Photon Systems Instruments FluorPen FP 110 Guide

FluorPen FP 110
PAR-FluorPen FP 110
Monitoring Pen MP 100
Manual and User Guide
Please read this manual before operating this product
PSI, spol. s r. o., Drásov 470, 664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic
FAX: [phone], TEL: [phone], www.psi.cz

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© PSI (Photon Systems Instruments), spol. s r. o. (hereinafter PSI), Oct 2018
This document and its parts can be copied or provided to a third party only with the express permission of PSI.
The contents of this manual have been verified to correspond to the specifications of the device. However, deviations cannot
be ruled out. Therefore, a complete correspondence between the manual and the real device cannot be guaranteed. The
information in this manual is regularly checked, and corrections may be made in subsequent versions.
The visualizations shown in this manual are only illustrative.
This manual is an integral part of the purchase and delivery of equipment and its accessories and both Parties must abide
by it.

© PSI (Photon Systems Instruments), spol. s r. o.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1Information Before Using FluorPen Device .................................................................................................................... 5
2Technical Specification ................................................................................................................................................... 6
3General Information ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Device description ............................................................................................................................................... 11
4List of equipment.......................................................................................................................................................... 12
5Care and Maintenance ................................................................................................................................................. 13
6Principle of Measurement ............................................................................................................................................ 14
7Getting started ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
7.1 Pulses description and setting............................................................................................................................. 16
7.2 Measurement ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
7.3 Protocols explanation.......................................................................................................................................... 19
7.3.1 OJIP Protocol ................................................................................................................................................... 19
7.3.2 Non-Photochemical Quenching (NPQ) Protocols............................................................................................ 21
7.3.3 Light Curve (LC) Protocols ............................................................................................................................... 23
7.4 Multiple Measurement ....................................................................................................................................... 26
8Control menu tree ........................................................................................................................................................ 27
9USB Connection ............................................................................................................................................................ 35
10 Bluetooth Connection .................................................................................................................................................. 36
10.1 Bluetooth Pairing................................................................................................................................................. 36
11 FluorPen Software ........................................................................................................................................................ 40
11.1 Software Installation ........................................................................................................................................... 40
11.2 Menu and Icon Explanation................................................................................................................................. 41
11.2.1 Main Menu ................................................................................................................................................. 41
11.2.2 Menu Settings............................................................................................................................................. 42
11.2.3 Menu Online Control .................................................................................................................................. 43
11.3 Data Transfer and Visualization........................................................................................................................... 45
11.4 Firmware Update................................................................................................................................................. 47
12 GPS Module .................................................................................................................................................................. 50
12.1 GPS / FluorPen Operation ................................................................................................................................... 50

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12.2 Data Download .................................................................................................................................................... 51
13 Warranty Terms and Conditions .................................................................................................................................. 52
14 Troubleshooting and Customer Support ...................................................................................................................... 53
15 Appendix....................................................................................................................................................................... 54
15.1 Battery Pack for Monitoring Pen ......................................................................................................................... 54
15.1.1 Standard Battery Pack ................................................................................................................................ 54
15.1.2 Extended Temperature Range Battery Pack............................................................................................... 55
15.2 Installation and operation of the Monitoring Pen MP 100-A/B .......................................................................... 58
15.2.1 Device control............................................................................................................................................. 58
15.2.2 Device installation....................................................................................................................................... 59
15.3 Detachable leaf clips............................................................................................................................................ 60

© PSI (Photon Systems Instruments), spol. s r. o.
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1INFORMATION BEFORE USING FLUORPEN DEVICE
Read this manual carefully before operating the device. If you are not sure about anything in the manual, contact the
manufacturer for clarification.
By accepting the device, the customer agrees to follow the instructions in this guide.
Always follow corresponding manual while working with the FluorPen device or doing the maintenance.
It is forbidden to interfere with the hardware or software of the FluorPen device in any way without previous agreement
with the manufacturer.
The following table presents basic highlight symbols used in this manual.
Symbol
Description
Important information, read carefully.
Additional information.
Tab. 1 Used symbols.

