Keysight P-Series Installation guide

Keysight Technologies
P-Series and EPM-P Power Meters
for Bluetooth Testing
Technical Overview and
Self-Guided Demonstration

Bluetooth®is a technology specification designed for low-cost short-range
radio communications between devices such as PCs, mobile phones, and other
portable devices. On top of that, Bluetooth enables your devices to access the
Internet.
Originally developed in Scandinavia, this technology that unites products has
a code name that is inspired by a 10th century Danish Viking king, Harald
Bluetooth, who united and controlled Denmark and Norway during an era when
Scandinavian Europe was torn apart by wars and feuding clans.
Today, Bluetooth is administered by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG),
whose members are leaders in the telecommunications, computing, network-
ing, industrial automation, and automotive industries.
Introduction

3 | Keysight | P-Series and EPM-P Power Meters for Bluetooth Testing – Technical Overview and Self-Guided Demonstration
Frequency Hopping
The ISM band used by Bluetooth®is available from 2.40 GHz to 2.4835 GHz in
most countries, although there are restrictions in some countries. In this band,
Bluetooth uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) techniques to
mitigate interference.
In countries without restrictions, the radio signals hop in pseudorandom
sequences around all 79 available channels with a channel spacing of 1 MHz.
Starting at the base channel of 2402 MHz, the frequency of the channels can be
expressed as below:
f = 2402 + n MHz
where n is the channel number with an integer value in the range from 0 to 78.
In countries with restrictions, a limited frequency hopping scheme with just 23
channels is used and accounted for in the Bluetooth specification. Both hopping
schemes have 1 MHz channel spacing. This allows a simple radio interface
design, whereby the baseband only has to specify a channel number and the
radio multiplies this up to the appropriate frequency offset.
In this FHSS scheme, there are 1,600 hops per second, which is a hop every
625 µs. Part of this hop timing is taken up by a guard time of 220 µs, allowing
the synthesizer time to settle. The frequency hopping implements time division
multiplexing graph is shown in Figure 1. During the first 625 µs slot, k, the
master device transmits while the slave receives. In the following slot, the
slave may transmit and the master listen.
Figure 1. Graph shows frequency hopping where master and slave interact on corresponding slots
The radio must be able to be retuned and stabilized to a new frequency within
tight time constraints. This is pushed further when establishing a connection;
the hop rate is can be shortened to every 312.5 µs. As the radio is constantly
hopping to different radio channels, this ensures that packets affected by
interference on one channel can be retransmitted on another channel. To
further enhance resilience, both automatic repeat request (ARQ) and forward
error correction (FEC) form part of the specification.
The Technology
Bluetooth operates within the
industrial, scientific, and medical
(ISM) band at 2.4 GHz. It is a short-
range wireless communication
standard defined as a cable replace-
ment for a personal area network
(PAN), an individual’s own personal
space.
A cable replacement standard has
been defined because cables limit
mobility. They are cumbersome to
carry around and are easily lost or
broken. It is frequently difficult to
diagnose failure in the connectors,
and they are often proprietary.
Bluetooth counteracts these
limitations by being light, portable,
robust, and not limited to one
manufacturer.
To serve effectively as a cable
replacement, Bluetooth keeps its
cost comparable to that of cable by
operating in the license-free 2.4 GHz
ISM band, while remaining backward
compatible whenever possible to
avoid upgrades. The relaxed radio
specification also enables single-chip
integrated circuit solutions.
f(k) f(k+1) f(k+2)
Master
Slave
625 μs
t
t

