Midas XL8 User manual

Operator Manual
XL8 Control Centre

XL8 Control Centre
Operator Manual
Midas,
Klark Teknik Building,
Walter Nash Road,
Kidderminster.
Worcestershire.
DY11 7HJ.
England.
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.midasconsoles.com
XL8 Control Centre - Operator Manual
DOC02-XL8 Issue 2 - February 2007
© Telex Communications (UK) Limited
In line with the company’s policy of continual improvement, specifications and function may be
subject to change without notice. This Operator Manual was correct at the time of writing. E&OE.

IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
The lightning flash with arrowhead symbol within an equilateral triangle is
intended to alert the user to the presence of uninsulated “dangerous voltage”
within the product's enclosure that may be of sufficient magnitude to constitute a
risk of electric shock to persons.
The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is intended to alert the user
to the presence of important operating and maintenance (servicing) instructions
in the literature accompanying the product.
1. Read these instructions.
2. Keep these instructions.
3. Heed all warnings.
4. Follow all instructions.
5. Do not use this apparatus near water.
6. Clean only with a dry cloth.
7. Do not block any of the ventilation openings. Install in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions.
8. Do not install near any heat sources such as radiators, heat registers, stoves, or other
apparatus (including amplifiers) that produce heat.
9. Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarized or grounding-type plug. A polarized plug
has two blades with one wider than the other. A grounding type plug has two blades and a
third grounding prong. The wide blade or the third prong are provided for your safety. If the
provided plug does not fit into your outlet, consult an electrician for replacement of the
obsolete outlet.
10. Protect the power cord from being walked on or pinched particularly at plugs, convenience
receptacles and the point where they exit from the apparatus.
11. Only use attachments/accessories specified by the manufacturer.
12. Unplug this apparatus during lightning storms or when unused for long periods of time.
13. Refer all servicing to qualified personnel. Servicing is required when the apparatus has been
damaged in any way, such as power-supply cord or plug is damaged, liquid has been spilled or
objects have fallen into the apparatus, the apparatus has been exposed to rain or moisture,
does not operate normally, or has been dropped.
14. Use the mains plug to disconnect the apparatus from the mains.
15. “DO NOT EXPOSE THIS EQUIPMENT TO DRIPPING OR SPLASHING AND ENSURE THAT NO
OBJECTS FILLED WITH LIQUIDS, SUCH AS VASES, ARE PLACED ON THE EQUIPMENT”
16. “THE MAINS PLUG OF THE POWER SUPPLY CORD SHALL REMAIN READILY OPERABLE”
WARNING: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE OR ELECTRIC SHOCK,
DO NOT EXPOSE THIS APPARATUS TO RAIN OR MOISTURE AND
OBJECTS FILLED WITH LIQUIDS, SUCH AS VASES, SHOULD NOT BE
PLACED ON THIS APPARATUS OR EQUIVALENT.
AVIS: RISQUE DE CHOC ELECTRIQUE. NE PAS OUVRIR
CAUTION
RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK
DO NOT OPEN

Telex Communications (UK) Limited, Klark Teknik Building,
Walter Nash Road, Kidderminster. Worcs. DY11 7HJ. England.
Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]
www.midasconsoles.com
EU DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
We, Telex Communications (UK) Limited of Klark Teknik Building, Walter Nash Road, Kidderminster,
Worcestershire, DY11 7HJ, declare that a sample of the following product:
to which this declaration refers, is in conformity with the following directives and/or standards:
Signed: .................................................. Date: 5th February 2007
Name: Simon Harrison
Authority: Research and Development Director, Telex Communications (UK) Limited
Attention!
Where applicable, the attention of the specifier, purchaser, installer or user is drawn to special limitations of
use which must be observed when these products are taken into service to maintain compliance with the
above directives. Details of these special measures and limitations to use are available on request and are
available in product manuals.
Company registration No. 2414018. A subsidiary of Telex Communications Inc.
Product Type Number Product Description Nominal Voltage(s) Current Freq.
XL8 Control Centre 115V AC
230V AC 12A 6A 50/60Hz
Directive(s) Test Standard(s)
89/336/EEC Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive amended by
92/31/EEC & 93/68/EEC 73/23/EEC,
Low Voltage Directive, amended by 93/68/EEC
Generic Standard Using EN55103 Limits and Methods EN50081/1
Class B Conducted Emissions PAVI EN55103
Class B Radiated Emissions PAVI EN55103
Fast Transient Bursts at 2kV EN61000-4-4
Static Discharge at 4kV EN61000-4-2
Electrical Stress Test EN60204
Electrical Safety EN60065 7th Edition

