator between problems. But if
you make a digit entry mistake, press [) and key in the correct
digit.
To Solve Keystrokes Display
9 (ENTER]6 (+ 15.0000
9 (ENTER]6 (— 3.0000
9 [ENTER] 6 [x] 54.0000
9 [ENTER] 6 [+] 1.5000
Notice that in the four examples:
e Both numbers are in the calculator before you press (+), ©), Gd,
e [ENTER]is used only to separate two numbers that are keyed in
one after the other.
e Pressing a numerical function key, in this case G), ©), (x), or
©), causes the function to execute immediately and the result
to be displayed.
* Note that the [ON] key is lower than the other keys to help prevent its being pressed
inadvertantly.
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wee Oe ee
Your HP-11C: A Problem Solver 14
To see the close relationship between manual and programmed
problem solving, let’s first calculate the solution to a problem
manually, that is, from the keyboard. Then we'll use a program to
calculate the solution to the same problem and others like it.
Most conventional home water heaters are cylindrical in shape.
You can easily calculate the heat loss from such a tank using the
formula g =h X A X T, where:
qis the heat loss from the water heater (Btu per hour).
his the heat-transfer coefficient.
Ais the total surface area of the cylinder.
T is the temperature difference between the cylinder and the
surrounding air.
Example: Assume you have a 52-
gallon cylindrical water heater and
you wish to determine how much
energy is being lost because of poor
insulation. In initial measurements,
you found an average temperature
difference between the heater surface
and surrounding air of 15 degrees
Fahrenheit. The surface area of the
tank is 30 square feet and the heat
transfer coefficient is approximately
0.47. To calculate the heat loss of the
water heater, simply press the follow-
ing keys in order.
Keystrokes Display
15 15.0000 Input temperature
30 30 difference (7) and area of
water heater (A).
J 450.0000 Calculates A x 7.
47 0.47 Heat-transfer coefficient
(A).
x 211,5000 Heat loss in Btu per hour
(hX(AT)).
ic] 0.0000 Clears display.

12 Your HP-11C: A Problem Solver
Programmed Solutions
The
heat
loss
for
the
water
heater
in
the
preceding
example
was
calculated
for
a 15-degree
temperature
difference.
But
suppose
you
want
to
calculate
the heat
loss
for
several
temperature
differences?
You
could
perform
each
heat
loss
calculation
manually.
However,
an
easier
and
faster
method
is
to
write
a
program
that
will
calculate
the heat
loss
for
any
temperature
difference.
Writing the Program. The program is the same series of
keystrokes you executed to solve the problem manually. Two
additional instructions, a label and a return, are used to define the
beginning and end of the program.
Loading
the
Program.
To
load
the
instructions
of
the
program
into
the
HP-11C
press
the
following
keys
in
order.
The
calculator
records
(remembers)
the
instructions
as
you
key
them
in.
(The
display
gives
you
information
you
will
find
useful
later,
but
which
you
can
ignore
for
now.)
Keystrokes Display
MPa o00- Places HP-11C in
Program mode. (Program
annunciator appears.)
f}CLEAR [PRGM. 000- Clears program memory.
#)(CBL)[A)
001-42,21,11
Label
“A”
defines
the
beginning of the program.
3 002- 3
to) 003- °
x
004-
20
§
The
same
keys
you
|
005-
48
>
pressed
to
solve
the
4
006-
4{
problem
manually.
7 007- 7
& 008- 20,
(a
)(RTN
009-
4332
“Return”
defines
the
end
of the program.
(a) [PR 0.0000 Places HP-11C in Run
mode. (Program
annunciator is cleared.)
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wee ew
Your HP-11C: A Problem Solver 13/14
Running the Program. Press the following keys to run the
program.
Keystrokes Display
16 15 The first temperature
difference.
fA 211.6000 The Btu heat loss you
calculated earlier by
hand.
18 (fA 253.8000 The Btu heat loss for a
new temperature
difference.
With the program you have loaded,
you can now quickly calculate the
Btu heat loss for many temperature
differences. Simply key in the desired
difference and press [f] (A). For
example, complete the table at the
right.
The answers you should see are
141.0000, 169.2000, 197.4000,
225.6000, 253.8000, and 282.0000.
Programming is that easy! The calculator remembers a series of
keystrokes and then executes them whenever you wish. Now that
you have had some experience in using your HP-11C, let’s take a
look at some of the calculator’s important operating details.

Part I
HP-11C
Fundamentals
a
a
ee
ee
ee

Section 1
Getting Started
Power On and Off
The key turns the HP-11C on and off. And, to conserve power,
the HP-11C automatically turns itself off (time-out) after 8 to 17
minutes of inactivity.
Display
Radix Mark and Digit Separator
A radix mark is the divider between
the integer and fractional portions of
a number. A digit separator dis-
tinguishes the groups of digits in a
large number. In some countries the
radix is a decimal point and the digit
separator is a comma, while in other
countries, the reverse is true. To
change the radix/digit separator
convention on your HP-11C, turn off the calculator, then hold down
the [-] key, turn the calculator back on, and release the [] key
(Q)/ (on).
7 12,345,678.91
(oN
™\12.345.678,91
Radix Mark/Digit
Separator Exchange
Annunciators
Your HP-11C’s display contains six annunciators that tell you the
status of the calculator during certain operations. The annunci-
ators are described, with the operations they refer to, in the
appropriate sections of this handbook.
* USER fg GRAD — PRGM
Display Annunciator Set
16
a
Section 1; Getting Started 17
Negative Numbers
To make a displayed number negative—either one that has just
been keyed in or one that has resulted from a calculation— simply
press [CHS] (change sign). When the display shows a negative
number—that is, the number is preceded by a minus sign—
pressing
[CHS]
removes
the
minus
sign
from
the
display,
making
the number positive.
Display Clearing: [CLxJand [+
The
HP-11C
has
two
types
of
display
clearing
operations,
[CLx]
(clear
X)
and
[#]
(back
arrow).
When
pressed
in Run
mode,
[9
}[CLx]
clears
any
displayed
numbers
to
zero.
When
pressed
in
Program
mode,
v]is
stored
in
the
calculator
as
a
program
instruction.
)
is a
nonprogrammable
function
that
enables
you
to
clear
the
display
in either
Program
or
Run
mode,
as
follows:
1. In Run mode:
A. Pressing [€] after executing almost any function clears
all digits in the display to zero.* (Executing almost any
HP-11C function terminates digit entry—that is, tells
the calculator the number in the display is complete—
and causes (€] to act on the complete number.)
Keystrokes Display
12345 12,345
J] 111.1081
cS 0.0000 Pressing ()after
executing a function
clears all digits in the
display to zero.
* Unseen trailing digits of the number in the display may be held internally and will also
be cleared.