4 | Keysight | P-Series and EPM-P Power Meters for Bluetooth Testing – Technical Overview and Self-Guided Demonstration
Protocol Stack
Figure 2 shows a configuration of
the Bluetooth protocol stack with
different basic layers. At the base of
the Bluetooth protocol stack is the
Bluetooth radio. It modulates data
for transmitting and demodulating
received data. This layer defines the
physical characteristics a Bluetooth
transceiver must have. The Baseband
and Link Controller controls the
physical links via the radio, as-
sembling packets and controlling
frequency hopping. Ascending the
stack, the Link Manager converts
host controller interface (HCI) com-
mands into baseband-level opera-
tions. The Host Controller Interface
handles communication between
host and the module.
Figure 2. The Bluetooth protocol stack
The P-Series and EPM-P power
meters fully meet the Bluetooth SIG
specified Bluetooth certification test
requirements for transmitter tests
as listed in Table 1. These tests are
relevant to a full functional Bluetooth
devices, the transmitter, or even the
RF components of the transmitter.
Table 1. Transmitter tests that can be measured with power meter and power sensor
Transmitter
test
Frequency
hopping
Test mode Packet type Payload
data
Measurement
bandwidth
Output power
TRM/CA/01/C
On Loopback
or Tx mode
DH5 or longest
supported
packet and
payload
PRBS 9 3 Mhz RBW
3 MHz VBW
Power control
TRM/CA/03/C
Off Loopback
or Tx mode
DH1 PRBS 9 3 Mhz RBW
3 MHz VBW
Frequency hopping
Hopping is required for testing the functional capability of Bluetooth devices
but is not essential for parametric tests. Frequency hopping is therefore
turned off for a number of tests to reduce the number of variables and identify
individual performance characteristics.
Test mode
In test mode, the Bluetooth device is operating in a specific state. The imple-
mentation of test mode in Bluetooth devices is required to facilitate testing
of transmitter and receiver performance of a device. By putting the device
into test mode, different transmission and/or reception parameters can be
controlled, such as frequency selection, transmit frequency, packet type and
length, bit pattern, poll period, and power level.
Keysight Technologies, Inc. Power Meter and Sensor Solutions for
Bluetooth Transmitter Test
Link Manager (LM)
Hardware Firmware Software
Audio
Host Controller Interface (HCI)
Logical Link Layer Control and Adaption
Adapted Protocols (TCP/P,WAP)
Application Code and User Interface
TCS–BINRFCOMMSDP
Bluetooth Radio
Bluetooth Baseband (Link Controller)
At the bottom of the software stack, Logical Link Control and Adaption is
a multiplexer which adapts data from higher layers and converts between
different packet sizes. The next layer consists of communication interfaces.
The application layer provides profiles that determine how applications use the
protocol stack to ensure interoperability at application level.

5 | Keysight | P-Series and EPM-P Power Meters for Bluetooth Testing – Technical Overview and Self-Guided Demonstration
Payload data
PRBS9 is a pseudorandom bit sequence of period 29–1 that is intended to
simulate live traffic and so produces a modulated signal with a spectral
distribution approximating that of a real signal.
Test setup
A device under test (DUT) controller in Figure 3 allows the tester to put the
device into test mode. The host will need to send a special command in order to
prepare the device to enter test mode. The control can be performed by send-
ing a protocol over a RF connection or by direct digital control of the device.
Figure 3. Test setup for a Bluetooth transmitter with power meter
Signal analysis
(Power meter) RF Bluetooth DUT
(RF transmitter) DUT controller
Signal analysis
(Power meter)
RF Bluetooth DUT
(RF component)
Signal
generator
RF
Figure 4. Test setup for RF components of a Bluetooth transmitter with power meter
Output Power Test TRM/CA/01/C
Power meters can measure output power at a lower cost compared to spectrum
analyzers and vector signal analyzers. Both the P-Series and EPM-P Series
power meters have predefined Bluetooth setup stored in non-volatile memory.
The gate setup and control function allow closer analysis of the Bluetooth
signal.
Power Control TRM/CA/03/C
Power control test allows testing or calibration to be performed on the level
control circuitry. This test is only needed for devices that support power control.
It is performed in the same manner as the average power measurement, but at
the three discrete channels — lowest, mid, and highest operating frequencies
(2402, 2441, and 2480 GHz). The power control test verifies power levels and
power control step sizes to ensure they are within specified ranges.

6 | Keysight | P-Series and EPM-P Power Meters for Bluetooth Testing – Technical Overview and Self-Guided Demonstration
Bluetooth Measurements Using P-Series Power
Meter and N1921A Power Sensor
Internal zeroing and calibration
Before performing any measurement, a power meter and power sensor must be
zeroed and calibrated for correct measurements. Zeroing will remove residual
DC offset on the power meter and power sensor combination. Calibration will
establish a 0.0 dBm reference that is traceable to the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST).
The P-Series power sensor is the first power sensor to provide “internal zeroing
and calibration,” and thereby eliminate the need for calibration using an
external reference source. Keysight’s patent-pending technology integrates
a DC reference source and switching circuits into each power sensor so that
zeroing and calibration can be done while still connected to a DUT.
This feature reduces test time, measurement uncertainty, and wear and tear on
connectors. It is especially useful in manufacturing and automated test environ-
ments where every second and every connection counts. Sensors can be
embedded within test fixtures without the need to switch in reference signals.
When a P-Series power sensor is connected to the power meter, it automati-
cally performs a zero and a calibration routine. To initiate another zeroing and
calibration routine without disconnecting and reconnecting the sensor, press
[Cal] > Zero + Cal. A “Please Wait” message will be displayed during both
zeroing and calibration.
Preset
The P-Series power meter has a series of measurement configurations, suitable
for common wireless communication and radar formats. The configurations are
saved as instrument presets when used with P-Series or E-Series E9320 power
sensors. To access the presets, press [Preset]. Use the arrow keys to highlight
the preset for Bluetooth, press [Select] > Confirm as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Available preset settings