End-User License Agreement for Midas™ and Klark Teknik™ Software
IMPORTANT - Please read this document carefully before using this Midas™ or
Klark Teknik™ product. This is an agreement governing your use of software or
other machine instructions already installed on the Midas™ or Klark Teknik™
product, as well as other software that we provide for installation on the product.
The Midas™ or Klark Teknik™ product will not operate in accordance with its
documentation without this software.
THIS AGREEMENT ("AGREEMENT" OR "LICENSE") STATES THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS UPON WHICH
TELEX COMMUNICATIONS, INC. ("COMPANY") OFFERS TO LICENSE THE INSTALLED FIRMWARE,
SOFTWARE, AND/OR PROGRAM ("the SOFTWARE") WITH THE MIDAS™ OR KLARK TEKNIK™ CONSOLE
OR SIGNAL PROCESSING PRODUCT ("PRODUCT") IN WHICH IT WAS INSTALLED BY, OR PROVIDED
FOR BY, THE COMPANY. YOU ARE AGREEING TO BECOME BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE. IF
YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE, DO NOT USE THIS PRODUCT. PROMPTLY
RETURN THE PRODUCT TO THE PLACE WHERE YOU OBTAINED IT FOR A FULL REFUND. You agree to
notify any persons who you permit to operate this Product of the terms of this License, and to expressly
obligate them in writing to comply with these terms.
The installed software as supplied by the Company is licensed, not sold, to you for use only under the
terms of this License, and the Company reserves all rights not expressly granted to you. You own the
Product on or in which the Software has been installed by the Company, but the Company retains
ownership of all copies of the Software itself, including those stored on or in the Product.
1. License: This limited License allows you, and other persons you permit to operate the Product,
to use the Software only on the single Product unit in which it was installed.
2. Restrictions: (a) The Software and the accompanying written materials are copyrighted, and
contain trade secrets and other proprietary matter, including confidential information relating to
the specifications and performance characteristics of Company's products. The Software is
protected by state trade secret laws as well as U.S. and international copyright and intellectual
property laws and treaties. All rights to copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets in the Software
or any modifications to it are owned by Company. Unauthorized copying of the Software or any
portion thereof, or copying of the written materials, is prohibited. (b) You may not create,
market, distribute, or transfer copies of the Software to others or electronically transfer or
duplicate the Software, or rent, lease, or loan the Software, except in conjunction with the sale,
transfer, loan, rent, or lease of the Product on which it is installed, and subject at all times to this
License. YOU MAY NOT REVERSE ENGINEER, DECOMPILE, DISASSEMBLE, MODIFY, ADAPT,
PORT, OR TRANSLATE THE SOFTWARE OR CREATE DERIVATIVE WORKS BASED ON THE
SOFTWARE OR ANY ACCOMPANYING WRITTEN MATERIALS. (c) In the event you violate any term
of this Agreement, all licenses granted herein automatically terminate and you must stop using
the Software and destroy any copies of the Software or remove them from the Product.
3. Limited Warranty: Subject to your installation of any Software updates issued by the Company
as described herein, the Company warrants that the Software shall cause the Product to operate
in compliance with the Product's material specifications and documentation for a period of
90 days from your purchase of the Product. The Company does not warrant that the operation of
the Software will meet your requirements or operate free from error. The Company DISCLAIMS
ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING THE
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
NON-INFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. You understand that the Company may update
or revise the Software and in so doing incurs no obligation to furnish such updates to you.
However, the Company may in its discretion make updates available from time to time upon such
terms and conditions as it shall determine. It is a condition of any warranty granted pertaining to
either the Software or the Product, that you install any such Software updates, as may be issued
from time to time by the Company for the Product or the Software, in accordance with
Company's instructions. You may view current Software updates at http://www.klarkteknik.com
and http://www.midasconsoles.com

