Oilon VSi 6-14 User manual

M8011 2204EN
25 January 2022
Installation and
operation manual
VSi 6-14, VMi 6-17
ÄssäControl

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Safety notice and warnings........................................................................ 3
1.2 Transportation............................................................................................. 5
1.3 Product description..................................................................................... 5
1.4 System structure and operation..................................................................6
1.5 Optional accessories...................................................................................9
2 Installation
2.1 Before installation......................................................................................11
2.2 Bivalent operation: use with supplementary heating................................ 11
2.3 Installation site requirements.................................................................... 11
2.4 Removing the packaging and inspecting the contents............................. 12
2.5 Removing transportation supports............................................................13
2.6 HVAC installation...................................................................................... 13
2.6.1 Detaching crown plate.............................................................................. 14
2.6.2 Brine circuit and fill and bleed unit installation, VSi..................................15
2.6.3 Brine circuit and fill and bleed unit installation, VMi................................. 16
2.6.4 Filling and bleeding the brine circuit.........................................................16
2.6.5 Heating circuit connections.......................................................................18
2.6.6 Filling and bleeding the storage tank and the heating circuits..................18
2.6.7 Domestic hot water connections...............................................................19
2.6.8 Speed control for heating circuit pumps...................................................20
2.6.9 HVAC checklist......................................................................................... 21
2.7 Electrical installation and external sensors...............................................21
2.7.1 Supply connections...................................................................................22
2.7.2 Outdoor temperature sensor.....................................................................22
2.7.3 Room temperature sensor (optional)........................................................23
2.7.4 Load guard................................................................................................23
2.7.5 Electrical installation checklist.................................................................. 24
3 Commissioning
3.1 Preparations.............................................................................................. 25
3.2 First start checklist....................................................................................25
3.3 Typical problems during commissioning...................................................25
4 Operation
4.1 The ÄssäControl system...........................................................................27
4.2 Operating the touchscreen....................................................................... 27
4.3 Changing the language.............................................................................28
4.4 Quick functions..........................................................................................28
4.4.1 Room temperature change....................................................................... 28
4.4.2 Room temperature change with room temperature measurement
active......................................................................................................... 29
4.4.3 Hot water intensification – temporary boost to hot water output...............29
4.4.4 At home and Away................................................................................... 30
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4.4.5 Timers........................................................................................................31
4.4.6 Measurements...........................................................................................32
4.4.7 Heating curves.......................................................................................... 33
4.4.8 Boiler settings: storage tank settings........................................................34
4.4.9 Accessories............................................................................................... 36
4.5 Menu functions..........................................................................................37
4.6 Menu functions: Other settings.................................................................37
4.6.1 Heating circuit min and max temperature.................................................38
4.6.2 Backup device settings: options for backup heater.................................. 39
4.6.3 Partial power settings............................................................................... 39
4.6.4 Summer functions..................................................................................... 39
4.6.5 Magna geo control: brine circuit pump settings........................................40
4.7 Cooling (optional)......................................................................................40
4.7.1 Free cooling.............................................................................................. 40
5 Maintenance
5.1 Maintenance and care.............................................................................. 43
5.2 Typical problems during operation........................................................... 43
5.3 Alarms....................................................................................................... 45
5.4 ÄssäControl maintenance functions......................................................... 46
5.4.1 Manual control.......................................................................................... 46
5.4.2 Input and output states.............................................................................47
5.4.3 Running information..................................................................................49
5.4.4 Hot water temperature limiter................................................................... 49
5.4.5 Position valve settings: settings for control valves................................... 50
5.4.6 Partial / full power: switching between monovalent and bivalent
operation....................................................................................................51
5.4.7 Temperature gauges.................................................................................51
5.4.8 External alarm...........................................................................................52
5.4.9 Soft starter alarms.................................................................................... 52
5.4.10 Super heat circuit control: desuperheater control options........................ 52
5.4.11 Boiler maximum limits...............................................................................53
5.4.12 Cooling (optional)......................................................................................53
5.4.13 Return factory settings: resetting the heat pump......................................54
6 Technical data
6.1 Technical data...........................................................................................55
6.2 Heat pump dimensions............................................................................. 56
6.3 Electrical data............................................................................................59
6.4 Performance data......................................................................................60
6.5 Brine circuits............................................................................................. 62
6.6 Heating circuits..........................................................................................64
6.7 EU product data, VSi................................................................................64
6.8 EU product data, VMi............................................................................... 67
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1 Introduction
1.1 Safety notice and warnings
Read these instructions carefully before installation, commissioning, operation, or
maintenance of the device. The given instructions must be followed. Throughout this
manual, the following three symbols are used to point out very important information:
Be careful. The DANGER symbol indicates a possible danger of bodily
harm or lethal injury.
