Rajant Corporation BreadCrumb CX1 User manual

BreadCrumb® CX1 Version 11 User Guide
Model: BreadCrumb CX1
User Guide Version: 11.12.0 Rev A
Software Version: 11.12.0
Document Part Number: 03-100147-001
Corporate Headquarters:
Rajant Corporation
400 East King Street
Malvern, PA 19355
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
 http://www.rajant.com

Table of Contents
Document Revision History
Copyright Statement
FCC Statement
Antennas
Safety
Modifications
Professional Installation Attestation
Maximum Certified Power
GNU General Public License Statement
Preface
1. Introduction to BreadCrumbs
1.1 What is a BreadCrumb?
1.2 The Mesh Network
2. Description of a BreadCrumb CX1
2.1 Radios
2.2 Enclosure
2.3 Antenna Connectors
2.4 etherCON Connector
2.5 Power Requirements
2.6 Status LED
3. Appendices
Appendix A: Error and Warning Codes
Appendix B: Ports and Protocols
Appendix C: Rajant End User License Agreement
Appendix D: GNU General Public License

Document Revision History
Revision Date Changes
11.12 Rev A 07/25/2016 Initial HTML document

Copyright Statement
Rajant, the Rajant logo, BreadCrumb, InstaMesh, BC|Commander, and Bring Your Network with You! are
registered trademarks of Rajant Corp. in the United States and certain other countries.
Rajant’s patented InstaMesh® networking software enables the network to quickly adapt to rapidly-
deployed and moving network elements. U.S. Patents 9,001,645, US 9,001,645 B2 and US 9,319,922 B2
BreadCrumb® CX1 Version 11 User Guide
Copyright © 2009–2016 Rajant Corp. All rights reserved.

FCC Statement
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant
to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful
interference when the device is operated in a commercial environment. This device generates, uses, and
can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with this instruction
manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this device in a
residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct
the interference at their own expense.
Antennas
Antenna Installation WARNING
The BreadCrumb CX1 ships with 2dBi omni-directional antennas. SAR Compliance of the BreadCrumb
CX1 is contingent on the use of these antennas.
IMPORTANT: Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation
To satisfy FCC SAR RF exposure requirements for a body-worn device, the belt-clip must be used when
wearing the BreadCrumb CX1. The belt clip is shown in this figure: BreadCrumb CX1 Enclosure Features
(Back)
Maximum Certified Transmit Power
The BreadCrumb CX1 is granted at a maximum total (combined) average conducted power of 21.6 dBm.
SAR compliance is contingent on operation of the wireless transmitter at this power level.
Safety
Warning
The BreadCrumb CX1 is not user serviceable. Repair must be performed at a Rajant designated service
center by trained personnel.
Warning
The BreadCrumb CX1 single board computer assembly contains a Lithium coin cell battery.
Replacement of this battery should never be attempted by the user. The battery must be replaced by
authorized repair personnel trained by Rajant Corporation. CAUTION: Risk of explosion if battery is
replaced by an incorrect type. Dispose of used batteries according to the battery manufacturer’s
instructions.
Modifications
CAUTION
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by Rajant Corp. could void the user’s authority to
operate the equipment.

Rajant Products are compliant and warranted against manufacturing defects only so long as authorized
Rajant-authorized accessories are used in deployment of Rajant Breadcrumbs. It is the responsibility of
the operator and the installer to insure the system as installed operates within regional requirements.
Professional Installation Attestation
Rajant Corporation addresses the following items to ensure that the above referenced equipment is
professionally installed:
The device will only be sold by Rajant Corporation or one of its authorized dealers. Rajant Corporation
and its authorized dealers will be under strict marketing control and will only market and sell the device
to professionals.
Professional installation is required for this device and will be performed only by someone
knowledgeable of its use. Rajant Corporation will ensure that the device is only marketed and sold to
professionals.
The device is not sold to the general public and is sold only for industrial or commercial use by
professional installers.
Maximum Certified Power
The BreadCrumb CX1 may be operated at full certified power when configured with the granted antenna
type. Operation of a radio at power levels that exceed the EIRP of the granted configuration is prohibited.
See the tables below.
Table: Maximum Certified Power: FCC (United States), IC (Canada)
BreadCrumb
Model
Frequency
Range (MHz)
Maximum
Certified Total
Average
Conducted
Channel Power
(dBm)
Antenna
Type
Antenna
Gain
(dBi)
Maximum
Certified
EIRP (dBm)
CX1-3600 3655.9-3693.4 22.626 Omni-
directional 2 27.6363

GNU General Public License Statement
Certain components of the Rajant BreadCrumb firmware are subject to the GNU General Public License
Version 2, or other so-called open source licenses (“Open Source Software”). In compliance with the
terms of certain Open Source Software licenses like the GNU General Public License Version 2 (“GPLv2”),
Rajant makes certain modifications to Open Source Software that Rajant uses, modifies and distributes
pursuant to such licenses available to customers in source code form upon request. You are free to use,
modify and distribute Open Source Software so long as you comply with the terms of the relevant Open
Source Software license. In particular, the GPLv2 is available in the appendix of this manual or at
 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html.