4. Limited Liability: THE LIABILITY OF THE COMPANY FOR ANY CLAIMS ARISING OUT OF THIS
LICENSE AND/OR BASED UPON THE SOFTWARE, REGARDLESS OF THE FORM OF ACTION, SHALL
NOT EXCEED THE GREATER OF THE LICENSE FEE FOR THE SOFTWARE OR THE COST OF THE
PRODUCT. IN NO EVENT SHALL TELEX BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF DATA, LOST OPPORTUNITY
OR PROFITS, COST OF COVER, OR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INDIRECT
DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU ADVISE COMPANY OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THIS IS
AN ESSENTIAL TERM OF THIS AGREEMENT AND YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE AMOUNT YOU
PAID FOR THE PRODUCT AND SOFTWARE REFLECTS THIS ALLOCATION OF RISK.
5. Other Third-Party Computer Programs: As referred to herein, the term "Software" refers
only to proprietary Midas™ or Klark Teknik™ Software, developed by Company, that has been
provided to you for installation on, or already installed in, your Midas™ or Klark Teknik™ Product.
In addition to this Software, you may have also been provided, at no additional charge, a version
of the widely-available Linux software, which is a modular operating system made up of
hundreds of individual software components, each of which were written and copyrighted
individually by various parties (collectively, the "Linux Programs"). Each component has its own
applicable end user license agreement. Many of the Linux Programs are licensed pursuant to a
Linux End User License Agreement ("Linux EULA") that permits you to copy, modify, and
redistribute the Software. However, you must review the on-line documentation that shares a
directory or otherwise accompanies each of the Linux Programs included in this Product, for the
applicable Linux EULA. Nothing in this license agreement limits your rights under, or grants you
rights that supersede, the terms of any applicable Linux EULA. If you wish to receive a
computer-readable copy of the source code for the Linux programs that have been provided with
your Midas™ or Klark Teknik™ product, send a check or money order (no cash accepted), your
address, and $10.00 to cover the cost of optical media, postage and handling, to:
Telex Communications, Inc.
ATTN: Linux Programs CD for Midas™/Klark Teknik™
12000 Portland Ave South
Burnsville, Minnesota 55337.
In your request, indicate your Product's name and model number, serial number, and
version/release information. This offer made pursuant to the Linux EULA may expire according
to the terms of the Linux EULA, in which case your check will be returned to you or destroyed at
our option. Please note that the Linux distribution that may be available to you under this offer
consists of the Linux kernel only and does not contain any application software not
covered by the Linux EULA. Other updated Linux distributions containing application software
are widely available from a variety of Internet sources, and are often available at minimal or no
cost.
6. Termination: This License will terminate immediately if you violate any of the License terms.
Upon termination you must discontinue use of the Software, and either destroy, erase, or return
to Company all copies of the Software in your possession, custody or control, including those in
or on the Product.
7. General: This License constitutes the entire agreement between you and Company with respect
to this Software and supersedes any other communication (including advertising). If any
provision of this License is held unenforceable, that provision shall be enforced to the maximum
extent permissible so as to give effect the intent of this License, and the remainder of this
License shall continue in full force and effect. This License shall be governed by the laws of the
State of Minnesota, and the federal laws of the United States, without reference to conflict of
laws principles. You agree that the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International
Sale of Goods is inapplicable to both this License and to the sale of the Product.

vii
XL8 Control Centre
Quick Reference Guide
Safety Precautions
Before installing, setting up or operating this equipment please ensure that
you have read and fully understand all of this section and the “IMPORTANT
SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS” at the front of this guide.
This equipment is supplied by a mains voltage that can cause electric shock injury!
The following special limitations must be observed in order to maintain safety and
electromagnetic compatibility performance.
Safety warnings
This equipment is fitted with two PowerCon® mains power sockets. For safety
reasons the earth leads must not be disconnected.
Signal 0V is connected internally to the chassis.
To completely disconnect this equipment from the AC mains, while observing
full safety precautions (see “Power” on page viii), switch off the five bay
isolator switches (rear of control centre) one at a time and then switch off the
mains at the two mains outlets that the PowerCon® mains leads are connected
to. It is now safe to isolate the control centre by unplugging the two
PowerCon® mains leads from rear of control centre.
Do not expose this equipment to dripping or splashing and ensure that no
objects filled with liquids, such as drinks glasses or cans, are placed on the
equipment.
To prevent shock or fire hazard, do not expose the equipment to rain or
moisture. To avoid electrical shock do not remove covers. Refer servicing to
qualified personnel only.
The power supplies - even the DC ones - have a high current!
General precautions
The following information gives basic safety precautions that should be observed to
reduce the risk of fire, electric shock and personal injury:
• Only properly trained service personnel familiar with this guide and with the
generally applicable safety regulations should service the equipment.
• Safety instructions detailed in the guide should be understood and properly
implemented.
• In the event of ground loop problems, disconnect the signal screen at one end of the
connecting cables. Note that this can only be done when the equipment is used
within a balanced system.
• Never operate damaged equipment and never operate equipment with damaged
cables.
• Any part that is damaged should be properly repaired or replaced. This must be
done by a fully trained and authorised service engineer.
• Observe all warnings, cautions etc. on any part of the equipment.
• Do not remove, hide or deface any warnings or cautions.