Pay attention. The CAUTION sign indicates a possible danger of
damage to the device, components or surroundings.
Note indicates tips, hints, and other essential information.
Keep these instructions as well as the electrical diagrams available near the device.
Installation, commissioning, or service of the appliance is to be carried
out by authorized and trained personnel only, adhering to all local
regulations and requirements.
Wear proper hearing protection and personal protective equipment,
such as protective footwear, gloves, and safety goggles when
necessary.
Electrical safety
Once powered on, some of the unit’s components carry a hazardous
voltage. Always pay attention to electrical safety when working with or
near electrical components.
Before any maintenance or servicing, switch off electricity using the
main switch and ensure that there is no voltage present in the unit’s
components.
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Refrigerant
Refrigerant leaking from an open or broken circuit may cause
asphyxiation, severe frost damage, arrhythmia, or neurological
symptoms. If you suspect a refrigerant leak, leave the area immediately,
and seek fresh air. Help and warn others.
Safety devices
Do not bypass, disable, or damage any of the unit’s pressure switches
or other safeguards with tools, by accessing the system’s software, or
by any other means.
Bypassing the unit’s safeguards may lead to equipment failure, damage to property or
injury to people.
Lifting and handling
The weight of the unit presents a crush hazard. Use safe work methods
when lifting and handling the unit.
During lifting, do not walk or work under the heat pump or any other
suspended load.
Other considerations
To avoid slipping, keep floor surfaces dry, and seal off or report any
leaks that you detect.
The heat pump does not contain any user-serviceable parts.
The manufacturer shall not be liable for any defects in the equipment
resulting from improper installation or any costs arising thereof.
Only certified technicians who have received the appropriate training for
installing Oilon and Lämpöässä heat pumps may use the heat pump’s
maintenance functions.
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1.2 Transportation
During lifting, do not walk or work under the heat pump or any other
suspended load.
Transport the heat pump in an upright position.
● If the heat pump needs to be tilted to pass through a doorway, do not tilt the unit
beyond 45°.
● If the heat pump needs to be tilted beyond 45°, detach the compressor unit.
Use a pallet jack or similar machine to transfer the heat pump. Lift the unit from the
bottom.
1.3 Product description
VSi and VMi ground source heat pumps are especially suited for use as the primary
source of heating for new and renovated residential buildings and holiday homes
as well as for apartment-specific heating in semi-detached and terraced houses. To
ensure trouble-free operation, each heat pump undergoes configuration, testing, and a
test run at the factory. The heat pumps feature a built-in storage tank.
Type plate
The heat pump’s type plate is located behind the heat pump’s white cover panel. The
unit’s serial code is marked on the type plate.
This product is CE-marked.
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1.4 System structure and operation
Ground source heating system
Ground source heat pump system ver. 1
Principle drawing of a ground source heating system.
1: brine circuit (horizontal ground loop, borehole or lake/pond system); 2: ground source heat pump;
3: heating circuits (radiator heating or floor heating); 4: domestic hot water heating; 5: passive cooling
(optional).
A ground source heat pump can extract thermal energy (heat) from soil, bedrock, or a
body of water. Of the total energy required for heating, a heat pump collects more than
75% from natural sources. Running the heat pump and the various system components
requires electricity, which means that the remaining 25 percent is electrical power
consumed by the process of extracting thermal energy.
A ground source heat pump system has three main components: the brine circuit,
the compressor unit (the actual heat pump), and the heating circulation. The three
circulations are isolated from each other, which means that none of the fluids used
(brine, refrigerant, and water) are mixed together at any part of the process. Instead,
heat is transferred between the fluids using plate heat exchangers.
