New Micros TiniARM User manual

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005
TiniARM Development Kit
User Manual V.3

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 1
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Get (with) the Program(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 LPC2000 Flash Utility Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Installing gnude on W2K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Included Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.0 Compiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Makefile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 simple.cmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 main.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 ivt.s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 start.s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.0 Downloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.0 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.0 Final Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.0 Helps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1 Compiler: arm-elf-gcc --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1.1 Compiler Target: arm-elf-gcc --target-help
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2 Assembler: arm-elf-as --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.3 Loader: arm-elf-ld --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.4 Translation: arm-elf-objcopy --help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 2
Compiling an Application for the TiniARM From Scratch
Programming the Arm processor in C can be done for free with the use of the freely available and multi-optioned GNU compilers. It can
be a little daunting with 70MB downloads and thousands of pages of text to wade through to find the essential ingredients to make the
recipe you're trying to implement. This manual assumes a neophyte level user and walks through the paces to get a bare application
running on the TiniARM. With the knowledge of this journey, it is hoped that you will be able to forge your own.
NOTE: Changes from first manual (V.1) are marked with a change bar like the one on the left.
1.0 Introduction
The first job is to get programs and documentation. Some comes with the software but sometimes they need documentation. Don't get
me wrong, it's great that there is a lot of documentation but it is vast and too many variables lie in the way of getting what I want. Where's
my hello world program with an interrupt for only 234 bytes? Not 42K of behemoth layers of OS parts and services (which have their own
empire of documentation). I often have to dig for a nugget of info to let me know which variable to modify each time something goes
wrong in compiling, but to find that nugget again would be almost impossible. So here are the steps and nuggets (most of them) I took to
get to the finish line.
To work with the target board you will need:
• the target board
• the development board
• power supply
• rs232 cable
• PC with COM port
• compiler
• downloader
• terminal program
• patience, luck and the NMI help forum
1.1 Overview
First, edit your source code;compile it with a compiler; link it and write it out with a loader; possibly translate the output to one
suitable for downloading; download the result to the target board; attach test equipment and reset board to test it out.
Note all the steps and also note that this is a command line affair, no GUI. Although some are available, I have none to recommend
yet.So crack the knuckles, rub the palms rapidly and push up the sleeves.In addition to being command line user interface (CLUI),
it is Unixish and needs a Unix-like environment to run in. This means using the terminal window in Mac OSX and an extra download
in Windows.
1.2 Get (with) the Program(s)
Whether you are running MacOSX, Windows or Linux, there's a precompiled application out there waiting to be downloaded. These
are big and always come with many more things that you and all of your related family would never be able to use, so be prepared for
a long download even on high speed connections. This document is tied to the gnude 1.2/1.1 release on Windows 2000 and
MacOSX. Search for gnude download or if this link is valid:
http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnude/
Page down and download the appropriate version for your platform(s).
In addition, for the Windows platform you will also need to download from redhat:
http://www.redhat.com/download/cygwin.html
To communicate with the board you will need to run another program on the PC available from Philips at:
http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/files/products/standard/microcontrollers/utilities/
lpc2000_flash_utility.zip
Download what you need and install (cygwin first on Windows).

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 3
A web page for the LPC2106 at Philips contains a useful number of links:
http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/pip/LPC2106.html
1.3 LPC2000 Flash Utility Notes
This tool is used to interact with the TiniARM processor over the serial port to move data between it, RAM, flash and the host
computer. It is mainly used to program the processor. The following points will save some time working with this tool.
• The utility for communicating with the processor for transferring data to and from the chip cannot be used to create a file which
is downloadable back to the chip because the first 0x3F bytes are not from the program in the rest of flash but are from the flash
bootloader and when the contents of flash is transferred to the program buffer, it takes the first 0x3F bytes from the bootloader
program and the rest of flash from whatever program is there. If this hex file is then put back into flash, the chip will not boot. To
fix it, the first 0x3F bytes must come from a file source which has the values figured. Or the bytes can be edited in the buffer.
The vector block has been shifted to 0x1E000 but the program prevents the user from seeing that part of flash.
• This has been fixed as of versionV2.2.0 and is available from the LPC2000 files section inYahoo groups:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lpc2000/files/
• There is a button to calculate the security code at 0x14 but it is on the flash buffer tool and is not needed for normal downloads.
• The tool cannot handle files which are both RAM and Flash. You will get messages complaining about memory out of range.
This could be something destined for RAM space like an initialized variable and could warrant a second look or it might not
bother you at all.
1.4 Installing gnude onW2K
Download and install cygwin to create a unix environment under windows. Put gnude under “ /cygwin ”. This is seen as just “ / ”
inside a cygwin shell. To set the PATH variable:
export PATH=$PATH:/gnude/bin:/gnude/arm-elf/bin
This will give you access to the tools with or without their prefixes. This means if there is no other gcc tools installed in your paths,
then gcc will be the same as arm-elf-gcc and can be used as a shortcut.
1.5 Included Files
• a.lst - assembly listing of example
• ivt.o - object file from compiling ivt.s
• ivt.s - source code containin the exception vectors for the beginning of flash
• libc.a - C library precompiled archive for use if needed
• lpc210x.h - header file with names for all the registers
• main.c - test program in C
• main.cmd - extra complicated loader script adapted from the tools
• main.hex - final output from compilation process
• main.map - map of symbols and memory
• main.o - compiled object from main.c
• main.out - the output from the loader/linker
• makefile - the script on how to make the test application
• simple.cmd - the script for where the test application fits in memory
• start.o - compiled object file for start.s
• start.s - start up code to set up the micro and transition into main in
2.0 Compiling
All the pieces for compiling in this example reside in one directory. This makes compiling simple. Just enter this command in the
directory with everything in it:
make test