viii Safety Precautions
XL8 Control Centre
Quick Reference Guide
Power
THE XL8 SYSTEM COMPONENTS SHOULD NEVER BE OPERATED WITH THE
MAINS EARTH DISCONNECTED!
Please note that the system power supplies contain LETHAL VOLTAGES greatly in
excess of the mains voltage and that its rails can produce extremely large currents that
could burn out equipment and wiring if shorted. All testing and servicing must ONLY be
carried out by approved service engineers.
This apparatus should only be operated with the power supply connected to ground via
the ground in the mains connector.
The internal power supplies are of the switch mode type that automatically sense the
incoming mains voltage and will work where the nominal voltage is in the range
100VAC to 240VAC.
Two PowerCon® mains inlets are provided on the rear panel. The correct leads for
connection in the area to which the unit was shipped are supplied with the unit. The
equipment should only be plugged into the mains outlets using the supplied leads.
We strongly recommend that, for safety and to optimise the life and performance of the
equipment, the mains cable plugs are removed from the power outlets when the
equipment is not to be used for extended periods of time or during electrical storms.
When removing the equipment’s electric plugs from the outlets, always hold the plug
itself and not the cable. Pulling out the plug by the cable can damage it.
Never insert or remove an electric plug with wet hands.
Do not insert or remove a PowerCon® connector into/from the rear of control centre
with mains power and any of the mains bay switches on. You must make sure all mains
bay switches are off and mains is switched off at the power outlet(s) first.
When switching the five bay mains on/off switches on or off please make sure it is done
one at a time. It is important that you don’t switch on or off two or more
simultaneously.
Before switching the XL8 on or off, please make sure that all monitor loudspeaker
power amplifiers are turned off or muted.
Handling the equipment
Completely isolate the equipment electrically and disconnect all cables from the
equipment before moving it.
When lifting or moving the equipment, always take its size and weight into
consideration. If necessary, use suitable lifting equipment or transporting gear, or
sufficient additional personnel.
Do not insert your fingers or hand in any gaps or openings on the equipment, for
example, vents.
Avoid inserting or dropping foreign objects, such as paper, plastic, metal etc., into any
gaps or openings on the equipment, for example, vents. If this happens, immediately
disconnect the equipment from the AC mains; see “Safety warnings” on page vii. Then
have the equipment inspected by the manufacturer's qualified service personnel.
Do not press or rub on the sensitive surface of the GUI screens.
If the glass of the GUI screen is broken, liquid crystals shouldn’t leak through the break
due to the surface tension of the thin layer and the type of construction of the LCD
panel. However, in the unlikely event that you do make contact with this substance,
please wash it out with soap.

Safety Precautions ix
XL8 Control Centre
Quick Reference Guide
Installation
Before installing the equipment:
• Make sure the equipment is correctly connected to the protective earth conductor of
the mains voltage supply of the system installation through the mains leads.
• Power to the equipment must be via a fused spur.
• Power plugs must be inserted in socket outlets provided with protective earth
contacts. The electrical supply at the socket outlets must provide appropriate
over-current protection.
• Both the mains supply and the quality of earthing must be adequate for the
equipment.
• Before connecting up the equipment, check that the mains power supply voltage
rating corresponds with the local mains power supply. The rating of the mains power
supply voltage is printed on the equipment.
Location
• Ideally a cool area is preferred, away from power distribution equipment or other
potential sources of interference.
• Do not install the equipment in places of poor ventilation.
• Do not install this equipment in a location subjected to excessive heat, dust or
mechanical vibration. Allow for adequate ventilation around the equipment, making
sure that its fans and vents are not obstructed. To prevent excessive heating of the
equipment, avoid mounting it directly above power amplifiers or other devices that
radiate significant amounts of heat such as, radiators and heaters. Keep the
equipment out of direct sunlight.
• Do not place the equipment in an unstable condition where it might accidentally fall
over.
• Make sure that the mains voltage and fuse rating information of the equipment will
be visible after installation.
Audio connections
To ensure the correct and reliable operation of your XL8 Control Centre, only high
quality balanced, screened, twisted pair audio cable should be used.
XLR connector shells should be of metal construction so that they provide a screen
when connected to the console and, where appropriate, they should have Pin 1
connected to the cable screen.