Brine circuit
When the sun heats up the earth, thermal energy is stored in the soil, the bedrock,
and in bodies of water. To extract this heat, the ground source heat pump circulates a
cold mixture of water and ethanol (brine) inside a long loop of pipe embedded in the
earth (the brine circuit). As the brine passes through the brine circuit, its temperature
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increases by a few degrees. The brine is then pumped into a heat exchanger inside the
heat pump: the evaporator. In the evaporator, thermal energy is transferred from the
brine to low-pressure refrigerant, evaporating the refrigerant.
In vertical systems, a deep well is bored into the bedrock. In horizontal systems, an extensive coil of
plastic pipe (PEM 40/10) is buried to a depth of 1–1.2 meters or more or submerged in a body of water
(minimum depth: 3 meters).
The brine solution includes ethanol to prevent it from freezing. After being pumped through the brine
circuit, the temperature in the brine to the evaporator is approximately 0 ºC, but can be higher in the
summer and lower in the winter.
The compressor unit
From the evaporator, the refrigerant vapor is transferred into the compressor which
compresses the vapor to a high pressure. At this stage of the process, the refrigerant’s
temperature increases to over 100 ºC. After the compressor, the refrigerant is referred
to as hot gas.
Hot gas is transferred from the compressor to heat exchangers (desuperheater and
condenser). Heating water from the storage tank circulates through these heat
exchangers, taking thermal energy from the hot gas. As the refrigerant releases its
thermal energy, the water heats up, and the refrigerant cools down, condensing into a
liquid.
The liquid refrigerant is transferred through a filter drier into the expansion valve,
where the pressure of the liquid refrigerant decreases. The refrigerant is transferred
into the evaporator, and the cycle starts over from the beginning.
Desuperheater
As heat is extracted from the hot gas, its temperature decreases to a point where the
refrigerant starts to condense into liquid. This point is close to the temperature required
for space heating (typically around 35–55 ºC). However, after the compressor, the
temperature in the hot gas is approximately 120 ºC, which means that it must first cool
down. Instead of letting the heat dissipate, it can be extracted with a desuperheater.
The extracted superheat can then be used to bring pre-heated domestic hot water to
its final temperature.
Storage tanks, heating circuits, and domestic hot water
V series heat pumps feature a built-in storage tank.
Cool water from the bottom of the storage tank circulates through the compressor
unit which heats up the water. Once heated, the water returns to the tank at a higher
level. The water in the hot water storage tank circulates through the building’s heating
system, which consists of one or more heating circuits.
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VSi operation ver. 1
Principle drawing of a V series heat pump. Storage tank on top,
heat pump at the bottom.
Pos. Item
1 Evaporator
2 Compressor
3 Desuperheater
4 Condenser
5 Expansion valve
6a Upper storage tank section
6b Lower storage tank section
7 Domestic hot water coils
8 Domestic cold water inlet
9 Domestic hot water outlet
The heat pump features desuperheater technology which maximizes the benefits and
utilization of a heat pump in overall heating. The heat pump’s built-in storage tank
has two sections separated with a baffle as well as a domestic hot water coil running
through the entire tank.
The top part of the storage tank, or, the upper storage tank, is heated with superheat
energy: thermal energy extracted by the desuperheater. The desuperheater provides
heating water at a very high temperature. The high-temperature layer in the tank is
reserved for heating domestic hot water to its final temperature. If required, high-
temperature output from the upper tank can be used in the heating system. This can be
useful especially in radiator systems.
The lower section of the storage tank, or, the lower storage tank, is used to store
warm water for the building’s central heating. The heat pump’s condenser heats up the
section to a flow temperature level required by the heating circuits. The temperature
in the section is regulated based on a heating curve. In normal heating conditions,
the temperature in the section depends on the current need for heating (‘floating
condensing’ operation).
Heat distribution can be arranged using water circulation (floor heating or hot water
radiators) or through air heating. The best coefficient of performance can be achieved
with floor heating, since the lower the temperature of the heat transfer, the better the
coefficient of performance.
Domestic hot water heating
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Domestic hot water is heated by drawing domestic cold water through a coil inside the
storage tank. In tanks with two sections, the domestic water is pre-heated in a coil in
the lower section, and brought to its final temperature in the tank’s upper section.
Usually, domestic hot water needs to be heated to a higher temperature than the water
circulating in the heating circuits. Thanks to the two-stage heat transfer enabled by
superheating technology, the larger lower section used for space heating can be kept
at a lower temperature, since domestic hot water is heated up to its final temperature in
the smaller upper section, where the temperature is kept higher. This allows operating
temperatures to be kept as low as possible, improving the system’s annual coefficient
of performance.
