PoLabs PoScope Basic User manual

User manual v 1.2
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1. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Table of contenTs....................................................................................................................1
2. Introduction.............................................................................................................................2
3. eatures...................................................................................................................................3
4. Technical characteristics.........................................................................................................4
5. Installation...............................................................................................................................5
6. Hardware.................................................................................................................................6
7. Interface..................................................................................................................................7
8. Menu bar.................................................................................................................................8
8.1. ile menu........................................................................................................................................................8
8.2. Edit menu.......................................................................................................................................................8
8.3. Analog signals menu......................................................................................................................................9
8.4. Logic analyzer menu....................................................................................................................................10
8.5. Service menu................................................................................................................................................11
8.6. Upgrade menu..............................................................................................................................................11
8.7. Help menu....................................................................................................................................................11
9. Oscilloscope..........................................................................................................................12
9.1. Oscilloscope setup........................................................................................................................................13
10. Spectrum analyzer...............................................................................................................15
10.1. Spectrum analyzer setup............................................................................................................................15
11. Recorder..............................................................................................................................16
11.1. Recorder setup............................................................................................................................................17
12. Logic analyzer / PATTERN generator................................................................................20
12.1. Concatenation mode...................................................................................................................................23
12.2. Logic analyzer / pattern generator setup....................................................................................................24
13. Generator of PWM and Square signal................................................................................26
14. Reading modes....................................................................................................................27
15. Information about THE CONTROL knob..........................................................................29
16. ilter settings.......................................................................................................................30
17. Sounds.................................................................................................................................31
18. Statistics..............................................................................................................................32
19. Upgrading firmware............................................................................................................33
20. Analysis of standard interfaces...........................................................................................34
20.1. UART interface analysis............................................................................................................................34
20.2. SPI interface analysis.................................................................................................................................35
20.3. I2C interface analysis................................................................................................................................37
20.4. 1-Wire interface analysis...........................................................................................................................38
21. Terminal..............................................................................................................................39
22. System settings....................................................................................................................40
23. Shortcut keys.......................................................................................................................42
24. Hardware issue....................................................................................................................43
25. Ecology...............................................................................................................................44
26. License agreement...............................................................................................................45
27. About the company.............................................................................................................48
27.1. Contact.......................................................................................................................................................48
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2. INTRODUCTION
When developing or researching any electronic devices some electronics hobbyists frequently need to measure
signal parameters, preview inputs and outputs, and record and probably want to decode them. To solve this
problem when analyzing digital-to-analog circuits one need some instruments i.e: oscilloscope, spectrum
analyzer, recorder, and logic analyzer/pattern generator. Generally, each device requires a free interface
connector (usually LPT) and requires its own power source. In addition, functional measurement
instrumentation, made by known companies is too expensive both for radio amateurs and developers within
moderate-sized firms. At the same time, appearance of some new peripheral-rich microcontrollers with high-
speed data communication channel support (USB1) which do not need an external power supply allows the
creation of a package combining all such functions at a give-away price. PoScope Basic is proved to be that very
affordable device.
Picture 1: PoScope Basic
1 http://www.usb.org/developers/docs
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3. FEATURES
PoScope Basic pro ides the following operation modes:
2-channel oscilloscope (marker measurements, triggering (absolute, differential, external) and
adjustable pre-trigger, signal voltage and frequency measurement, filtering…).
2-channel spectrum analyzer (marker measurements, distorsion measurement, different window
functions, filtering…).
2-channel recorder (marker measurements, option to add 99 markers with comments, maximum,
minimum and average voltage measurement for each channel, waveform record within several tens of
hours.
16 (8)-channel logic analyzer (marker measurements, triggering (edge, level, mask) and adjustable
pre-trigger, external clocking (triggering), preset missing pulse, preset bit sequence/edge, decoding of
UART, SPI, I2C and 1-Wire interface).
5 channel square and PWM signal generator
8-channel pattern generator (tabular waveform formatting or direct timing chart plotting with mouse
on screen).
In addition, PoScope Basic allows user to:
Add comments to each measurement (to be recorded in the file with the measurement results)
Save all measurement results as a vector graphic or bitmap for subsequent importing into other
programs or in the data or text file for subsequent analysis.
Print all measurement results.
Copy all measurement results to a buffer.
Set events and sounds.
Calculate different digital filters and perform analog filtering.