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2TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
PAR-FluorPen & FluorPen
Protocols
PAR-FluorPen FP 110
- Ft –instantaneous chlorophyll fluorescence
- Quantum Yield
- OJIP
- Non-photochemical quenching
- Light curve
- Photosynthetically Active Radiation (measured as PPFD)
FluorPen FP 110
- Ft –instantaneous chlorophyll fluorescence
- Quantum Yield
- OJIP
- Non-photochemical quenching
- Light curve
LED lighting
LED emitter
Blue (455 nm), other wavelength on request
Saturating pulse Illumination
Up to 3,000 µmol(photon).m-2.s-1 (adjustable from 10 to 100%)
Actinic Illumination
Adjustable from 10 to 1,000 µmol(photon).m-2.s-1
Measuring Illumination
Up to 0,09 µmol(photon).m-2.s-1 per pulse (adjustable from 10 to 100%)
Detector
Type
PIN photodiode with bandpass filters
Wavelength range
From 667 to 750 nm
Data storage and transfer
Internal memory capacity
Up to 16 Mb
Internal data logging
Up to 149,000 measurements (depending on protocol)
Data transfer
USB cable
Bluetooth (transfer up to 3Mbps for distance up to 20m)
PC software
FluorPen 1.1 (Windows 7 and higher)
Battery
Type
Li-Ion rechargeable battery
Capacity
2000 mAh
Max. charging current
0.5 A
Charging
Via USB port - PC, power bank, USB charger, etc.
Battery life
48 hours typical with full operation
Low battery indicator
Other
Sample holder
Standard leaf-clip (FP 110/S)
Detachable leaf-clip (FP 110/D)
Probe (FP 110/P)
PAR sensor cosine correction
Cosine corrected up to 80° angle of incidence
Display
Graphical display
Keypad
Sealed, 2-key tactile response
Turns off after 5 minutes of no use
Built in GPS module
Ultra-high sensitivity down to -165dBm
High accuracy of <1.5 m in 50% of trials
Size
134 x 65 x 33 mm
Weight
188 g
Operating conditions
Temperature: 0 to +55 °C
Relative humidity: 0 to 95 % (non-condensing)
Storage conditions
Temperature: -10 to +60 °C
Relative humidity: 0 to 95 % (non-condensing)
Warranty
1 year parts and labor

© PSI (Photon Systems Instruments), spol. s r. o.
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Monitoring Pen
Protocols
- Ft –instantaneous chlorophyll fluorescence
- Quantum Yield
- OJIP
- Non-photochemical quenching
- Light curve
LED lighting
LED emitter
Blue (455 nm), other wavelength on request
Saturating pulse Illumination
Up to 3,000 µmol(photon).m-2.s-1 (adjustable from 10 to 100%)
Actinic Illumination
Adjustable from 10 to 1,000 µmol(photon).m-2.s-1
Measuring Illumination
Up to 0,09 µmol(photon).m-2.s-1 per pulse (adjustable from 10 to 100%)
Detector
Type
PIN photodiode with bandpass filters
Wavelength range
From 667 to 750 nm
Data storage and transfer
Internal memory capacity
Up to 16 Mb
Internal data logging
Up to 149,000 measurements (depending on protocol)
Data transfer
Serial cable
PC software
FluorPen 1.1 (Windows 7 and higher)
Battery
External battery
Standard battery pack
- operating temperature from 10 to 40 °C
- rechargeable
Extended temperature range battery pack
- operating temperature from -40 to 60 °C
- non-rechargeable (spare battery)
Capacity
12Ah
Battery life
Up to 2 years of operation (1 QY measurement per hour)
Other
Sample holder
Probe
Display
2 x 8 characters LC display
Keypad
Sealed, 2-key tactile response
Turns off after 5 minutes of no use
Size
134 x 65 x 33 mm
Weight
188 g
Warranty
1 year parts and labor
Bluetooth Module Compliance Data:

© PSI (Photon Systems Instruments), spol. s r. o.
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3GENERAL INFORMATION
FluorPen FP 110 is a portable, battery-powered fluorometer that enables quick and precise measurement of chlorophyll
fluorescence parameters (Ft, QY, NPQ, OJIP, and LC of (QY) in plants. The FluorPen can be used in the laboratory,
greenhouse, or in the field, where data can be mapped precisely to the location with the built in GPS module. With the
built-in GPS module the FluorPen is a great device for studying photosynthetic activity, stress detection, herbicide testing,
or mutant/variety/transgenic screening in the field. Affordable price and user-friendly two-button operation makes the
FluorPen a perfect tool for teaching photosynthesis. Because of its rapid measurement capability and large internal
memory, the FluorPen is also an invaluable tool for large plant-screening programs.
PAR-FluorPen FP 110 includes all features of the FluorPen FP 110, and measures the same chlorophyll fluorescence
parameters as FP110, but in addition, the PAR-FluorPen has an integrated Light Meter for direct digital readouts of
Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) in the range from 400 to 700 nm. PAR is measured as Photosynthetic Photon
Flux Density (PPFD), which is indicated by units of quanta (photons) per unit time per unit surface area. The sensor has a
uniform response to photons in the 400-700 range. Instant readouts are provided as average values of 20 measurements.
It is recommended to recalibrate the PAR sensor every 2 years.
Monitoring Pen MP 100 is a lightweight, portable and a more durable version of the FluorPen. It is designed for long-term,
unattended monitoring of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in the field or lab experiments. It features weatherproof
construction for use even in adverse environmental conditions, or in the laboratory /greenhouse long term experiments.
It is battery operated (internal or external battery) and as an option may be used with a solar panel as a power supply.
All measured data are sequentially stored in the internal memory of the FluorPen, PAR-FluorPen or Monitoring Pen all
collected data can be transferred from the devices to the PC computer via both USB and Bluetooth communication -.
Comprehensive FluorPen 1.1 software, included with the device provides data transfer, and visualization protocols.
FluorPen versions:
FluorPen FP 110/S
Equipped with a standard attached leaf-clip.
FluorPen FP 110/D
Adapted for use with detachable leaf-clips; leaf clips sold separately in sets of 10.
FluorPen FP 110/P (Fig. 1c)
Intended for autonomous use in indoor conditions (previously Monitoring Pen-S). It features a plastic case, measuring
probe and thread for tripod attachment.
FluorPen FP 110/X
The “X“ version is mounted with custom-made leaf-clip.
PAR-FluorPen FP 110/S (Fig. 1a)
Same features as the standard FluorPen FP 110/S plus Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) meter in the range from
400 to 700 nm. Equipped with a standard leaf-clip.
PAR-FluorPen FP 110/D (Fig. 1b)
Same features as the FluorPen FP 110/D adapted for use with detachable leaf clips plus Photosynthetically Active Radiation
(PAR) meter in the range from 400 to 700 nm. Leaf clips sold separately.
Unless stated otherwise in this manual information regarding the FluorPen FP 110 are relevant also to
PAR FluorpenFP110 and the Monitoring Pen MP 100.

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PAR-FluorPen FP 110/X
Same features as the PAR-FluorPen FP 110/D but the “X“ version is mounted with custom-made leaf-clip.
Fig. 1a) PAR-FluorPen FP 110/S. b) PAR-FluorPen FP 110/D. c) FluorPen FP 110/P.
Monitoring Pen versions:
Monitoring Pen MP 100-E (Fig. 2a)
Monitoring Pen MP 100-E is a modified FluorPen designed for extra durability, battery-powered and intended for
autonomous use in field conditions during extended experiments. It features waterproof metal case, measuring probe,
thread for tripod attachment, external pack with batteries and the FluorPen 1.1 software for data collection and
processing.
Monitoring Pen MP 100-A (Fig. 2b)
This is a submersible, battery-powered FluorPen intended for underwater measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence
parameters (also autonomous). It features a waterproof case, measuring probe, and the FluorPen 1.1 software for data
collection and processing. External battery pack with batteries is sold separately. This aquatic version of the monitoring
pen is intended for use at maximum water depth of 2 meters. The device is equipped with two buttons that allow direct
control of the device (even under water). A customized Version B of this instrument is also available for use in deeper
water (maximum 10 m). There are no control buttons on this version of the device. Version B is controlled via software
and a PC (placed above water). The device is usually fixed in static position under water.

© PSI (Photon Systems Instruments), spol. s r. o.
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Fig. 2a) Monitoring Pen MP 100-E. b) Monitoring Pen MP 100-A.

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3. 1 DE V IC E DE S C R I PTION
Fig. 3 Device description.