1.5 Optional accessories
The ÄssäCooling system
A passive cooling system can be connected to the brine circuit. The brine in the circuit
passes through an additional heat exchanger. The heat exchanger releases cooling
energy to indoor air. The heat exchanger can be a radiant cooling unit installed inside
an air duct or an indoor unit (fan coil unit).
The ÄssäControl system features multiple solutions for cooling control, available as
accessories.
The ÄssäCooling product family includes both wall-mounted and ceiling mounted
indoor units for cooling with the necessary installation accessories included. Passive
cooling is a very economical option, since the only operating costs are associated with
running the system’s circulation pump and fans.
VMi heat pumps have the necessary cooling ports for easy installation. These ports
have built-in shutoff valves, and one of them has an adapter for the system’s circulation
pump (supplied in the ÄssäCooling installation kit).
In VSi models, the cooling system needs to be connected to the brine circuit outside
the heat pump.
ÄssäSolar solar collector
ÄssäSolar is a solar collector option available for VMi heat pumps. Solar heating is an
environmentally friendly supplementary energy source for space heating and domestic
hot water heating. ÄssäSolar utilizes energy extracted from solar radiation, resulting in
more economical and environmentally friendly energy production. ÄssäSolar can be
used in both single-family homes and larger buildings.
VMi heat pumps include the necessary ports for connecting a solar connector or
another supplementary heating source. The ports are located in the upper section of
the storage tank.
External heat sources
Several different supplementary external heat sources can be connected to the ground
source heating system, such as electric immersion heaters and electric or oil-fired
boilers.
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By default, the system supports control of one external supplementary heat source.
Control for up to 4 external heat sources is available as an optional accessory.
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2 Installation
2.1 Before installation
The manufacturer shall not be liable for any defects in the equipment
resulting from improper installation or any costs arising thereof.
Any pipe installation associated with the heat pump may be performed
by qualified and trained personnel only.
Check the following before installation:
1. All the necessary hoses and sensors have been delivered.
2. There is sufficient clearance around the heat pump, and the heat pump has been
properly leveled.
3. The connections on top of the unit are intact.
4. The main fuse and the heat pump fuse has the correct rating (see Technical data).
5. The brine circuits and the heating circuits have been appropriately installed.
After installation, go through the installation checklist to avoid potential
problems.
2.2 Bivalent operation: use with supplementary heating
In certain cases, the heat pump’s heating capacity needs to be supplemented actively
with an electric immersion heater installed in the storage tank. A typical example is the
high temperature required by radiator systems.
If the heat pump is used with supplementary heating, the heating system must be
sized and adjusted so that the return water temperature is always below +55 °C. The
building’s electrical system needs to be equipped with priority relays (see section Load
guard).
Activate supplementary heating from the Maintenance menu.
2.3 Installation site requirements
Install the unit and the associated equipment in a warm, dry place.
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The unit’s installation site should have a floor drain. The site’s floor should be inclined
so that any runoff from the unit leads towards the drain.
Place the unit on a stable, steady base that can carry the entire weight of the heat
pump and a full storage tank, see the tank volume in the technical data. Mount the unit
securely in a vertical position onto its own leveling feet. Level the machine using the
machine’s leveling feet.
Fire insulation is not required.
Space requirements
The minimum height of the heat pump is approximately 183 cm with the adjustable feet
installed. Note that transportation supports add approximately 8 cm to the full height of
the unit.
● Leave at least 70 cm of clearance in front of the unit.
● Leave at least 30 cm of clearance above the unit for the necessary connections.
V series space requirements ver. 1
Pos. Item
GSHP Ground source heat pump
Model A B C O X F Y
VSi 50/500 50 500/50 700 1150 700 1300
VMi 50 50 500 700 1570 700 1420
2.4 Removing the packaging and inspecting the contents
1. Remove the plastic wrapping and corner padding from around the product.
2. Check that the heat pump has not suffered any damage during transit. If you detect
any damage, notify the carrier immediately. It is advisable to take photos of the
damage.
3. Check the delivery contents immediately. If there are accessories missing, notify
the dealer within 5 days of delivery.