7 | Keysight | P-Series and EPM-P Power Meters for Bluetooth Testing – Technical Overview and Self-Guided Demonstration
Instructions Descriptions
1. Connect the sensor to the 50Ω
RF output of Signal Generator.
2. Set the frequency to 2.4 GHz. Press [Frequency] 2.4 > GHz
3. Set the amplitude to –10 dBm. Press [Amplitude] –10 > dBm
4. Select the Bluetooth signal. Press [Mode] > More > Wireless Networking > Bluetooth. Toggle Bluetooth to
ON
5. Activate the Bluetooth signal. Toggle [RF On/Off] and [Mod On/Off] to ON. See Figure 6.
Figure 6. The Bluetooth signal with average and peak power
6. View the Gate Control screen. Press [ ]. On the display is the pulse trace with delta time, delta average, delta peak,
and delta peak-to-average power ratio for Gate 1. See Figure 7.
Figure 7. Gate Control display
7. Set up more gates. Toggle Gate to select another gate and use the arrow keys to position the gates. Then,
toggle Marker to switch from Marker 1 to Marker 2 and vice versa. Adjust the gate for
measurements of the second pulse.
Conguring the signal source
The E4438C is used as the signal source in this demonstration.

8 | Keysight | P-Series and EPM-P Power Meters for Bluetooth Testing – Technical Overview and Self-Guided Demonstration
Instructions Descriptions
8. Switch to Trace Control for
time measurements. Press Trace Control. The eight available measurements are rise time , fall
time , time to positive occurrence , time to negative occurrence ,
pulse period , pulse width , duty cycle, and pulse repetitive
frequency. See Figure 8.
Figure 8. Trace Control display
9. View a full screen display. Press [ ]. See Figure 9.
Figure 9. Trace Control display in full screen
10. View a full screen display of the
Gate Control. Press Gate Meas, or press [ ] twice. See Figure 10.
Figure 10. Gate Control display in full screen

9 | Keysight | P-Series and EPM-P Power Meters for Bluetooth Testing – Technical Overview and Self-Guided Demonstration
Bluetooth Measurements Using EPM-P Series Power Meter and
E3296A Power Sensor
The demonstration in this guide requires an Keysight EPM-P Series power meter, either E4416A or E4417A, and an E9326A
peak and average power sensor.
1. Zero and calibrations
Instructions Descriptions
1. Connect the E9326A sensor and the E9288
cable to Channel A connector.
2. Connect the sensor to Power Ref.
3. Complete zero and calibration in one step. Press [Zero/Cal] > Zero+Cal. During these processes, a “Please Wait” message will
be displayed.
4. Turn on the 0 dBm calibration reference. Press [Zero/Cal] and toggle Power Ref to ON.
2. Preset
Bluetooth is one of the available predefined setups for wireless standards in the EPM-P power meter.
Instructions Descriptions
1. Access the list of predened setups. Press [Preset/Local]. Use the arrow keys to highlight the preset for Bluetooth and
press Conrm.
3. Conguring the signal source
The E4438C is used as the signal source in this demonstration. Connect the sensor to the 50 Ω RF output of the E4438C
signal generator.
Instructions Descriptions
1. Set the frequency to 2.4 GHz. Press [Frequency] 2.4 > GHz.
2. Set the amplitude to –10 dBm. Press [Amplitude] –10 > dBm.
3. Select the Bluetooth signal. Press [Mode] > More > Wireless Networking > Bluetooth. Toggle Bluetooth
to ON.

10 | Keysight | P-Series and EPM-P Power Meters for Bluetooth Testing – Technical Overview and Self-Guided Demonstration
Instructions Descriptions
4. Activate the Bluetooth signal. Toggle [RF On/Off] and [Mod On/Off] to ON. The screen of the power meter will show
three active pulses of a Bluetooth DH1 data burst as shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11. The Bluetooth signal is shown in the upper window. Average and peak power in a
single Bluetooth DH1 data burst appear in the lower window.
4. View and set up gates
The Bluetooth predefined setup has Gate1 configured to measure the average and peak power across the first burst. The
graphical gate setup and control of the power meter provide an easy method of configuring additional gates. Set up Gate
2 to measure average and peak power in second pulse or gate setup and control functions.
The gate setup and control functions allow closer analysis of the signal under test. The gate control screen shows the
pulse trace, delta time, delta average, delta peak, and delta peak-to-average power ratio for the selected gate.
Instructions Descriptions
1. View the Gate Control screen. Press [Channel] > Gates.
Note that only Gate 1 is set up Gate Control.
2. Decrease the horizontal length. Press [ ] to zoom in, and the screen displays only the rst and second pulses. Press
Trace Control, use the arrow keys to highlight horizontal length, and select { } to
decrease the length to –2 ms.
3. Set up Gate 2 to measure the power
across the second pulse.
Press Gate Control. Toggle Gate to highlight 2. Use the arrow keys to move the marker
to the rising edge of the second pulse (~1.3 ms) and toggle Marker to highlight 2. Use the
arrow keys to move Marker 2 to the falling edge of the second pulse (~6 ms). See Figure 12.
Figure 12. Average and peak power of second pulse