xSafety Precautions
XL8 Control Centre
Quick Reference Guide
Radio frequency interference
Class B device
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital
device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide
reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This
equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed
and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio
communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a
particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or
television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the
user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following
measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the
receiver is connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for help.
Electric fields
Caution:
In accordance with Part 15 of the FCC Rules & Regulations, “… changes or
modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance
could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.”
Should this product be used in an electromagnetic field that is amplitude modulated by
an audio frequency signal (20Hz to 20kHz), the signal to noise ratio may be degraded.
Degradation of up to 60dB at a frequency corresponding to the modulation signal may
be experienced under extreme conditions (3V/m, 90% modulation).
Operation
To avoid electrical shock, never operate the equipment with the covers removed.
Safety equipment
Never remove, for example, covers, housings or any other safety guards. Do not
operate the equipment or any of its parts if safety guards are ineffective or their
effectiveness has been reduced.
Optional equipment
Unless advised otherwise, optional equipment must only be installed by service
personnel and in accordance with the appropriate assembly and usage regulations.
Special accessories
To comply with part 15 of the FCC Rules, any special accessories (that is, items that
cannot be readily obtained from multiple retail outlets) supplied with this equipment
must be used with this equipment; do not use any alternatives as they may not fulfil
the RF requirement.

xi
XL8 Control Surface
Operator Manual
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Warranty and registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
About this manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Intended readers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Equipment covered by this manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Document structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Symbols for control operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Page layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
‘Signposts’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Service and support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter 2 XL8 Live Performance System Overview . . . . . . . . . . .9
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
System hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
System interconnections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
FOH and MON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Audio physical connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Uses of the configurable audio connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Mix matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Console linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Input channel processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Mix channel processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Output channel processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Effects processing and GEQs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Control software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Resilience to failure (redundancy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Integration of third party software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
System documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chapter 3 XL8 Control Centre Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Bays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Control surface layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Input bay GUI display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Mix bay GUI display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Output bay GUI display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Pull-out keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Front and rear connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

xii Contents
XL8 Control Surface
Operator Manual
Chapter 4 Input Bays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Input signal routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Input bay control surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Input bay GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Mic amp - preliminary input processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Channel configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Input channel source (GUI only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Input channel direct output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Input channel safes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Input channel delay (GUI only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Processing order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Input channel gain and filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Direct out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Compressor (D zone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Compressor graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Gate (D zone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
EQ (E zone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Auxes and matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Master controls and fader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Side chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Select Side-Chain Source window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Input channel select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Chapter 5 Mix Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Mix bay control surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Mix bay GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Mix fast strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Meters, talk and dynamic/EQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
LCD and solo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Faders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Auxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Configuration controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Direct input controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Dual dynamics, side chain and talk mic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Insert controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Parametric EQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Matrix outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Faders and masters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Configuration controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Matrix outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Faders and masters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Bank/channel selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
VCA faders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
VCA/POP groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

Contents xiii
XL8 Control Surface
Operator Manual
Chapter 6 Output Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Output bay control surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Output bay GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Master overview strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Output fast strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Reset switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Comms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
talk mic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
signal generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
talk osc/routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
intercom and USB keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Solo system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
source and output (a and b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
afl, pfl and talk back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
monitor a and b output panel and meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Auto-mute groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Chapter 7 GUI Menu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Common screen elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
GUI menu overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
GUI menu flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Menu option identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Default screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Files screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Input Channels screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Input Channel Sheet screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
1 - 8 (input channels) screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Mix & Outputs screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Output Channel Sheet screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Aux Returns 1-16 (mix channels) screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Aux Sends 1 - 16 (mix channels) screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Matrix Outputs 1 - 16 screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Master Outputs screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Dashboard screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Population Groups screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Group management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Group Sheet screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
VCA Groups screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Mute Groups screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Talk Groups screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Rack Units screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Effects Sheet screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Automation screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Monitors screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Diagnostics screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Preferences screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
General screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Linking screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Lock screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