Preface
Purpose and Scope
This manual provides information and guidance to all personnel who are involved with and use Rajant
Corporation’s BreadCrumb CX1.
This manual begins with an introduction to the BreadCrumb Kinetic Mesh Network. It then characterizes
the features of the BreadCrumb CX1. Finally, it describes common deployment scenarios and provides
concise step-by-step instructions for each scenario.
Note
Throughout this document, unless otherwise stated, the terms CX1 and BreadCrumb are used to refer
to Rajant BreadCrumb CX1.
How to Use This Guide
This User Guide is an HTML document and is read using a web browser. The browser’s right scroll bar,
mouse scroll wheel, up/down cursor keys or Page Up/Page Down keys may be used to navigate
sequentially forward or backward through the guide. In most browsers, CTRL-F can be used to search the
guide and navigate to matching text. The Table of Contents at the left (or top for small windows) contains
links to the starts of chapters and appendices. After a web link or cross-reference is clicked in the guide,
the browser’s back arrow should return to the previous page location.
Feedback Welcome
The user of this manual is encouraged to submit comments and recommended changes to improve this
manual and all Rajant products. Please send your feedback to  [email protected]. Please be sure to
include the version and revision number of the manual or product you are using as well as the relevant
document section numbers if appropriate.
Related Documentation
For additional information, refer to these documents:
• BC|Commander® Version 11 User Guide: This document contains information on the BC|Commander
management application, which is used to configure BreadCrumbs before or during a deployment.
• BreadCrumb® Security Technical Brief
These documents are available in the support section of Rajant’s website at  http://www.rajant.com.

1. Introduction to BreadCrumbs
Rajant Corporation’s ( http://www.rajant.com) BreadCrumbs utilize the 802.11 wireless networking
standards to form a wireless mesh network. The network is mobile, self-integrating, self-meshing, self-
healing, and secure. The focus is on flexibility, adaptability, and simplicity.
The BreadCrumb Kinetic Mesh Network is intended for rapid deployment of a broadband wireless
network into a situation or “hot zone.” The network can be deployed as a stand-alone wireless network,
or bridged to another network (such as the Internet) utilizing available reach-back communication links
(such as a DSL, cable, or satellite modem).
BreadCrumbs provide high bandwidth for applications to stream video, audio and data over large
distances. The network traffic can be secured by using different security features available on the
BreadCrumb. This makes the network optimal for tactical deployments as well as emergency response
situations since it offers robustness, stability and ease of setup in mission critical activities.
1.1 What is a BreadCrumb?
A BreadCrumb is an IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) and Ethernet compatible networking device with the ability to
connect to other BreadCrumbs or networking devices to form a BreadCrumb network. The BreadCrumb
is specifically designed for the following scenarios:
•Temporary Wireless Networks: Networks that must be established quickly and with minimal effort
for short-term use (e.g., a network established to provide a temporary network in a tactical
situation).
•Mobile Wireless Networks: Networks in which the network infrastructure itself is mobile, in
addition to client devices (e.g., a convoy viewing a video stream from a UAV).
•Wireless Network Extension: Networks in which a wireless network must be quickly extended
around or through obstacles that block wireless communications (e.g., urban canyon networks,
tunnels/caves, etc.)
•Wired Network Extension: Networks in which two or more wired LANs at different locations must
be connected wirelessly (e.g., to securely connect combat service support computers with logistics
bases)
•Any Combination of the Above: Most BreadCrumb deployments include elements from more than
one of the above scenarios.
In many cases, BreadCrumbs will perform all of these tasks as shipped with no configuration necessary at
all, providing an instant TAN (Tactical Area Network). Moreover, because BreadCrumbs use industry-
standard 802.11 communications, client devices such as laptops, or cell phones require no special
hardware, software, and little or no configuration to access a BreadCrumb network.
Note
Although all BreadCrumbs can be access points, most access points do not provide mesh capability.
Traditional access points simply allow wireless devices within range to connect to a wired network;
they do not extend range through other access points.