Perform oscilloscope timing chart smoothing.
Display statistics for all channels of the logic analyzer and pattern generator.
Upgrade the device firmware via the USB bus allowing the device’s features to be added.
Picture 2: PoScope’s logic port
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4. TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Table 1: Technical characteristics
Oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer:
- number of channels 2
- sample rate 100 Hz … 200 kHz
- memory depth
buffer reading: 1126 sample/channel (1 channel), 563 sample/channel (2 channels)
pipe reading: 64k sample/channel (1 or 2 channels)
- input voltage -20 ... +20 V (hardware 2 sub-bands)
- ADC capacity 10 bits
- triggering
absolute (for rising/falling edge),
differential (for difference between adjacent samples),
external (for rising/falling edge of TTL levels)
- window functions Hamming, Hanning, Blackman, Blackman-Harris
Recorder:
- sample rate 0.01 Hz … 200 kHz
- maximum record time 24 hours at s < 100 kS
- input voltage -20 ... +20 V (hardware 2 sub-bands)
- ADC capacity 10 bits
Logic analyzer:
- number of channels 16 (8 if pattern generator is on)
- sample rate 1 kHz … 8 MHz
- memory depth
buffer reading ( s=4-8 MHz): 128 bit/channel
buffer reading ( s=2-2.66 MHz): 1160 bit/channel
buffer reading ( s<=1 Hz): 1544 bit/channel
buffer reading in concatenation mode: 1 Mbit/channel
pipe reading ( s < 500kHz): 4К to 256M bit/channel
- input voltage 0 ... +5 V (available surge voltage protection)
- triggering for edges, mask, miss pulses, external clocking
- clocking internal / external
Pattern generator:
- number of channels 8
- sample rate 1 kHz … 1 MHz
- memory depth 1544 bit/channel
- output voltage "0" - 0 V, "1" - 3.3 V
- maximum input/output current 10 mA
Square signal and PWM generator
- number of channels 5
- frequency 3,91 kHz – 1 Mhz
- duty cycle 1- 99% f=7,8125 kHz
It works independent of other modes
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5. INSTALLATION
Upon extracting the distribution file the driver setup and shortcut creation window opens.
Picture 3: Shortcut creation window
This window allows the drivers (usb_osc.inf, windrvr6.inf and windrvr6.sys files) to be automatically installed,
i.e. the files are copied to the corresponding system folders and registered in the Windows registry. When
installing the drivers it is only necessary to determine the operating system (whether Windows 98/ME or
NT4/2000/XP) and start the corresponding batch file from the Driver folder (install_win2k_XP.bat or
install_win98-ME.bat). If automatic driver installation fails then the drivers must be installed manually via
Device Manager. Please see the ReadMe.txt file for further driver installation information.
In addition to the driver installation this window allows for the creation of a program shortcut on the Desktop as
well as a shortcut group (program shortcut, help files and ReadMe.txt file) in the Windows "All Programs >
Start" menu.
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6. HARDWARE
As seen from picture 4, PoScope Basic has two analog inputs. or each of these an AC/DC switch is present.
Picture 4: PoScope Basic from top
The logic port pin-out is described in picture 5.
WARNING! Do no use pins marked with asterisk (*). You may destroy your unit.
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7. INTERFACE
Picture 5: Interface
This figure displays the main program window. There is a menu bar below the window title. our tabs are
positioned beneath the menu bar to allow selecting of the operation mode. On the centre of the main window
there is a display for the selected operation mode where all the measurement results are properly displayed.
Below the display panel there is a settings panel for the selected operation mode. At the bottom of the work
window there is a status bar where the current device status is displayed, e.g. information about waiting for
the measurement, as well as a brief program detail prompt, which appears when pointing to the relevant details
with a mouse.
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8. MENU BAR
8.1. File menu
Picture 6: File menu
The ile menu consists of the following items:
Open - opens the data file of the oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, recorder or logic analyzer and the
corresponding comments that may be incorporated in the file. Upon opening the file you automatically go to
the corresponding tab (operation mode) and all the parameters are set in the status as before data storage.
Save data - allows saving of the measurement results, corresponding comments and current parameters of
the selected operation mode (current selected tab) into the data file.
Save as vector graphic - allows saving the measurement results of the selected operation mode as a vector
graphic in *.emf format (Enhanced Metafile).