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 4
Like magic all the (and only the) required steps are executed to get from multiple source files and libraries to a singular hex file ready for
download along with a memory map file and an assembled code listing. For the first run you should see something like this:
arm-elf-as -o start.o start.s
arm-elf-as -o ivt.o ivt.s
.compiling
..linking
arm-elf-ld -v -Map main.map -nostartfiles -T simple.cmd -o main.out start.o ivt.o main.o libc.a
GNU ld version 2.14 20030612
...copying
arm-elf-objcopy -O ihex main.out main.hex
As projects go, they are seldom simple, once underway for any length of time, so it is best to have some organization up front in terms of
structure. This is where the makefile and loader script come in. The makefile provides a singular point of controlling the compiling
process and a way of managing compiler options and file groupings. The loader script is the recipe for all the ingredients from the
compiler output and other precompiled archives (.a). The two files for these included here are simple and will need to be augmented as
an application grows. Probably the next best thing to add to the makefile is some semblence of proper directory structure where source
is kept separate from all the other pieces. The libc.a file is in the source directory for the simple directory structure in the makefile.
The following code example has been taken from application note 10254 and modified for this document and for the GNU compiler. But
it is a working example which can be built upon. The interrupt does not work yet and has not been debugged other than a test to see if
the interrupt routine was ever called (it wasn’t), indicating probably a configuration problem.
2.1 Makefile
# for making arm code Rob Chapman Apr 1, 04
NAME = test io
CC = arm-elf-gcc
LD = arm-elf-ld -v
AR = arm-elf-ar
AS = arm-elf-as
CP = arm-elf-objcopy
.SUFFIXES : .o .c .s
CFLAGS = -I./ -c -O3
AFLAGS = -ahls -mapcs-32
CAFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) -Wa,-ahls,-mapcs-32
LFLAGS = -Map main.map -nostartfiles -T simple.cmd
CPFLAGS = -O ihex
test: main.out
@ echo "...copying"
$(CP) $(CPFLAGS) main.out main.hex
main.out: start.o ivt.o main.o simple.cmd
@ echo "..linking"
$(LD) $(LFLAGS) -o main.out start.o ivt.o main.o libc.a
.c.o:
@ echo ".compiling"
@ $(CC) $(CAFLAGS) $< > a.lst
mainin: start.s ivt.s main.c

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 5
@ echo ".compiling"
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) start.s ivt.s main.c
2.2 simple.cmd
/* Simple command script for organizing memory Rob Chapman Apr 1, 04 */
SECTIONS
{
/* interrupt vectors */
. = 0x0; /* start of flash */
.interp :
{
*(.interp)
}
/* code and constants */
.text :
{
*(.text)
*(.strings)
*(.rodata.*)
*(.init)
*(.comment)
}
/* uninitialized data */
. = 0x40000000; /* start of ram */
.bss :
{
*(.bss)
*(COMMON)
*(.data)
}
}
2.3 main.c
/* code originally from phillips appnote 10254 */
/* *********************************************************
Function declarations
********************************************************* */
void IRQHandler(void);
void feed(void);
void Initialize(void);
/**********************************************************
Header files
**********************************************************/
#include "LPC210x.h"
#include <string.h>
// serial port
#define RDR 0x01