1.2 The Mesh Network
The key component of a BreadCrumb Mesh network is the ability for BreadCrumbs to connect, or mesh
with each other. While this is generally handled automatically by BreadCrumbs, complex deployment
scenarios require a basic understanding of how BreadCrumbs establish and maintain a mesh.
1.2.1 Mesh – A Definition
A mesh is a collection of BreadCrumbs (or other network devices), each of which is linked to one or more
other BreadCrumbs. Data can move between BreadCrumbs via these links, possibly passing through
several intermediate BreadCrumbs before arriving at its final destination.
The intelligence of a BreadCrumb network is in how it adapts rapidly to the creation or destruction of the
links in the mesh as devices are moved, switched OFF or ON, blocked by obstructions, interfered with by
other devices, or otherwise affected. This adaptation takes place automatically and immediately as
needed.
1.2.2 BreadCrumb Mesh Connections
In order for two BreadCrumbs to establish a mesh link to each other, they must be set to the same radio
channel and have the same Network ID. The Network ID is computed from:
• Network Name (simply a configurable name for the network, default is “Rajant Mesh Network”)
• Network Key (a passphrase or key used for establishing mesh connections and obfuscating
unencrypted network management traffic)
• Packet cipher setting
• MAC cipher setting
• Per-hop verification setting
• Key Sequence Number (defaults to 0)
To modify these settings via BC|Commander, the administrator must be logged in using the Crypto
Officer credentials.

2. Description of a BreadCrumb CX1
BreadCrumb CX1 is a portable, wireless device deployable in most environments. It is light in weight,
includes 2 external antennas and is designed to be completely mobile as worn by an individual. The
BreadCrumb CX1 is powered by a removeable rechargeable battery.
2.1 Radios
The BreadCrumb CX1 contains one radio in the 3.6 GHz band.
2.2 Enclosure
The CX1 enclosure has been designed to be splashproof when an etherCON cable is attached and the
battery door is closed. The enclosure dimensions are 133 mm x 128 mm x 59 mm (5.246" x 5.013" x
2.304") including antennas and without the belt clip (the belt clip is installed by the integrator). The
external features of the enclosure are shown in the following figures:
Figure: BreadCrumb CX1 Enclosure Features (Front)

Figure: BreadCrumb CX1 Enclosure Features (Back)
2.3 Antenna Connectors
The BreadCrumb CX1 provides two antennas located on the top of the enclosure (see the Enclosure Top
figure above). The CX1 offers antenna diversity and Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) features
so two antenna ports are utilized by the single radio.
Figure: BreadCrumb CX1 Enclosure (Top)

Warning
If it is necessary to service the antennas, to avoid possible damage to the BreadCrumb radio(s), always
connect or disconnect external antennas with the power to the BreadCrumb CX1 turned off.
2.4 etherCON Connector
The etherCON connector of the BreadCrumb CX1 provides Ethernet and also outputs 500 mA of current at
the voltage of the removeable rechargeable battery. The etherCON connector’s power is required by the
Green Go beltpack.
Warning
The output power on the CX1 etherCON connector may damage normal Ethernet ports on laptops and
other devices. When connecting the CX1 etherCON to any device other than the Green Go beltpack, a
customized Ethernet cable with no power lines must be used.
Figure: BreadCrumb CX1 Enclosure (Bottom)

2.5 Power Requirements
The BreadCrumb CX1 is powered by a removable rechargeable smart lithium ion battery, Rajant part
number 49-100009-001 Inspired Energy NC2040HD34, Battery, 10.8 V, 3.4 Ah, 37 Wh. The battery body is
keyed to assist in proper insertion. When the battery is inserted into the CX1, the rectangular tab should
be folded away from the battery gauge display on the end of the battery. The battery compartment door
can then be clipped in the closed position.
The BreadCrumb CX1 does not include a battery charger. An external charger is required to charge the
CX1 battery.
Figure: BreadCrumb CX1 Battery