The heat pump’s accessory package includes the following:
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Accessory included in delivery VSi VMi
Outdoor temperature sensor X X
Adjustable feet (4 pcs.) X X
Brine circuit fill and bleed unit X 
Flexible hoses for the brine circuit (2 pcs,
approx. 600 mm) X X
Shut-off valve, 1" X
Filling bottle with shut-off valve X 
Connecting pipe X 
2.5 Removing transportation supports
During lifting, do not walk or work under the heat pump or any other
suspended load.
Two lengths of wood have been screwed onto the bottom of the unit to provide support
during transport.
1. Screw the adjustable feet (in the accessory
package) to the bottom of the heat pump.
2. Unscrew the fastening screws from the wooden
transportation supports.
3. Finish by lifting the heat pump off of the transportation supports with a pallet jack or
similar machine.
2.6 HVAC installation
When making HVAC connections, refer to the piping diagrams supplied with the unit.
More detailed instructions are provided in the following sections.
The heat pump’s circuit connections are located under the front panel, see the figures
below.
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There is a copy of the diagram on top of the storage tank.
Connections, VSi
Pos. Connection Size
1Heating circuit 1,
flow 22 mm
2Heating circuit 1,
return 22 mm
3Heating circuit 2,
flow 22 mm
4Heating circuit 2,
return 22 mm
5 Domestic cold water 22 mm
6 Domestic hot water 22 mm
7 Expansion vessel 3/4"
Connections, VMi
Pos. Connection Size
1Heating circuit 1,
flow 22 mm
2Heating circuit 1,
return 22 mm
3Heating circuit 2,
flow 22 mm
4Heating circuit 2,
return 22 mm
5 Domestic cold water 22 mm
6 Domestic hot water 22 mm
7 Expansion vessel 3/4"
8 Brine circuit, flow 1"
9 Brine circuit, return 1"
10 Cooling, flow 1"
11 Cooling, return 1"
12 Solar port, flow 3/4"
13 Solar port, return 3/4"
14 DHW circulation 1/2"
2.6.1 Detaching crown plate
Before installation, detach the crown plate.
1. Unscrew the fastening screws (2 pcs) indicated in the figures below.
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Screw positions, VSi Screw positions, VMi
2. Pull the crown plate towards yourself and lift it off of the heat pump.
2.6.2 Brine circuit and fill and bleed unit installation, VSi
Use special care when making the connections.
The heat pump case has an opening for brine circuit pipes on both sides.
1. Depending on the required orientation, remove the cover plate from the opening on
the left or right side.
Hose orientation, VSi ver. 1
Left Right
2. Connect the connecting pipe between the brine circuit circulation pump and the
flexible hoses. The connecting pipe is included in the accessory kit.
3. Install the fill and bleed unit to the return side of the heating circuit, see the figure
below.
Hoses, VSi ver. 1
Pos. Item
1 Brine circuit, return
2 Brine circuit, flow
3 Filling bottle
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If cooling units are added to the system to a height above the heat pump, install a
membrane expansion vessel in the system.
● Install a bleed port to the highest point in the system.
● The filling bottle needs to be taken out of use by closing the shut-off valve under the
bottle, see the piping diagrams provided with the heat pump.
2.6.3 Brine circuit and fill and bleed unit installation, VMi
Use special care when making the connections.
The heat pump case has openings for brine circuit pipes on the right side.
1. Connect the flexible flow (1) and return (2) hose to the appropriate ports, see the
figure.
Hoses, VMi ver. 1
Pos. Item
1 Flow
2 Return
3 Shut-off valve
2. Install a shut-off valve in the return line.
If cooling units are added to the system to a height above the heat pump, install a
membrane expansion vessel in the system.
● Install a bleed port to the highest point in the system.
● The filling bottle needs to be taken out of use by closing the shut-off valve under the
bottle, see the piping diagrams provided with the heat pump.
2.6.4 Filling and bleeding the brine circuit
Equipment and materials required:
● Mixing container, 60 liters
● Submersible pump with filter, pump head approximately 30m
● Brine solution (water/ethanol mixture, 1:1, frost resistance: –16 °C
● Reinforced hose, 1" (2 pcs.), length approximately 3 m
● Connector, 3/4" (female, for reinforced hose, 1 pc; VSi only)
● Connector, 1" (female, for reinforced hose, 1 pc; VSi only)
● Connector, 1/2" (VMi only)
Before starting the process, check that the brine circuit has been appropriately
connected.