Save as bitmap - allows saving the measurement results of the selected operation mode as a bitmap in *.bmp
format (Windows Bitmap).
Print preview - opens the preview window of the measurement results of the selected operation mode as they
would be printed.
Print - prints the measurement results of the selected operation mode.
Exit - exits from the application.
8.2. Edit menu
Picture 7: Edit menu
The Edit menu consists of the following items:
Copy as vector graphic - allows copying the measurement results of the selected operation mode to the
Windows buffer as a vector graphic in *.emf format (Enhanced Metafile).
Copy as bitmap - allows copying the measurement results of the selected operation mode to the
Windows buffer as a bitmap in *.bmp format (Windows Bitmap).
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Clear - clears the measurement results of the selected operation mode.
Comments - opens the comment input window for the measurement results of the selected operation
mode.
Picture 8: Comments
Comment text is incorporated into the measurement results file. The maximum comment size is 64K for
Windows 98/ME, and for Windows 2000/XP it is limited by the maximum file size.
8.3. Analog signals menu
Picture 9: Analog signals menu
The analog signals menu consists of the following items:
A/B channel smoothing – a submenu of this item allows the smoothing level of signal shape and noise
reduction to be set (only when operating in the oscilloscope mode).
Calc parameters – a submenu of this item allows the calculation moment of common signal parameters
(DC and AC voltage and frequency component) to be set. Parameters may be calculated before
processing (smoothing and filtering) when the real parameters of signal and processing will be
calculated. Parameter calculation upon processing may be useful if, for example, it is necessary to
determine the parameters of each dual-tone spectral component (DTM ) and for this purpose it is first
necessary to filter one component and measure its parameters and then to filter the next component and
measure its parameters also.
Processing – a submenu of this item allows different variants of the measurement result’s mathematical
processing (inverse, sum, difference) to be set.
Sounds - opens the event and sound settings window. This window may be useful when searching, for
example, a voltage of 3.3V to avoid constant jumping from the device on test to the monitor screen. In
such a case you can set a sound to inform you that the voltage in the selected channel is near 3.3V.
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8.4. Logic analyzer menu
Picture 10: Logic analyzer menu
The Logic analyzer menu consists of the following items:
Concatenation mode – concatenation mode of logic analyzer charts on/off control.
Keep the output levels – “keep generator outputs in last state” mode on/off control. If this mode is off
then the output level changes in accordance with the set timing chart only within measurement
(generation), i.e., upon pressing the "Run" button and until releasing it (when the button changes color
from red to green once again), upon measuring all outputs go to the third level. If the “keep the output
levels” mode is on then upon measuring the output level will correspond to the last timing chart value.
Outputs automatically go to the third level if “keep the output levels” mode is off or the generator
button is released. This mode is to eliminate the undesirable signal suppression (variation) if the
corresponding generator channels have accidentally not been disconnected from any elements of the
device on test.
Markers select - this menu item allows the generator data portion in the table to be selected, where the
portion limits are determined by the marker position, i.e. they are positioned between them.
Statistics - opens the statistics window.
Always on-top - enables or disables the statistics window position on top of the program. As the
statistics window occupies a considerably large part of the work window then if necessary it may be
hidden. However, sometimes, such as in concatenation mode when calculating the number of sync
pulses, it is convenient to position the statistics window on top to avoid constant opening.
UART, SPI, I2C, 1-Wire – opens the corresponding interface analysis and decoding windows.
Terminal - opens the terminal window - hardware support (input/output) of the analyzing interface.
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8.5. Ser ice menu
Picture 11: Ser ice menu
The Service menu consists of the following items:
Options - opens the operation mode settings window.
Color - sets the color of the work area, channels and scale.
Open options - opens the application options file.
Save options - saves the application options in the file.
Language - submenu of this item allows selecting the available interface languages.
8.6. Upgrade menu
The Upgrade menu opens the device software (firmware) upgrade window as well as indicating the version and
release date of the current firmware.
Picture 12: Upgrade menu
8.7. Help menu
The Help menu consists of the following items:
Help - opens the help window (file).
About program - opens the program
information window.
Picture 13: Help menu
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9. OSCILLOSCOPE
Picture 14: Oscilloscope window
This figure displays the main program window when operating in the oscilloscope mode. On the center of the
window there is a work screen where the oscilloscope displays are shown. The red oscilloscope display
corresponds to channel А and blue one corresponds to channel В. To the left of the work screen frame there is a
voltage scale for channel A (red font), and to the right of the frame there is a voltage scale for channel B (blue
font). Values of both voltage scales are always expressed in volts. Beneath the work screen there is a time base
(trace).