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 6
#define THRE 0x20
char rx_query(void)
{return UART0_LSR & RDR;
}
char tx_query(void)
{return UART0_LSR & THRE;
}
void tx(char c)
{UART0_THR = c;
}
char rx(void)
{return UART0_RBR;
}
void tx_str(char *s) // send a string
{while(*s) if (tx_query())
tx(*s++);
}
/**********************************************************
MAIN
**********************************************************/
void __main (void)
{char *x = (char *)0, *y = (char *)0x1000;
/* Initialize the system */
Initialize();
/* Start timer */
// Interrupts not working yet so this code is commented out for now
// TIMER1_TCR=0x1;
// For testing library inclusion
// memcpy(x,y,100);
// test banner
tx_str("\n\rTest echo\n\r");
// echo for main loop
while(1)
if (rx_query() && tx_query()) // received and ready to send
tx(rx()); // get and send
}

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/**********************************************************
Initialize
**********************************************************/
extern const char _text_start, _text_end;
extern char _data_start, _data_end;
#define PLOCK 0x400
void Initialize(void)
{
// memcpy(&_data_start, &_text_end, &_data_end - &_data_start);
// set io pins for leds red off, yellow off, green on
IODIR |= 0x03800000; // 23-25 are outputs
IOSET = 0x00800000; // green led on
IOCLR = 0x03000000; // red and yellow off
/*
* Initialize PLL (Configured for a 10MHz crystal) to
* boost processor clock to 60MHz
*/
/* Setting Multiplier and divider values */
PLLCFG=0x25;
feed();
/* Enabling the PLL */
PLLCON=0x1;
feed();
/* Wait for the PLL to lock to set frequency */
while(!(PLLSTAT & PLOCK)){}
/* Connect the PLL as the clock source */
PLLCON=0x3;
feed();
/*
* Enabling MAM and setting number of clocks used for
* Flash memory fetch
*/
MAMCR=0; // make sure MAM is off before adjusting
MAMTIM=0x3;
MAMCR=0x2;
/*
* Setting peripheral Clock (pclk) to System
* Clock (cclk)
*/
VPBDIV=0x1;
/* Initialize GPIO */
// IODIR=0xFFFF;
// IOSET=0xFFFF;
/* Initialize Timer 1 */

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 8
TIMER1_TCR=0x0;
TIMER1_TC=0x0;
TIMER1_PR=0x0;
TIMER1_PC=0x0;
/* End user has to fill in the match value */
TIMER1_MR0=0x123456;
/* Reset and interrupt on match */
TIMER1_MCR=0x3;
/* Initialize VIC */
VICIntSelect=0x0; /* Timer 1 selected as IRQ */
VICIntEnable= 0x20; /* Timer 1 interrupt enabled */
VICVectCntl0= 0x25;
/* Address of the ISR */
VICVectAddr0=(unsigned long)IRQHandler;
/* initialize serial port */
// initialize UART
PINSEL0 = 5; // enable UART0 in/out
UART0_FCR = 0x7; // enable and reset fifos
UART0_LCR = 0x83;// 8 bits; enable divisor latches
UART0_DLL = 0x87; // LSB divider for 60mhz to be 9600x16
UART0_DLM = 0x01; // MSB
UART0_LCR = 0x3; // disable divisor latches
}
/**********************************************************
Timer 1 ISR
**********************************************************/
void __attribute__((interrupt)) IRQHandler(void)
{
/*
* The Interrupt Service Routine code will come here. The
* interrupt needs to be cleared in Timer1 and a write must
* be performed on the VIC Vector Address Register to
* update the VIC priority hardware. Here the user could
* blink a few LED’s or toggle some port pins as an
* indication of being in the ISR
*/
IOSET = 0x01000000; // yellow led on
TIMER1_IR=0x1;
VICVectAddr=0xff;
}
void feed(void)
{
PLLFEED=0xAA;
PLLFEED=0x55;
}

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 9
2.4 ivt.s
@ code originally from phillips appnote 10254
@ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
@ Assembler Directives
@ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
.section .interp,"ax" @ alocateable and executable New Code section
@ compiler option : CODE32 @ ARM code
.extern start @ start symbol not
@ defined in this
@ section
Entry: @ Defines entry point
@ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
LDR PC, =_start
LDR PC, Undefined_Addr
LDR PC, SWI_Addr
LDR PC, Prefetch_Addr
LDR PC, Abort_Addr
@ At 0x14 the user should insert a signature (checksum).
@ This signature enables the bootloader to determine if
@ there is valid user code in the Flash. Currently most of
@ the Flash programming tools (debuggers and ISP utility)
@ have this feature built–in so the end user need not worry
@ about it. If the tool does not provide this feature then
@ the value has to be computed manually and has to be
@ inserted at 0x14. Details on computation of checksum
@ could be found in the Flash programming chapter in the
@ LPC2104/5/6 User Manual.
NOP @ for code to be
LDR PC, [PC, #0xFFFFF010] @ load irq vector from vic
LDR PC, FIQ_Addr
Undefined_Addr: .word Undefined_Handler
SWI_Addr: .word SWI_Handler
Prefetch_Addr: .word Prefetch_Handler
Abort_Addr: .word Abort_Handler
FIQ_Addr: .word FIQ_Handler
@ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
@ Exception Handlers
@ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
@ The following dummy handlers do not do anything useful in
@ this example. They are set up here for completeness.
Undefined_Handler:
B Undefined_Handler
SWI_Handler:
B SWI_Handler
Prefetch_Handler:
B Prefetch_Handler
Abort_Handler:
B Abort_Handler
FIQ_Handler:
B FIQ_Handler

