Nortroll LineTroll 110Em User manual

06.02.2014
LINETROLL 110E/110Eµr User Guide February 2010 Page 1 of 16
LineTroll110Eµ
LineTroll110Eµr
User Manual

LINETROLL 110E/110Eµr User Guide February 2010 Page 2 of 16
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. LINETROLL 110E/110EµR OVERVIEW ........................................................... 3
2. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION............................................................................. 3
2.1. Sensors......................................................................................................................... 4
2.2. Activation criteria....................................................................................................... 4
2.3. Indication .................................................................................................................... 4
2.4. Reset criteria............................................................................................................... 5
2.5. Battery lifetime / maintenance .................................................................................. 5
2.6. Low battery warning.................................................................................................. 5
2.7. Low battery warning reset......................................................................................... 5
2.8. Fault sensitivity........................................................................................................... 5
3. APPLICATION..................................................................................................... 6
4. APPLICATION NOTES........................................................................................ 7
4.1. Energising a healthy line............................................................................................ 7
4.2. Connecting a faulty line while the indicator is activated........................................ 7
4.3. Transient fault ............................................................................................................ 8
4.4. Fused lines................................................................................................................... 8
4.5. Multiple faults............................................................................................................. 8
4.6. Capacitive discharges................................................................................................. 9
4.7. PROGRAMMING.................................................................................................... 10
4.7.1. Di/dt sensing ........................................................................................................... 10
4.7.2. Threshold sensing ................................................................................................... 10
4.7.3. Start/Stop criteria.................................................................................................... 10
4.7.4. Timer reset.............................................................................................................. 10
4.7.5. Auto-Reset .............................................................................................................. 10
4.7.6. Programming of radio addresses............................................................................. 10
5. MAINTENANCE................................................................................................. 11
5.1. Battery replacement................................................................................................. 11
5.2. Reset battery monitoring......................................................................................... 11
6. INDICATOR HOUSING...................................................................................... 11
7. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS....................................................................... 12
8. DIMENSIONS .................................................................................................... 13
9. MOUNTING........................................................................................................ 13
10. FLASHING SEQUENCES: ................................................................................ 15
Terms:
Energised line: Voltage or current present
De-energised line: Voltage or current not present
LT: LineTroll
Ordering info:
Prod.no.: Product:
04-1200-00: LT-110Eµ - new line clamp
04-1200-01: LT-110Eµr (with radio & new line-clamp)

LINETROLL 110E/110Eµr User Guide February 2010 Page 3 of 16
1. LINETROLL 110E/110Eµr
OVERVIEW
LINETROLL 110E(110E) is a line
mounted fault indicator for local
indication.
LINETROLL 110Er(110Er) has the
same functionality as the 110Eu but has an
integrated radio that communicate with a
pole-mounted device named Collector
(CmT-110C, -115C or others) that can be
interfaced to a SCADA-RTU or a
communication device by means of dry
relay contacts or serial-port for remote
indication of faults.
Unless especially mentioned, all the
following information is valid for both
110Eµ and 110Eµr.
It is a single phase unit, but as they
normally are used in groups of 3, to fully
cover different fault configurations that
may occur, they are delivered as kit of
3 units each package.
It is a Fault Passage Indicator; detects
down-streams fault in OH-distribution
network; short circuit and earth fault if the
network provide sufficient earth fault
current.
The indicators are placed at strategic
locations along the line such as after
branching points and sectionalisers. It
mounts directly on the high voltage
conductor.
Live line mounting is easily and rapidly
done with a grip-all clamp Hot-Stick.
Upon fault sensing, all indicators installed
in the faulty phase(s) between the feeding
substation and the fault will operate. The
indicators placed behind the fault or in the
non-damaged phase(s) remain idle.
Upon detecting a fault on the line, the
indication by means of an intermittent
LED- flash (3 red LED’s and 1 amber LED
indication for permanent fault and one
Green LED for a transient faults).
This LED-flash can be seen within 100-200
metres distance. The lens of the indicator
allows for uniform 360 degrees
monitoring.
LINETROLL 110Er provides fast fault
location enabling reduction in outage
times. This represents enhanced service to
the customers thereby improving the
utilities image.
Another important aspect of using fault
indicators is that unnecessary operations of
circuit breakers and sectionalisers to locate
the fault are avoided. This way the
indicators help reduce wear and tear as
reclosing cycle causes stress to the
switchgear.
2. FUNCTIONAL
DESCRIPTION
LINETROLL 110Econtinuously
monitors the line voltage and phase
current, the sources of information it needs
to operate. The unit is fully self contained,
no external transformers or connections are
required.
During normal line conditions; the 110E
does not flash.
The indicator is looking for a specific
sequence of line conditions to happen
before it starts indicating locally and
remotely. The general sequence is as
follows:
A. The line should be energised (voltage
or current present) for at least 5
seconds.
B. The line current should increase
instantaneously by the amount of a user
set value (the step level), or exceed a
threshold value.
C. The line should be de-energised.
voltage or current not present (optional)