To the left and right of the work screen there are two cursors and to allow shifting the zero of channel A
and channel B accordingly. It is an expedient to shift the zero if the waveforms of both channels overlap one
another so much complicating their analysis. To install one of the nine standard zero positions you need to right-
click on the corresponding cursor and then select one of the possible zero position values from the pop-up menu.
There are two markers and above the work screen frame that are used to perform the correct measurement
of time intervals and voltage amplitude values of each channel. The markers can be moved with the mouse by
left-clicking on the triangle and then moving the mouse to the left or the right while keeping the left mouse
button pressed. When moving the marker within the work screen the signal parameters below the marker will be
displayed on the panel .
To set the triggering level the two horizontal markers and are used. Marker sets the voltage level
(amplitude) of channel A, which is used when triggering (absolute) is selected via channel A. Marker B similarly
sets the level used when triggering is selected via channel B. The triggering markers are moved in similar
manner to the markers and , and when moved the level to be set is correctly displayed on the status bar.
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The Oscilloscope chart can be moved within the work screen using the standard scroll bar . Upon changing
the time base or zoom the previous oscilloscope display may not fit inside the work screen in full, and so the
slider will reduce in size within the scroll bar in proportion to the oscilloscope display length within the work
screen to the total oscilloscope display length ratio. There is a small button below the scroll bar that allows the
oscilloscope settings panel to be hidden so as to ensure greater area on the work screen.
The voltage scale range of channel A/B can be set on the panel / "Channel A/B (Volt/Screen)". The scale
range is set by the knob. Please note that PoScope Basic supports two input ranges: 0-2V and 2-20V by
hardware. This means that most reliable oscilloscope display when the amplitude is within ±2V it is prudent to
select the ±2Volt/division scale range or lower. As the error within the ±2Volt/division and lower will result in
4V/1024 = 0.0039V (10 bits A/D converter) whereas within the ±5Volt/division and higher the error will be 10
times larger 40V/1024 = 0.039 V. On/off buttons for the channels are positioned on the same panels. When
analyzing the device it is not required to analyze two analog signals at the same time, it is advised that one of the
channels is turned off so as to increase the maximum sampling frequency from 100 kHz to 200 kHz.
The "Period" panel allows the sampling period (time base) within which the analog input digitization starts to
be set. or normal previewing of the oscilloscope display it is recommended that the sampling frequency is set
5-6 times higher than the maximum input frequency. In addition to select the time base on the "Period" panel
you can set the oscilloscope display zoom, i.e. stretch the oscilloscope display up to 4 times the time base for
more detailed analysis of any signal time parameters without any change in sampling period. In the upper right
corner of the "Period" panel there is a description of the reading mode (if enabled): buf - reading with
microcontroller internal buffer, or pipe - pipe reading in computer (sample buffer size increases several times but
requirements to the computer are getting tighter). Minimum/maximum period that allows determining the
reading mode is set in the Settings window. Double left-clicking on this reading mode description opens the
Settings window in a similar manner to the Service/Setup.
All the triggering control elements except for the markers are positioned on the "Triggering" panel . The
On/Off button allows triggering to be turned on and off. The A and B buttons select the channel and
corresponding marker for the signal that will be used as the triggering source. The Ext button indicates that the
external source connected to the logic analyzer’s B.5 channel will be the triggering source that functions as the
input (external triggering is available only when buffer reading). The edge select buttons determine which signal
edge (rising or falling) will show the absolute triggering, which signal step (rising or falling) will show the
differential triggering and which external sync pulse edge (rising edge or falling edge) will show the external
triggering. The two buttons positioned beneath the panel determine the triggering type: absolute or differential.
A field positioned near the differential triggering settings button determines the difference between the adjacent
waveform samples that if exceeded will cause the triggering condition to be met. It is necessary to note that
when setting triggering parameters that cannot be met, e.g. if given level is 5V and the maximum signal
amplitude does not exceed 2V, that the device will be continually waiting for a triggering condition to be met,
i.e. one of the start measurement buttons will be red. In this case it is not necessary to stop measurement when
pressing the Stop button as while measuring any triggering conditions they will be automatically transmitted to
the device.