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 10
END:
2.5 start.s
@// code originally from phillips appnote 10254
@ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
@ Assembler Directives
@ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
.section asm_code,"ax" @ New Code section
@ CODE32 @ ARM code
.extern __main @ main not defined
@ in this section
.global _start @ global symbol
@ referenced in
@ ivt.s
@ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
_start:
@ Set SP for Supervisor mode. Depending upon
@ the stack the application needs this value
@ needs to be set.
@ stack is already set by bootloader
@ but if this point is entered by any
@ other means than reset, the stack pointer
@ needs to be set explicity
@ LDR SP,=0x40001000
@ Setting up SP for IRQ and FIQ mode.
@ Change mode before setting each one
@ move back again to Supervisor mode
@ Each interrupt has its own link
@ register, stack pointer and program
@ counter The stack pointers must be
@ initialized for interrupts to be
@ used later.
@ setup for fiq and irq interrupt stacks to run
@ below current stack by 1000.
mov r0, sp @ copy current stack pointer
sub r0, r0, #1000 @ make irq stack pointer
sub r1, r0, #1000 @ make fiq stack pointer
msr cpsr_c, #0x12 @ switch to irq mode
mov sp, r0 @ set irq stack pointer
msr cpsr_c, #0x11 @ fiq mode
mov sp, r1 @ set fiq stack pointer
msr cpsr_c, #0x13 @ supervisor mode F,I enabled
@ Jump to C code
LDR lr, =__main
MOV pc, lr
3.0 Downloading
Once you’ve produced the Intel .hex file output as the final result of compiling, linking and translating, it is time to download it to the

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 11
component board. A word of note here to the unwary of jargon. Sometimes you will see upload to flash other times you will see
download to flash. As either transaction is just electrons jiggling in a wire, the direction doesn’t make sense, so just pay attention to the
destination.
The flash utility is fairly straight forward. Press the ... button to set the flash programming filename to the .hex file generated after all the
making is done (main.hex). Then press the update flash button. The first time is likely to fail because you’ve run your test program. So
wait for tthe timeout and error dialog and try again. This time you will receive a dialog asking you to reset the board. Make sure the
reboot jumper is on before you press the reset button. After you press the reset button, then click on the dialog and in about 10 seconds,
the download should be finished and it can be tested.
4.0 Testing
This phase usually ends quickly. The biggest part is the setup.
Switch either cables plugged into the board for a different com port hookup or switch comports between the download application and the
terminal application unless an LED display is fine for your purposes (With three colors, 8 states are possible.). The other thing to
remember is to remove the reboot jumper. Otherwise you will just boot back into the boot software. Press the reset pin with your terminal
program set to 9600, 8 bits and no parity. Hyperterm on Windows or Zterm on Mac OSX.
5.0 Final Result
There is a lot to get right and when it does you should see:
Test echo
and if you type, it should be echoed. Congratulations
6.0 Helps
These are the help screens from some of the tools and can be a useful reference:
6.1 Compiler: arm-elf-gcc --help
Usage: arm-elf-gcc [options] file...
Options:
-pass-exit-codes Exit with highest error code from a phase
--help Display this information
--target-help Display target specific command line options
(Use '-v --help' to display command line options of sub-processes)
-dumpspecs Display all of the built in spec strings
-dumpversion Display the version of the compiler
-dumpmachine Display the compiler's target processor
-print-search-dirs Display the directories in the compiler's search path
-print-libgcc-file-name Display the name of the compiler's companion library
-print-file-name=<lib> Display the full path to library <lib>
-print-prog-name=<prog> Display the full path to compiler component <prog>
-print-multi-directory Display the root directory for versions of libgcc
-print-multi-lib Display the mapping between command line options and
multiple library search directories
-print-multi-os-directory Display the relative path to OS libraries
-Wa,<options> Pass comma-separated <options> on to the assembler
-Wp,<options> Pass comma-separated <options> on to the preprocessor
-Wl,<options> Pass comma-separated <options> on to the linker
-Xlinker <arg> Pass <arg> on to the linker
-save-temps Do not delete intermediate files
-pipe Use pipes rather than intermediate files
-time Time the execution of each subprocess
-specs=<file> Override built-in specs with the contents of <file>
-std=<standard> Assume that the input sources are for <standard>
-B <directory> Add <directory> to the compiler's search paths
-b <machine> Run gcc for target <machine>, if installed