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Operator Manual
Admin screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Shutdown System screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Chapter 8 Connections, Setting Up And Powering Up . . . . . . . 145
Description of the XL8 connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Front and rear connector panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Front panel connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Keyboard connections and bay allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Rear panel connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Monitor connector panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
KVM, monitor and synchronisation connector panel . . . . . . . . .150
System interconnection panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Warnings, cautions and important information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Connecting up the XL8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Cable type and function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
Manual set-up of unit IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Powering the XL8 system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
To power up the XL8 system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
To power down the XL8 system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Switching the XL8 Control Centre on/off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
To switch on the XL8 Control Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
To switch off the XL8 Control Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Booting up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
GUI screen brightness - adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Chapter 9 Basic Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Control surface layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Hints and tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Check what is hidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Check the dashboard screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Saving a show versus storing a scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Working with the controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
To adjust a GUI control knob via glide pad/trackball . . . . . . . . . . .163
Selecting a detail area to the channel strip via the GUI . . . . . . . . .164
Operating the control knobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Operating the pushbuttons/switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
LCD buttons (control surface only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Faders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Quick access buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Using the keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Digital signal path and input routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
To ‘soft patch’ an input channel to a source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Navigating the inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
How input channels are displayed on the GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
To select a bank of input channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
To select an input channel by typing in its number . . . . . . . . . . . .170
To select an input channel via a switch or button . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
To select an input channel via the GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
To select a channel section to the GUI’s channel strip . . . . . . . . . .173

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Operator Manual
Setting a mic amplifier’s input gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
To set stage box gain/console gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Setting the high and low pass filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
To set both high and low pass filters in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Input equalisation (E zone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
To EQ the input signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Input dynamics processing (D zone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
To set up a compressor/limiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
To set up a gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
VCA/POP groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
To assign input channels to a VCA/POP group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
To set up the name and colour of a VCA/POP group . . . . . . . . . . . 180
To recall a VCA/POP input group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
To recall a VCA/POP output group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Navigating the outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
To select the output screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
To select a bank of auxes or returns to the mix bay . . . . . . . . . . . 183
To select an output channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Setting up a mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
To set up a mono aux mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
To program a mix preset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Setting up the effects rack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
To add an effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Routing an aux to an effect or output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
To route an aux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Simple routing to master stereo outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Scenes (automation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
To create a new show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
To save a show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
To load a show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
To store a scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
To recall a scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Naming inputs and outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
To change the name and colour of an input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
To change the name and colour of an output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Areas A and B (split surface/dual operation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Saving your show files to USB memory stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
To save a show file to a USB memory stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
To check active master controller via the GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Chapter 10 Advanced Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Mixer details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Mixing (buses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
To set up a stereo aux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
To set up a group (subgroup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
To set up a mix minus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Side chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
To select a side chain source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

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Security (locking mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Locking the XL8 control centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Unlocking the XL8 control centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Muting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Safes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Solo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Solo A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Solo B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
Solo hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
To select a bay as area B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
Solo in place (SIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Internal talk mic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
To select the internal talk mic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
External talkback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
To select external talkback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Talk groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
To use internal talk or osc routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
To activate a talk group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
To deactivate a talk group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
To set up a talk group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
To configure a talk group (GUI only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
Control groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Mute groups (auto-mutes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Assigning to a mute group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Stereo linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Input channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Output channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
Service information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Routine maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Cleaning the control centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Cleaning a GUI screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Equipment disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Chapter 11 Graphic Equaliser (GEQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
The Graphic EQs screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213
Front panel features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Graphic EQ section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Example of system connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Using the GEQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Studio and creative use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Live use (FOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Live use (MON) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Bypassing the EQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Equalising a system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
Preparing for equalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
Equalisation using an RTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
Effects of equalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Effects of equalisation on voice reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Effects of equalisation on music reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220