LINETROLL 110E/110Eµr User Guide February 2010 Page 4 of 16
However, the user might program the
criteria for operation to suit his local
requirement by manipulating a bank of
micro-switches inside the indicator.
Note: Voltage or current as start and
stop criteria are user programmable.
2.1. Sensors
The magnetic field generated by the line
current induces a signal in the indicator
pickup coil. The induced signal is applied
to a di/dt sensor in order to discriminate
between fault current and load current.
The di/dt sensor detects instant current in-
creases as is the case when faults occur.
The trip level of the di/dt can be set to 6,
12, 25, 60, or 120 A by means of a switch
bank inside the unit.
A normal variation of the load current will
not activate LINETROLL 110E.
Figure 1: Magnetic field sensor principle.
Figure 2: Electric field sensor principle
The line voltage is detected by means of an
aerial placed inside the indicator.
2.2. Activation criteria
LINETROLL 110Ecan be easily set to
operate in the wanted mode by altering a
number of switches inside the unit.
In order to avoid activating the indicator
due to the magnetising inrush current of the
line, it's di/dt sensor is blocked for 5 sec.
upon re-energising of the line. While the
blocking time elapses, the line current
stabilises and does not cause triggering of
the di/dt sensor.
A fault duration exceeding 60ms is
required to activate the indicator.
In addition to its di/dt sensor,
LINETROLL 110Eincorporates a
common threshold sensor with threshold
levels of 250, 500A, 750A or 1000A. The
threshold criterion, if enabled, activates the
indicator if the fault current exceeds the
selected level. (The inrush blocking is still
active in this mode)
A rapid line current increase followed by a
de-energising of the line within 5 sec. will
activate the indicator.
It can also be set to indicate upon a rapid
current increase without looking for a de-
energised line.
2.3. Indication
The main indication; 4 red/amber LED’s
indicates permanent faults. The secondary
indication is a single green LED.
Transient fault: Only the green LED
flashes for 24h.
Permanent fault: Both green and
red *) until reset (timer-, auto- or
manual-reset).
*) Note: to verify a permanent fault, the red
Indication is delayed 70 sec. See more
detailed info Ch 10 Flashing sequence.

LINETROLL 110E/110Eµr User Guide February 2010 Page 5 of 16
2.4. Reset criteria
The indicator automatically resets in two
different ways:
1) When the line is energised. The voltage
or current sensor detects that the line is
energised and can in turn reset the
indicator after 30 seconds of
continuously energised line
2) Automatic reset by internal timer.
This timer can be set to:
2, 6, 12 or 24 hours
The indicator can also be reset manually at
any time by use of a magnet, or by use of
the mounting and testing tool KBN-3.
2.5. Battery lifetime / maintenance
A 3,6V 16,5 Ah Lithium battery powers
the indicator. When idle, the 110Eµ
consumption is a few micro-Amps only,
giving some 9-10 years battery lifetime in
normal service. The 110Eµr approx. 5
years due to the additional power
consumption for the radio.
When the unit is activated, approximately
4 mA are consumed, giving more than
1500 hours of flashing capacity. The
battery is fitted with a connector for simple
replacement.
Figure 3: Initial battery capacity.
Figure 4: Remaining battery capacity as a
function of years and temperature
2.6. Low battery warning
During the last few months of the battery’s
life, an amber LED with a low flashing
frequency will indicate that less than 20%
of capacity remains and that there is a need
for battery replacement.
The 110Eµr will in addition send a
message “Low battery” to the Collector.
2.7. Low battery warning reset
In the case of battery replacement the
battery capacity monitoring must be reset.
See Ch 5.2.
2.8. Fault sensitivity
The indicator’s di/dt sensitivity is limited
by the load current.
See table in Ch. 7. TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATIONS.
The indicator detects short-circuit- as well
as earth-faults provided the di/dt current
change exceeds the detection level or
absolute threshold level dependent on
programming.