On the "Signal parameters below markers" panel the position of each marker within the time base and signal
amplitude of both channels below each marker are displayed. The time difference and signal amplitude of the
markers is also calculated and the difference result color is determined by the color of the marker corresponding
to the larger value.
On the "Common signal parameters" panel the calculated values of DC and AC voltage components are
displayed and also, if possible, the frequency value for each channel.
The " iltering" panel ensures connection and calculation of digital filters for each channel. To turn on
filtering for the channel it is first necessary to calculate the filter. The filter settings window must be opened
while pressing the "…" button together ticking "on/off" of the selected channel.
To perform measurements it is necessary to press the Single or Cyclic button on the "Control" panel . The
Single button presets only one measurement (sample digitization and accumulation by microcontroller and then
their transmission to shell when operating via buffer). After that the newly read values are displayed on the work
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screen. The Cyclic button carries out similar actions except that upon completing the measurement a new
measurement starts automatically. Upon pressing one of the start buttons it changes its name to Stop and iturns
red. Pressing this button will lead to immediate device reset and cause it to wait for termination of measurement.
The Stop button may be the only means to stop measuring, e.g. when the triggering level is set so as to never
occur.
9.1. Oscilloscope setup
Picture 15: Oscilloscope settings tab
This window can be opened by clicking “Tools > Options” from the menu bar and selecting the Oscilloscope
tab. The following elements are displayed in this tab:
Ts min buffer - list that allows the minimum sampling period below which will be a buffer reading to
be selected. In this case a minimum period equal to 10 μs ( s =100 kHz) is set, and so for sampling
periods of 9 μs …5 μs ( s =111 KHz …200 kHz) it will be a buffer reading and for sampling periods
of 10 ms…10 μs ( s =100 Hz …100 kHz) it will be a pipe reading. Ts min buffer is determined by
experiment on the basis of several measurements. or example, it is first necessary to set Ts min buffer
= 5 μs, i.e. within any sampling period it will be pipe reading and perform the measurements for Тs=5
μs ( s =200 kHz) as well and if there is not any signal distortion it means that your computer and
operating system can transfer data at maximum speed. In case of any distortion, it is necessary to
increase the sampling period, e.g. up to 6 μs (167 kHz) and perform the measurements again and so
on. Upon determining the sampling period with no distortion in the measurement results it is useful to
set it as min.
Pretrigger - allows presetting a number of samples to be stored before triggering. On the time base this
waveform portion is within the negative part, i.e. signal before triggering event - up to zero and signal
after triggering - after zero.
Buffer size 1024/512 bytes - forced reduction of buffer size from 1126 samples (1 channel)/563
samples (2 channels) samples up to 1024/512 samples. Why do we tick off this flag? T is used for
filtering and as is known, the number of samples for T has to be 2^n, i.e. if the filter is on for any
channel this will lead to automatic buffer depth reduction up to 1024/512 samples that may cause
some perplexity, e.g. why the signal for channel A (no filter) is longer than the signal for the channel
B (with filter). Unless necessary, do not uncheck this flag if the filter is not being used.
Memory depth - for pipe reading mode it is determined by the computer’s available memory and in the
oscilloscope mode this is artificially limited to 65535 samples for the channel. If the memory depth is
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too large it is not convenient to preview the periodic waveform (it is recommended to use the recorder
for analysis of non-periodic or very slow signals).
Disable averaging - this flag disables averaging to reduce the period (increase in frequency) of
sampling or performs averaging for several samples (arithmetic average).
Reference to the screen/reference to the signal - this flag sets the reference for the triggering markers.
If “reference to the signal” is selected the triggering marker will synchronously move within the screen
when changing time base or shifting zero while keeping the given position in Volts.
ilter auto on - enables the corresponding filter to be automatically turned on upon setting its
parameters.
Triggering auto on - enables triggering to be automatically turned on when pressing any button on the
“Triggering” panel.
Show the reading mode information (buffer/pipe) – When checked causes the reading mode
information to be displayed on the “Period” panel.
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10. SPECTRUM ANALYZER
Picture 16: Spectrum analyzer window
This figure displays the main program window when operating in spectrum analyzer mode. Most window
elements in this mode are similar to the corresponding elements when operating in the oscilloscope mode. The
exception being that the horizontal axis is set as the frequency axis; the time base is set as frequency/screen and
the voltage scale is negative amplitude-free.