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Fill and bleed unit ver. 1
Pos. Item
1Rearmost shut-off valve (brine circuit
connection)
2Foremost shut-off valve (brine circuit
connection)
3 Foremost ball valve (filling connection)
3a Expansion vessel port
4 Rearmost ball valve (filling connection)
5 T strainer
1. Check that the brine circuit has been appropriately connected.
2. Detach the expansion vessel from the foremost ball valve.
3. Check that the foremost shut-off valve (2) in the unit is open.
4. Connect a reinforced hose between the foremost ball valve (3) and the submersible
pump. Open the ball valve (3).
5. Connect a reinforced hose between the rearmost ball valve (4) and the mixing
container. Open the valve (4). The flow direction must be correct, since a non-return
valve has been installed between the cooling circuit ports (VMi only).
6. Fill the mixing container with brine solution.
7. To bleed the filling hoses, open the rearmost shut-off valve (1) and start the pump.
Once the hoses have been bled, close the rearmost shut-off valve (1). This
allows the brine to circulate in the actual brine circuit.
8. Keep adding brine until the circuit has been filled.*
9. Leave the pump on, until the fluid is clear and no gurgling can be heard from the
pipes.
● Bleed the evaporator through the bleed nipple in the pipe between the brine
circuit and the evaporator.
● To ensure no air bubbles are left in the system and to avoid malfunctions
during startup, it is advisable to continue circulation for several hours.
10. Open the rearmost shut-off valve (1).
11. Close both ball valves (3 and 4).
Make sure that no pressure is left in the circuit.
12. Remove the fill hoses.
13. Screw the expansion vessel onto the port on top of the foremost ball valve (3a).
14. Remove the safety valve on top of the expansion vessel.
15. Fill the expansion vessel 3/4 full with brine solution.
16. Reinstall the safety valve in the expansion vessel.
17. Open the foremost ball valve (3) in the fill and bleed unit.
18. Close the shut-off valves with red handles (1 and 2) and the valve below the filling
bottle (if present). Remove and clean the mesh in the T strainer (5). Repeat, until
the strainer remains clean.
Note that if the valves are open, brine will be pushed out of the circuit.
19. Finish by making sure that both of the shut-off valves (1 and 2) are open.
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*You can use the heat pump’s brine circuit pump to speed up the bleed process.
1. Make sure that the motor protection circuit breaker (QM1) has been disabled.
2. Make sure that the submersible pump and the unit’s internal brine pump rotate in the same
direction.
3. Turn the main switch (Q1) and control power switch (F10) to the ON position.
4. In the ÄssäControl Maintenance menu, select Manual control. Activate manual control, and select
Brine 1 On.
Once complete, disable manual control and return the switches and breakers to their original positions.
2.6.5 Heating circuit connections
Make the heating circuit connections as indicated in the piping diagrams supplied with
the unit. Make all heating connections through the heating circuits, not through the
domestic hot water connection. This includes connections to heated towel racks and
duct heaters.
For the connections on the heat pump side, refer to the figures in section HVAC
installation.
Storage tank fill valve unit
Install a bleed valve in the same branch as the fill valve unit. This branch may also
include an expansion tank.
Heating circuits
Heating circuit 1 (HD1) is the primary heating circuit, and should be reserved for
spaces where a higher flow temperature is required (such as for radiator heating in
living spaces). In case of a compressor malfunction the heat pump’s electric immersion
heater will be able to heat HD1 more efficiently.
Heating circuit 2 (HD2) is an optional secondary circuit. In radiator-heated buildings,
HD2 can be used as a supplementary floor heating circuit or a circuit reserved for a
different zone, such as wet areas.
Heating circuits can be regulated individually. Each circuit can also be disconnected
individually.
2.6.6 Filling and bleeding the storage tank and the heating circuits
Keep the storage tank pressure below 1.5 bar throughout the filling
process. The manufacturer shall not be liable for any damage in the
event that the instructions presented below have not been followed.
Fill the storage tank with water through the fill valve unit included in the system. Before
filling, check that there is a bleed valve in the same branch as the fill valve unit. Make
sure that air has an unobstructed path to escape during filling; relying only on
the bleed valve or a safety valve is not sufficient.
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