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4LIST OF EQUIPMENT
Carefully unpack the carton. You should have received the following items:
•FluorPen/Monitoring Pen
•Carrying Case
•Textile Strap for Comfortable Wearing
•FluorPen Operating Manual (on a USB flash disc)
•FluorPen software and driver (on a USB flash disc)
•USB cable
•Self-Adhesive Rubber Pads for Optics Protection (FP 110/S only)
•Detachable Leaf-clips (FP 110/D only and sold separately)
Other Accessories or Optional Features (according to your specific order)
For USB connection you need to have the USB driver installed on the PC. The driver can be found on
the installation disk (USB driver folder).
If any item is missing, please, contact PSI. Also check the carton for any visible external damage. If
you find any damage, notify the carrier and PSI immediately. The carton and all packing materials
should be retained for inspection by the carrier or insurer.
For customer support, please write to: su[email protected]

© PSI (Photon Systems Instruments), spol. s r. o.
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5CARE AND MAINTENANCE
FluorPen and Monitoring Pen
•Never submerge the device in water! (except Monitoring Pen MP 100-A)
•The device should not come in contact with any organic solvents, strong acids or bases.
•Keep the optical part clean and dry. If cleaning is needed, use soft, non-abrasive tissue.
•Battery charge lasts approximately 48 hours when the FluorPen is operated continuously.
•If the battery can no longer be charged please contact PSI for replacement battery and installation
instructions.
Li-ion battery
•Avoid fully discharging of the battery
•Do not keep the battery at full charge for all the time
•Keeping at high temperatures shortens battery life

© PSI (Photon Systems Instruments), spol. s r. o.
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6PRINCIPLE OF MEASUREMENT
FluorPen is a chlorophyll fluorometer and is used to measure different photosynthetic parameters in plants. It is equipped
with a blue LED emitter (455 nm), optically filtered and precisely focused to deliver light intensities of up to 3,000 µmol.m-
2.s-1 to measured plant tissue (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4 Fluor Pen FP 110/S.
When studying photosynthesis using chlorophyll fluorescence, researchers must distinguish between photochemical
quenching and non-photochemical quenching (heat dissipation). This is achieved by stopping photochemistry, which
allows researchers to measure fluorescence in the presence of non-photochemical quenching alone. To reduce
photochemical quenching to negligible levels, a high intensity, short flash of light is applied to the leaf. This transiently
closes all PSII reaction centers, which prevents energy of PSII being passed to downstream electron carriers. Non-
photochemical quenching will not be affected if the flash is short. During the flash, the fluorescence reaches the level
obtained in the absence of any photochemical quenching, known as maximum fluorescence Fm. The efficiency of
photochemical quenching (which is a proxy of the efficiency of PSII) can be estimated by comparing Fmto the steady yield
of fluorescence in the light Ftand the yield of fluorescence in the absence of photosynthetic light F0. The efficiency of
non-photochemical quenching is altered by various internal and external factors. Alterations in heat dissipation result in
changes in Fm. Heat dissipation cannot be totally stopped, so the yield of chlorophyll fluorescence in the absence of non-
photochemical quenching cannot be measured. See picture below (Fig. 5). When measuring Fm it is important to dark
adapt the samples. This can be achieved by placing the sample in the dark for few minutes (the time varies with conditions)
or by using the FP110/D version of the FluorPen that has been adapted for detachable leaf clips. The leaf clips may be
placed on the leaf ahead of the measurements and once dark adaptation has been achieved the FP-110/D may be attached
to the leaf clip without exposing the leaf to light.

© PSI (Photon Systems Instruments), spol. s r. o.
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Fig. 5 Chlorophyll fluorescence.
Parameters measured by the FluorPen:
Ft- Instantaneous Chlorophyll Fluorescence
Ftis equivalent to F0if the sample is dark-adapted.
QY - Quantum Yield
QY is a measure of the Photosystem II efficiency. QY is equivalent to Fv/Fmin dark-adapted samples and to Fv ' /Fm ' in
light-adapted samples.
OJIP - Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction Kinetics
The OJIP curves show major changes that occur during exposure of a sample to high irradiance (see more in Chapter
7.3.1).
NPQ - Non-Photochemical Quenching
The NPQ protocol is used to quantify photochemical and non-photochemical quenching. The measurement should be
performed with a dark-adapted sample. (see more in Chapter 0)
LC - Light Curve
Photosystem II Quantum Yield estimated from fluorescence that is measured sequentially at several different light levels
(see more in Chapter 7.3.3).
PAR* - Photosynthetically Active Radiation
Photosynthetically Active Radiation measured as Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD).
* Only in PAR-FluorPen FP 110.