New elements relating exceptionally to the spectrum analysis are shown. or example, on the panels "Channel
A/B (Volt/Screen)" there are additional "V / dB" and "0 dB = 0.775 V/0 dB = Umax" buttons and
buttons. The first button determines the units that express the vertical scale: either Volts or dB. The second
button (which is active only if the first one is pressed) determines the voltage level that corresponds to 0 dB:
either 0.775 V or the maximum voltage value along the whole frequency axis for the set channel.
On the " requency" panel button has been added to determine whether the frequency axis is linear or
logarithmic.
The “Triggering” panel has been replaced by the T window function settings panel . On this panel there is
a dropdown list containing some common window functions: Hamming, Hanning, Blackman, Blackman-Harris.
Panel has also been added and is for the calculation of nonlinear distortion factor or harmonic distortion
factor (HD ). On this panel you can view the results of general calculations of HD , HD of harmonic thirds
and frequency of the first (main) harmonic, which can be forced in the field 1 or calculated automatically when
ticking the [+] Max flag.
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10.1. Spectrum analyzer setup
Picture 17: Spectrum analyzer settings tab
This window can be opened by clicking “Tools > Options” from the menu bar and selecting the Spectrum
analyzer tab. The following elements are displayed in this tab:
s max buffer - list that allows selecting the maximum sampling frequency that if more than will be a
buffer reading. In this case the maximum frequency is set to 100 kHz, and so for a sampling frequency
of 111 kHz …200 kHz it will be a buffer reading and for a sampling frequency of s =100 Hz …100
kHz it will be a pipe reading. The s max buffer is determined by experiment on the basis of several
measurements. or example it is first necessary to set s max buffer = 200 kHz, i.e. at any sampling
frequency it will be a pipe reading and perform the measurements for s=200 kHz as well. If there is
no signal distortion then it means that your computer and operating system can transfer data at the
maximum speed. If there is distortion then it is necessary to reduce the sampling frequency, e.g. up to
190 kHz and perform the measurements once again and so on. Upon determining the sampling
frequency without distortion in the measurement results it is useful to set it as maximum.
Memory depth - when pipe reading memory depth is determined by the computer’s available memory
and in the spectrum analyzer mode this is artificially limited to 65535 samples per channel.
Disable averaging - this flag disables averaging to increase the sampling frequency or performs
averaging for several samples (arithmetic average).
Total number of the harmonics - determines the number of harmonics used when calculating the
harmonic distortion factor.
ilter auto on - enables the corresponding filter to be automatically turned on upon setting its
parameters.
Show the reading mode information (buffer/pipe) - causes the reading mode information to be
displayed on the “ requency” panel.
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11. RECORDER
Picture 18: Recorder window
This figure displays the main program window when operating in the recorder mode. Most window elements
when operating in this mode are similar to the corresponding elements when operating in the oscilloscope mode.
There are several differences because when operating in the recorder mode the waveform is constantly read in
real time from the microcontroller. As a consequence in this mode there are no “triggering”, “filtering” and
“common signal parameters” panels. Also, the time base format (hours: minutes: seconds: milliseconds) is
changed.
It is important to note that in the recorder mode you can perform neither single nor cyclic measurement.
Therefore to start recording the waveform it is necessary to press the Start button. The button will then change its
name to Stop and its color to red. To stop recording it is necessary to press the Stop button. While recording, the
options to change the voltage scale range, to turn channels on/off and to change time base will be disabled. This
is connected with the real time waveform record and any change would lead to significant CPU usage resulting
in a skip of the new data portion.
In the upper right corner of the "Period" panel instead of information about the reading mode there is
information about immediate waveform plotting in the recording mode (if enabled): Dis - disable plotting, En -
enable plotting. The reason to disable or enable plotting within the measurements is that within a sampling
period such as 5 μs (200 kHz). Each second it will be necessary to plot 200,000 dots on the screen, which is
outside the capabilities of even advanced computers. At this plotting rate it will be an unclear obscure image on
the screen (the waveform would just be leaping). On the other hand however, within large sampling periods
(lower frequency) displaying the measurement results immediately in the recording mode enables you to analyze
the signal variation dynamics visually and stop recording under certain conditions. urthermore, in the recorder
mode you can both expand (increase) and compress (decrease) the waveform with the corresponding buttons and
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