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 12
-V <version> Run gcc version number <version>, if installed
-v Display the programs invoked by the compiler
-### Like -v but options quoted and commands not executed
-E Preprocess only; do not compile, assemble or link
-S Compile only; do not assemble or link
-c Compile and assemble, but do not link
-o <file> Place the output into <file>
-x <language> Specify the language of the following input files
Permissible languages include: c c++ assembler none
'none' means revert to the default behavior of
guessing the language based on the file's extension
Options starting with -g, -f, -m, -O, -W, or --param are automatically
passed on to the various sub-processes invoked by arm-elf-gcc. In order to pass
other options on to these processes the -W<letter> options must be used.
6.1.1 CompilerTarget: arm-elf-gcc --target-help
Target specific options:
-mcaller-super-interworki Thumb: Assume function pointers may go to non-Thumb aware code
-mcallee-super-interworki Thumb: Assume non-static functions may be called from ARM code
-mtpcs-leaf-frame Thumb: Generate (leaf) stack frames even if not needed
-mtpcs-frame Thumb: Generate (non-leaf) stack frames even if not needed
-mthumb Compile for the Thumb not the ARM
-mlong-calls Generate call insns as indirect calls, if necessary
-msingle-pic-base Do not load the PIC register in function prologues
-mno-sched-prolog Do not move instructions into a function's prologue
-mabort-on-noreturn Generate a call to abort if a noreturn function returns
-mthumb-interwork Support calls between Thumb and ARM instruction sets
-mwords-little-endian Assume big endian bytes, little endian words
-mlittle-endian Assume target CPU is configured as little endian
-mbig-endian Assume target CPU is configured as big endian
-mhard-float Use hardware floating point instructions
-msoft-float Use library calls to perform FP operations
-malignment-traps The MMU will trap on unaligned accesses
-mapcs-reentrant Generate re-entrant, PIC code
-mapcs-float Pass FP arguments in FP registers
-mapcs-26 Use the 26-bit version of the APCS
-mapcs-32 Use the 32-bit version of the APCS
-mpoke-function-name Store function names in object code
-mapcs-frame Generate APCS conformant stack frames
-mpic-register= Specify the register to be used for PIC addressing
-mstructure-size-boundary Specify the minimum bit alignment of structures
-mfp= Specify the version of the floating point emulator
-march= Specify the name of the target architecture
-mcpu= Specify the name of the target CPU
ARM-specific assembler options:
-k generate PIC code
-mthumb assemble Thumb code
-mthumb-interwork support ARM/Thumb interworking
-moabi use old ABI (ELF only)
-mapcs-32 code uses 32-bit program counter
-mapcs-26 code uses 26-bit program counter
-mapcs-float floating point args are in fp regs
-mapcs-reentrant re-entrant code

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 13
-matpcs code is ATPCS conformant
-mbig-endian assemble for big-endian
-mlittle-endian assemble for little-endian
-mapcs-frame use frame pointer
-mapcs-stack-check use stack size checking
-mcpu=<cpu name> assemble for CPU <cpu name>
-march=<arch name> assemble for architecture <arch name>
-mfpu=<fpu name> assemble for FPU architecture <fpu name>
-EB assemble code for a big-endian cpu
-EL assemble code for a little-endian cpu
armelf:
-Bgroup Selects group name lookup rules for DSO
--disable-new-dtags Disable new dynamic tags
--enable-new-dtags Enable new dynamic tags
--eh-frame-hdr Create .eh_frame_hdr section
-z combreloc Merge dynamic relocs into one section and sort
-z defs Disallows undefined symbols
-z initfirst Mark DSO to be initialized first at runtime
-z interpose Mark object to interpose all DSOs but executable
-z loadfltr Mark object requiring immediate process
-z muldefs Allow multiple definitions
-z nocombreloc Don't merge dynamic relocs into one section
-z nocopyreloc Don't create copy relocs
-z nodefaultlib Mark object not to use default search paths
-z nodelete Mark DSO non-deletable at runtime
-z nodlopen Mark DSO not available to dlopen
-z nodump Mark DSO not available to dldump
-z now Mark object non-lazy runtime binding
-z origin Mark object requiring immediate $ORIGIN processing
at runtime
-z KEYWORD Ignored for Solaris compatibility
-p --no-pipeline-knowledge Stop the linker knowing about the pipeline length
--thumb-entry=<sym> Set the entry point to be Thumb symbol <sym>
6.2 Assembler: arm-elf-as --help
Usage: arm-elf-as [option...] [asmfile...]
Options:
-a[sub-option...] turn on listings
Sub-options [default hls]:
c omit false conditionals
d omit debugging directives
h include high-level source
l include assembly
m include macro expansions
n omit forms processing
s include symbols
=FILE list to FILE (must be last sub-option)
-D produce assembler debugging messages
--defsym SYM=VAL define symbol SYM to given value
-f skip whitespace and comment preprocessing
--gstabs generate stabs debugging information
--gdwarf2 generate DWARF2 debugging information
--help show this message and exit
--target-help show target specific options