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7GETTING STARTED
For more detailed information on particular steps of FluorPen operation please refer to chapter 8.
The device can is powered with built in Li-Ion battery. Ensure the battery is fully charged by plugging it into a PC via USB
cable or the AC outlet via the USB cable and a USB adaptor (not included). Monitoring Pen can be powered from an
optional battery pack (see more in chapter 15.1)
The FluorPen is controlled using two buttons:
•Use the MENU key to scroll through sequential menu options on the digital display and to turn the device off
(hold for 1s)
•Use the SET key to turn the device on (hold for 1 sec) and select a menu option based on cursor (>) position.
7. 1 PU LSES DE S C R I PTION A N D SE TT IN G
Flash pulse
This function serves for setting of measuring pulses intensity. The measuring pulses are weak light pulses, which are able
to induce the minimal chlorophyll fluorescence (F0or Ft). It takes only 30 µs and the maximum intensity is
3,000 µmol.m-2.s-1. It means 30 µs * 3,000 µmol.m-2.s-1 = 0.09 µmol.m-2 per pulse is the maximal intensity of the flash pulse.
Super pulse
This function serves for setting intensity of the saturating light pulse. Saturating pulse induces maximum chlorophyll
fluorescence (Fm). 100 % of intensity equals approximately 3,000 µmol.m-2.s-1.
Actinic pulse
This function serves for setting intensity of measuring pulses. Actinic light is the ambient light in which the algae are
growing. 100 % of intensity equals approximately 1,000 µmol.m-2.s-1.
Pulses used in predefined protocols:
Measurements based on fluorescence
Used pulses
Ft
Flash pulse
QY
Flash pulse, Super pulse
OJIP
Super pulse
NPQ protocols
Flash pulse, Super pulse, Actinic pulse
Light Curves
Flash pulse, Super pulse (Actinic pulse is preset)
Default setting of light intensities in the FluorPen firmware. These may be changed according to user requirements
and algal growth conditions:
Flash pulse 30 % = Measuring flash pulse
Super pulse 80 % = Saturating pulse
Actinic pulse 300 µmol.m-2.s-1 (30 %) = Actinic light
Please note that those paramets are recommended by the manufacturer but canbe changed by the user
according to requirements.

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Setting the optimal intensities of pulses:
Flash Pulse setting
The optimum value of Flash pulse can be determined with QY measurement as shown in Fig.6 below. Before performing
QY measurement it is recommended to set the intensity of Super pulse to 80 %.
Please note that QY measurement should be performed with dark adapted sample, therefore the same sample (position
on the leaf) should not be used more than once unless dark adaptation follows the first measurement. The
recommendation is to use a new sample (new area on the leaf) for each QY measurements.
F0increases linearly with growing intensity of the Flash pulse.
The Flash pulse setting recommended by manufacturer is 30 %. One can increase the intensity of Flash pulse for samples
with very low chlorophyll density. However, it should be noted that high intensities of Flash pulse can cause undesirable
“actinic effect” as higher intensity High Flash pulse will initiate the photochemistry. Changes in the Flash pulse will affect
F0and the QY value will be lower.
The optimal Flash pulse intensity is that at which the highest value of QY is reached. This can be easily determined on one
leaf by measuring QY in few different spots with different flash pulse settings. See (Fig. 6) below. In this example the
optimal flash pulse setting is 30%.
Fig. 6 QY measurement performed with different intensities of Flash pulse. Optimal setting is highlighted in red rectangle.
Super Pulse setting
To determine the optimal intensity of Super pulse is to perform OJIP measurement with different Super pulse settings.
Please note that OJIP measurement should be performed with dark adapted sample. New sample (new section of the same
leaf) should be used for every measurement as exposure to super pulse will change photochemistry of the leaf in that
section.
The Super pulse setting recommended by manufacturer is 80 %.
When performing the OJIP measurement with different intensities of Super pulse the Fv/Fmvalue will stop increasing when
the optimal level has been reached for the samples used (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8).

© PSI (Photon Systems Instruments), spol. s r. o.
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Fig. 7 OJIP measurement performed with different intensities of Super pulse.
Fig. 8 OJIP data - measurement performed with different intensities of Super pulse. The highest Fv/Fm value indicates the optimal
intensity of Super pulse (20% in this case).
Actinic Pulse setting
Intensity of Actinic pulse should correspond with cultivation light intensity or should be set according to application.