LINETROLL 110E/110Eµr User Guide February 2010 Page 6 of 16
3. APPLICATION
The application of LINETROLL 110Eµ
usually requires a previous line survey so
that the best use of it may be obtained.
For the best economic benefit it is recom-
mended that the indicators are used:

In easily accessibly line points for easy
monitoring of the indicator in case of
fault, for instance near the road. It is
advisable to take binoculars.

Before and after line points difficult to
reach (mountains, woods, etc.) to
quickly locate the fault.

Next to line branching points, to easily
locate the damaged branch.
When installing indicators at such
points, the use of indicators in every
branch is recommended in order to
provide complete information in the
event of fault. Not doing so may cause
confusion since there may be an
indication in a branch due to a non-
permanent fault while another branch
without indicator may be faulty yet
considered healthy.

Near line points with sectionalisers to
rapidly pinpoint and isolate the fault to
facilitate rapid reconnection the healthy
sections.
LINETROLL-110Er is suitable in:

6-69kV Distribution networks
including SWER-lines.

Radial lines.

Multiple circuit lines (Current reset
must be used)

Solidly-earthed-neutral networks.

Compensated and impedance-earthed-
neutral networks. If indication of earth-
faults are required, the indicators
sensitivity and the networks residual
fault current has to be taken into
account.

On conductors of 5-36 mm diameter.
with special emphasis on:

Areas with unpredictable electro-
magnetic fields caused for example by
parallel lines, as a better suited
complement to the three-phase fault
indicator LINETROLL 111K.
Do not use LINETROLL 110Er on:

Ring lines or multiple fed lines.

LINETROLL 110E/110Eµr User Guide February 2010 Page 7 of 16
4. APPLICATION NOTES
The aim of this section is to describe how
the LINETROLL 110Eindicator behaves
in different service situations and network
events.
4.1. Energising a healthy line
As the magnetising inrush current of a line
can be very high, the indicator is provided
with a 5 seconds blocking which prevents
it from being activated until the line current
is stabilised. Once the blocking time has
elapsed, the indicator is enabled for fault
detection.
See Figure 5.
.
Figure 5: Criterion of the blocking time.
a) shows the sequence when a fault occurs less
than 5 sec after line has been energised:
No Indication.
If, upon re-energising of the line, the unit is
indicating due to a previous fault, the unit
will reset if the voltage- or current reset
option is enabled, but even in this case the
indicator will flash for 30 seconds
(depending on the programming, see 4.7)
before finally extinguishing. See Figure 6.
Figure 6: Delayed reset of flashing.
4.2. Connecting a faulty line while the
indicator is activated
Closing a breaker onto a fault leads to
another trip almost instantly.
As the activated indicator needs 30 seconds
with the line energised in order to reset, it
will continue indicating.
See Figure 7.
Figure 7: Reclosing upon a faulted line.