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 14
-I DIR add DIR to search list for .include directives
-J don't warn about signed overflow
-K warn when differences altered for long displacements
-L,--keep-locals keep local symbols (e.g. starting with `L')
-M,--mri assemble in MRI compatibility mode
--MD FILE write dependency information in FILE (default none)
-nocpp ignored
-o OBJFILE name the object-file output OBJFILE (default a.out)
-R fold data section into text section
--statistics print various measured statistics from execution
--strip-local-absolute strip local absolute symbols
--traditional-format Use same format as native assembler when possible
--version print assembler version number and exit
-W --no-warn suppress warnings
--warn don't suppress warnings
--fatal-warnings treat warnings as errors
--itbl INSTTBL extend instruction set to include instructions
matching the specifications defined in file INSTTBL
-w ignored
-X ignored
-Z generate object file even after errors
--listing-lhs-width set the width in words of the output data column of
the listing
--listing-lhs-width2 set the width in words of the continuation lines
of the output data column; ignored if smaller than
the width of the first line
--listing-rhs-width set the max width in characters of the lines from
the source file
--listing-cont-lines set the maximum number of continuation lines used
for the output data column of the listing
ARM-specific assembler options:
-k generate PIC code
-mthumb assemble Thumb code
-mthumb-interwork support ARM/Thumb interworking
-moabi use old ABI (ELF only)
-mapcs-32 code uses 32-bit program counter
-mapcs-26 code uses 26-bit program counter
-mapcs-float floating point args are in fp regs
-mapcs-reentrant re-entrant code
-matpcs code is ATPCS conformant
-mbig-endian assemble for big-endian
-mlittle-endian assemble for little-endian
-mapcs-frame use frame pointer
-mapcs-stack-check use stack size checking
-mcpu=<cpu name> assemble for CPU <cpu name>
-march=<arch name> assemble for architecture <arch name>
-mfpu=<fpu name> assemble for FPU architecture <fpu name>
-EB assemble code for a big-endian cpu
-EL assemble code for a little-endian cpu
6.3 Loader: arm-elf-ld --help
Usage: arm-elf-ld [options] file...
Options:
-a KEYWORD Shared library control for HP/UX compatibility

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 15
-A ARCH, --architecture ARCH
Set architecture
-b TARGET, --format TARGET Specify target for following input files
-c FILE, --mri-script FILE Read MRI format linker script
-d, -dc, -dp Force common symbols to be defined
-e ADDRESS, --entry ADDRESS Set start address
-E, --export-dynamic Export all dynamic symbols
-EB Link big-endian objects
-EL Link little-endian objects
-f SHLIB, --auxiliary SHLIB Auxiliary filter for shared object symbol table
-F SHLIB, --filter SHLIB Filter for shared object symbol table
-g Ignored
-G SIZE, --gpsize SIZE Small data size (if no size, same as --shared)
-h FILENAME, -soname FILENAME
Set internal name of shared library
-I PROGRAM, --dynamic-linker PROGRAM
Set PROGRAM as the dynamic linker to use
-l LIBNAME, --library LIBNAME
Search for library LIBNAME
-L DIRECTORY, --library-path DIRECTORY
Add DIRECTORY to library search path
-m EMULATION Set emulation
-M, --print-map Print map file on standard output
-n, --nmagic Do not page align data
-N, --omagic Do not page align data, do not make text readonly
--no-omagic Page align data, make text readonly
-o FILE, --output FILE Set output file name
-O Optimize output file
-Qy Ignored for SVR4 compatibility
-q, --emit-relocs Generate relocations in final output
-r, -i, --relocateable Generate relocateable output
-R FILE, --just-symbols FILE
Just link symbols (if directory, same as --rpath)
-s, --strip-all Strip all symbols
-S, --strip-debug Strip debugging symbols
--strip-discarded Strip symbols in discarded sections
--no-strip-discarded Do not strip symbols in discarded sections
-t, --trace Trace file opens
-T FILE, --script FILE Read linker script
-u SYMBOL, --undefined SYMBOL
Start with undefined reference to SYMBOL
--unique [=SECTION] Don't merge input [SECTION | orphan] sections
-Ur Build global constructor/destructor tables
-v, --version Print version information
-V Print version and emulation information
-x, --discard-all Discard all local symbols
-X, --discard-locals Discard temporary local symbols (default)
--discard-none Don't discard any local symbols
-y SYMBOL, --trace-symbol SYMBOL
Trace mentions of SYMBOL
-Y PATH Default search path for Solaris compatibility
-(, --start-group Start a group
-), --end-group End a group
--accept-unknown-input-arch Accept input files whose architecture cannot be determined
--no-accept-unknown-input-arch