© PSI (Photon Systems Instruments), spol. s r. o.
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If Overflow is observed on the display during measurement please lower the intensity of used
pulses.
In case of Low value on display during measurement please increase the intensity of used pulses.
7. 2 MEASUR E M E NT
No device calibration is needed before chlorophyll fluorescence measurements are made. Results of fluorescence
measurement depend on device settings and the samples.
How to perform Chlorophyll Fluorescence measurement with FluorPen:
•Prepare dark adapted sample first (prior to F0, QY, NPQ, LC measurements) by placing the sample for at least 10-15
min in the dark. Alternatively, dark adaptation can be easily achieved by placing the detached leaf clips in closed
position on the leaf ahead of the measurements. Only the FP110/D or PAR-FP110/D is designed for use with the
detachable leaf clips. The duration of dark-adaptation period depends on plant species and growth conditions.
•For light adapted measurements no dark adaptation of the sample is required.
•Turn ON the device by holding the SET button for 1 sec.
•Place the dark-adapted leaf in the leaf-clip (FP110/S or PAR-FP110/S) or in case of detachable leaf clips place the leaf
clip on the optical probe of the FluorPen and slide open the screen of the leaf clip to expose the leaf to the optical
probe.
•Select Measure > from the menu and select required parameter for example –QY (press SET as Enter button when
making selections).
•Press SET to start the measurements.
•When OJIP, LC or NPQ are being measured the display on the device shows the progress of the measurement as
percentage.
•When Ft or QY are measured the values appear on the device display. The result of OJIP, NPQ or LC protocol are not
visible on the display of the device and need to be download to PC computer (via USB cable or BT connection, see
instructions on pg. 35, Chapter 8 and 9) using FluorPen Software (downloaded to PC earlier).
•All measured data are stored in the device memory and can be downloaded to PC computer after completion of the
experiment.
7. 3 PR OTOC O LS EX P LAN A TI ON
7.3.1 OJIP PROTOCOL
The FluorPen device offers the protocol to capture rapid fluorescence transient –OJIP, which occurs during exposure of
photosynthetic organisms to high irradiance. The FluorPen software enables data downloading to a PC and subsequent
OJIP curve and calculated data visualization.

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The OJIP protocol includes the following measured and calculated parameters:
Abbreviation
Explanation
Bckg
Background
F0
F0= F50µs, fluorescence intensity at 50 µs
Fj
Fj = fluorescence intensity at J-step (at 2 ms)
Fi
Fi = fluorescence intensity at i-step (at 30 ms)
Fm
Fm= maximal fluorescence intensity
Fv
Fv= Fm - F0(maximal variable fluorescence)
Vj
Vj= ( Fj- F0 ) / ( Fm - F0 )
Vi
Vi= ( Fi- F0 ) / ( Fm - F0 )
Fm/ F0
FV/ F0
Fv/ Fm
M0 or (dV/dt)0
M0 = TR0 / RC - ET0 / RC = 4 ( F300 - F0 ) / ( Fm - F0 )
Area
Area between fluorescence curve and Fm (background subtracted)
Fix Area
Area below the fluorescence curve between F40µs and F1s (background subtracted)
SM
SM= Area / ( Fm - F0 ) (multiple turn-over)
SS
SS= the smallest SMturn-over (single turn-over)
N
N = SM. M0. ( 1 / VJ ) turn-over number QA
Phi_P0
Phi_P0 = 1 –( F0 / Fm) (or Fv/ Fm)
Psi_0
Psi_0 = 1 - VJ
Phi_E0
Phi_E0 = ( 1 –( F0/ FM )) . Psi_0
Phi_D0
Phi_D0= 1 –Phi_P0 = ( F0/ Fm )
Phi_Pav
Phi_Pav = Phi_P0 ( SM / tFm ) tFm = time to reach Fm(in ms)
ABS / RC
ABS / RC = M0. ( 1 / VJ ) . (1 / Phi_P0 )
TR0 / RC
TR0 / RC = M0. ( 1 / VJ )
ET0 / RC
ET0 / RC = M0. ( 1 / VJ ) . Psi_0
DI0 / RC
DI0 / RC = ( ABS / RC ) –( TR0 / RC )
Formulas Derived From:
R.J. Strasser, A. Srivastava and M. Tsimilli-Michael (2000): The fluorescence transient as a tool to characterize and screen
photosynthetic samples. In: Probing Photosynthesis: Mechanism, Regulation and Adaptation (M. Yunus, U. Pathre and P.
Mohanty, eds.), Taylor and Francis, UK, Chapter 25, pp 445-483.