LINETROLL 110E/110Eµr User Guide February 2010 Page 8 of 16
4.3. Transient fault
Transient fault cleared within the last
automatic reclosing, will be detected by the
green LED. The LED will flash for 24
hours as extended transient indication.
If a new fault occurs within timeout (24h),
the indicator will reset the green LED and
indicate for the new fault.
4.4. Fused lines
One operation criterion (assuming
automatic voltage reset is enabled) is that,
after a fault, three-phase disconnection of
the line has to be carried out. If, instead of
a three-phase trip, a fuse operates in one or
two phases, the voltage of the healthy
phase(s) may cause no indication or reset
of indication.
This is true for indicators placed before the
fuse as well as after it.
When the criterion of automatic voltage
reset is enabled, LINETROLL-110Er is
not activated unless the fault causes a
three-phase trip in the feeding within 5
seconds after the occurrence of the fault.
If there is one disconnection within 5 sec,
followed by an automatic reclosing causing
a fuse-operation, the indication starts, but
will reset after 30 sec.
If the automatic reset is switched off, the
indicator will continue flashing until it is
reset manually or after the automatic timer
period has elapsed.
4.5. Multiple faults
Multiple faults sometimes occur. Defective
network components may burn or break
due to the electro-dynamic force of the
fault current and cause a second fault.
Another cause of multiple faults is the
increase in the phase to ground voltage on
the healthy phases due to the initial earth
fault.
The phase to ground voltage may reach up
to 1.7 times the nominal voltage,
depending on the total impedance of the
earth loop. If there are weak points in the
line, they may not withstand such a large
voltage increase. This type of fault may be
difficult to find as they often are non-
permanent and only appear in situations
like the ones mentioned here.
Note: In this situation the indicators
may show non-consequent indication.
<5s
Line
I
Indication
24h
Extended transient fault
indication
Green
LED

LINETROLL 110E/110Eµr User Guide February 2010 Page 9 of 16
4.6. Capacitive discharges
The LINETROLL-110Er indicator is not
directional, it therefore detects current
without discriminating its direction. In case
of an earth fault, the network capacitive
energy discharges in the fault point. It
should be checked that the capacitive
discharge current downstream the indicator
is below preset trip level in order to avoid
the indicator erroneously activating upon
earth faults.
If the total capacitive current exceeds the
trip level, it is advisable to change the trip
level or install the indicators in the
branching points instead of in the main
line. The capacitive discharge of a
branching point is limited by its own
capacitance, while in the main line the
capacitive current of all the branches
downstream the indicator is added.
Underground cables have larger
capacitance than overhead lines. This has
to be taken into account when an overhead
line feeds an underground cable.
The following simplified formula may be
used to estimate the capacitive discharge
current of a line:
Ic = U * La + U * Lc
300 K
Ic = Capacitive current in A
U = Nominal voltage in kV
La = Overhead line length in km
Lc = Cable length in km
K = 10; for oil impregnated cables
5; for PEX cables
3; for PVC cables
In order to avoid that the LINETROLL-
110Er is activated by an earth fault
downstream the indicator, the following
criterion has to be met.
Ic < It
where
Ic = capacitive current downstream
the indicator.
It = Setting of sensitivity (6 –120A)
To estimate the capacitive discharge
current at any line point, you have to
calculate the contribution from all the
overhead lines and underground cables
lengths only beyond that point.
Figure 8: Capacitive discharge current
calculation example

LINETROLL 110E/110Eµr User Guide February 2010 Page 10 of 16
4.7. PROGRAMMING
Programming of the unit is done from a
switch-bank on the printed circuit board.
Figure 9: Close-up of switch-banks.
The indicator can be programmed to
different current levels for either di/dt-
sensing or threshold sensing.
4.7.1. Di/dt sensing
Switch #
Di/dt Current level
1
2
3
8
0
0
0
0
6 A
0
0
1
0
12 A
0
1
0
0
25 A
0
1
1
0
60 A
0
1
1
1
120 A
Table 1: Di/dt setting
4.7.2. Threshold sensing
Switch #
Threshold level
1
2
3
8
1
0
0
1
250 A
1
0
1
1
500 A
1
1
0
1
750 A
1
1
1
1
1000 A
Table 2: Threshold setting
4.7.3. Start/Stop criteria
4
Start/Stop criteria
0
Current
1
Voltage
Table 3: Start/Stop criteria.
4.7.4. Timer reset
5
6
Timer reset
0
0
2 hours
0
1
6 hours
1
0
12 hours
1
1
24 hours
Table 4: Timer reset
4.7.5. Auto-Reset
Programming of the automatic reset (AR)
of indication when line has been energised
for more than 30 sec (voltage or current).
7
AR
0
OFF
1
ON *)
Table 5: Auto-Reset
*) Note:
If Auto-Reset = ON, then CB-trip
(circuit-breaker trip) must occur
within 5 sec before indication starts.
Note:
To enable new switch-settings, a
RESET of the indicator is
required; reconnection of the
battery or a magnet at the
RESET-spot.
4.7.6. Programming of radio addresses
For programming of the radio addresses
please refer to the User Guide for the
Collector.