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 16
Reject input files whose architecture is unknown
-assert KEYWORD Ignored for SunOS compatibility
-Bdynamic, -dy, -call_shared
Link against shared libraries
-Bstatic, -dn, -non_shared, -static
Do not link against shared libraries
-Bsymbolic Bind global references locally
--check-sections Check section addresses for overlaps (default)
--no-check-sections Do not check section addresses for overlaps
--cref Output cross reference table
--defsym SYMBOL=EXPRESSION Define a symbol
--demangle [=STYLE] Demangle symbol names [using STYLE]
--embedded-relocs Generate embedded relocs
-fini SYMBOL Call SYMBOL at unload-time
--force-exe-suffix Force generation of file with .exe suffix
--gc-sections Remove unused sections (on some targets)
--no-gc-sections Don't remove unused sections (default)
--help Print option help
-init SYMBOL Call SYMBOL at load-time
-Map FILE Write a map file
--no-define-common Do not define Common storage
--no-demangle Do not demangle symbol names
--no-keep-memory Use less memory and more disk I/O
--no-undefined Allow no undefined symbols
--allow-shlib-undefined Allow undefined symbols in shared objects (the default)
--no-allow-shlib-undefined Do not allow undefined symbols in shared objects
--allow-multiple-definition Allow multiple definitions
--no-undefined-version Disallow undefined version
--no-warn-mismatch Don't warn about mismatched input files
--no-whole-archive Turn off --whole-archive
--noinhibit-exec Create an output file even if errors occur
-nostdlib Only use library directories specified on
the command line
--oformat TARGET Specify target of output file
-qmagic Ignored for Linux compatibility
--relax Relax branches on certain targets
--retain-symbols-file FILE Keep only symbols listed in FILE
-rpath PATH Set runtime shared library search path
-rpath-link PATH Set link time shared library search path
-shared, -Bshareable Create a shared library
--sort-common Sort common symbols by size
--spare-dynamic-tags COUNT How many tags to reserve in .dynamic section
--split-by-file [=SIZE] Split output sections every SIZE octets
--split-by-reloc [=COUNT] Split output sections every COUNT relocs
--stats Print memory usage statistics
--target-help Display target specific options
--task-link SYMBOL Do task level linking
--traditional-format Use same format as native linker
--section-start SECTION=ADDRESS
Set address of named section
-Tbss ADDRESS Set address of .bss section
-Tdata ADDRESS Set address of .data section
-Ttext ADDRESS Set address of .text section
--verbose Output lots of information during link
--version-script FILE Read version information script

TiniARM Development Kit: User Manual Jan 3, 2005 17
--version-exports-section SYMBOL
Take export symbols list from .exports, using
SYMBOL as the version.
--warn-common Warn about duplicate common symbols
--warn-constructors Warn if global constructors/destructors are seen
--warn-multiple-gp Warn if the multiple GP values are used
--warn-once Warn only once per undefined symbol
--warn-section-align Warn if start of section changes due to alignment
--fatal-warnings Treat warnings as errors
--whole-archive Include all objects from following archives
--wrap SYMBOL Use wrapper functions for SYMBOL
--mpc860c0 [=WORDS] Modify problematic branches in last WORDS (1-10,
default 5) words of a page
arm-elf-ld: supported targets: elf32-littlearm elf32-bigarm elf32-little elf32-big
srec symbolsrec tekhex binary ihex
arm-elf-ld: supported emulations: armelf
arm-elf-ld: emulation specific options:
armelf:
-Bgroup Selects group name lookup rules for DSO
--disable-new-dtags Disable new dynamic tags
--enable-new-dtags Enable new dynamic tags
--eh-frame-hdr Create .eh_frame_hdr section
-z combreloc Merge dynamic relocs into one section and sort
-z defs Disallows undefined symbols
-z initfirst Mark DSO to be initialized first at runtime
-z interpose Mark object to interpose all DSOs but executable
-z loadfltr Mark object requiring immediate process
-z muldefs Allow multiple definitions
-z nocombreloc Don't merge dynamic relocs into one section
-z nocopyreloc Don't create copy relocs
-z nodefaultlib Mark object not to use default search paths
-z nodelete Mark DSO non-deletable at runtime
-z nodlopen Mark DSO not available to dlopen
-z nodump Mark DSO not available to dldump
-z now Mark object non-lazy runtime binding
-z origin Mark object requiring immediate $ORIGIN processing
at runtime
-z KEYWORD Ignored for Solaris compatibility
-p --no-pipeline-knowledge Stop the linker knowing about the pipeline length
--thumb-entry=<sym> Set the entry point to be Thumb symbol <sym>
6.4Translation: arm-elf-objcopy --help
Usage: arm-elf-objcopy [option(s)] in-file [out-file]
Copies a binary file, possibly transforming it in the process
The options are:
-I --input-target <bfdname> Assume input file is in format <bfdname>
-O --output-target <bfdname> Create an output file in format <bfdname>
-B --binary-architecture <arch> Set arch of output file, when input is binary
-F --target <bfdname> Set both input and output format to <bfdname>
--debugging Convert debugging information, if possible
-p --preserve-dates Copy modified/access timestamps to the output
-j --only-section <name> Only copy section <name> into the output
-R --remove-section <name> Remove section <name> from the output
-S --strip-all Remove all symbol and relocation information

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-g --strip-debug Remove all debugging symbols
--strip-unneeded Remove all symbols not needed by relocations
-N --strip-symbol <name> Do not copy symbol <name>
-K --keep-symbol <name> Only copy symbol <name>
-L --localize-symbol <name> Force symbol <name> to be marked as a local
-G --keep-global-symbol <name> Localize all symbols except <name>
-W --weaken-symbol <name> Force symbol <name> to be marked as a weak
--weaken Force all global symbols to be marked as weak
-x --discard-all Remove all non-global symbols
-X --discard-locals Remove any compiler-generated symbols
-i --interleave <number> Only copy one out of every <number> bytes
-b --byte <num> Select byte <num> in every interleaved block
--gap-fill <val> Fill gaps between sections with <val>
--pad-to <addr> Pad the last section up to address <addr>
--set-start <addr> Set the start address to <addr>
{--change-start|--adjust-start} <incr>
Add <incr> to the start address
{--change-addresses|--adjust-vma} <incr>
Add <incr> to LMA, VMA and start addresses
{--change-section-address|--adjust-section-vma} <name>{=|+|-}<val>
Change LMA and VMA of section <name> by <val>
--change-section-lma <name>{=|+|-}<val>
Change the LMA of section <name> by <val>
--change-section-vma <name>{=|+|-}<val>
Change the VMA of section <name> by <val>
{--[no-]change-warnings|--[no-]adjust-warnings}
Warn if a named section does not exist
--set-section-flags <name>=<flags>
Set section <name>'s properties to <flags>
--add-section <name>=<file> Add section <name> found in <file> to output
--rename-section <old>=<new>[,<flags>] Rename section <old> to <new>
--change-leading-char Force output format's leading character style
--remove-leading-char Remove leading character from global symbols
--redefine-sym <old>=<new> Redefine symbol name <old> to <new>
--srec-len <number> Restrict the length of generated Srecords
--srec-forceS3 Restrict the type of generated Srecords to S3
--strip-symbols <file> -N for all symbols listed in <file>
--keep-symbols <file> -K for all symbols listed in <file>
--localize-symbols <file> -L for all symbols listed in <file>
--keep-global-symbols <file> -G for all symbols listed in <file>
--weaken-symbols <file> -W for all symbols listed in <file>
--alt-machine-code <index> Use alternate machine code for output
--prefix-symbols <prefix> Add <prefix> to start of every symbol name
--prefix-sections <prefix> Add <prefix> to start of every section name
--prefix-alloc-sections <prefix>
Add <prefix> to start of every allocatable
section name
-v --verbose List all object files modified
-V --version Display this program's version number
-h --help Display this output
--info List object formats & architectures supported
arm-elf-objcopy: supported targets: elf32-littlearm elf32-bigarm elf2-little elf32-big
srec symbolsrec tekhex binary ihex