Battery Safety
Handling
• Avoid shorting the battery.
• Do not immerse in water.
• Do not disassemble or deform the battery.
• Do not expose to, or dispose of the battery in fire.
• Avoid excessive physical shock or vibration.
• Keep out of the reach of children.
• Never use a battery that appears to have suffered abuse.
Charge & Discharge
• Battery must be charged in appropriate charger only.
• Never use a modified or damaged charger.
Storage
• Store in a cool, dry and well ventilated area.
Disposal
• Regulations vary for different countries. Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.
2.6 Status LED
The Status LED is capable of displaying warning and error codes, and link states. The LED Mode can be
configured in BC|Commander to be ON (switchable), ALERTS ONLY (switchable), OFF (non-switchable), or
OFF (switchable). When the LED Mode is ON, the BreadCrumb LED alternates between displaying the link
state and any warnings or errors. When the LED Mode is OFF, the BreadCrumb LED does not display any
warnings, errors, or the link state. When the LED Mode is set for ALERTS ONLY, the BreadCrumb LED
alternates between displaying the link state and any warnings or errors only if there are warnings or
errors to report. If there are no warnings or errors, the LED displays nothing.
The Status LED combines the three base colors of red, green and blue to display a broader spectrum of
colors which indicate the current status of a BreadCrumb. The meanings of the color code indicators are
given in the following table.
Table: Status LED Color Codes
Color Status
White (red, green and blue LEDs together; may
appear pale blue or pale green) Powered on; start of boot process
Red-Blue-Green scrolling in succession End of successful boot process

Color Status
Solid Blue Ready, but no connected Mesh peers (unit may
have Ethernet peers)
Blinking Green At least one connected Mesh peer; all peers are
connected at less than 24 Mbps
Solid Green At least one connected Mesh peer; one or more
peers are connected at 24 Mbps or faster
Blinking Yellow (with short and long pauses
between blinks) Numeric warning code
Blinking Red (with short and long pauses
between blinks) Numeric error code
Blinking Yellow (blinking at an increasing rate) BreadCrumb is in the process of installing
firmware
All LED colors scrolling in rapid succession
(with a short pause between every cycle) Successful firmware installation; ready to reboot
All LED colors scrolling in rapid succession
(with no pause) Identify mode is ON
For more information on BreadCrumb Status LED numeric codes see Appendix Error and Warning Codes.
For a list of error and warning codes refer to Appendix Error and Warning Codes.

3. Appendices

Appendix A: Error and Warning Codes
All possible BreadCrumb error and warning codes are listed below.
Numeric error codes are displayed as groups of red (error) or yellow (warning) LED blinks. For example, a
meshed BreadCrumb displays a green LED. If the BreadCrumb starts to display warning 37, the following
would be seen: green (link state), yellow blinks 3 times, short pause, yellow blinks 7 times, long pause of
green (link state), yellow blinks 3 times, short pause, yellow blinks 7 times, etc.
Code Firmware Upgrade Codes (1*)
11 Flash image file does not exist.
12 Current flash image version is greater than versions of files found on USB drive.
13 No flash image files found.
14 Unable to mount USB drive.
15 Unable to retrieve next boot image number.
16 Unable to set fail safe boot mode.
17 Unlocking of /dev/mtd0 failed.
18 fconfig for SetMainBoot failed.
19 Copying of zImage failed.
111 Copying of ramdisk failed.
112 FIS directory update of ramdisk failed.
113 Copying of etc failed.
114 FIS directory update of /etc failed.
115 Copying failed.
116 Flash unbundle failed.
117 Version information in flash file name and breadcrumb-buildinfo.conf do not match.
1171 Platform information in flash file name and breadcrumb-buildinfo.conf do not match.
118 Untar failed.
119 FIS directory update of kernel failed.
121 Failed to unmount /etc.
122 In Failsafe mode, but no USB drive detected.

Code Firmware Upgrade Codes (1*)
123 BreadCrumb will be in failsafe mode and unable to communicate with other BreadCrumbs
after next reboot.
124 Failed to suspend bcconfigd.
125 Failed to set boot path to next image.
126 Failed to erase end of next file system image.
127 Failed to copy file system image.
128 Failed to checksum file system image.
129 Failed to create directory for next file system image.
131 Failed to mount next file system image.
132 Failed to create directory for settings.
133 Failed to copy current settings to next file system image.
134 Failed to unmount next file system image.
135 Failed to copy init image.
136 Failed to copy bootloader image.
137 This flash image may not be installed onto this BreadCrumb.
138 Failed to copy failsafe file system.
141 Error retrieving flash file.
142 The version you are installing does not support the configured Packet Cipher
143 The version you are installing does not support the configured MAC Address Cipher
144 The version you are installing does not support the configured Per-hop Authentication
algorithm
145 The version you are installing does not support the configured security policy
146 Failed to verify consistent country settings
147 The configured countries are not consistent
151 Pre-manufacturing install process failed
152 Firmware install failed
153 Post-manufacturing install process failed
154 The autorun is missing required symbols

Code Firmware Upgrade Codes (1*)
21 Recovery log detected. To clear this message, please take a diagnostic snapshot and
upload to https://secure.rajant.com.
22 Internal error detected. Please take a diagnostic snapshot and upload to
https//secure.rajant.com. This message will be cleared on the next reboot.
Code Self-Test Codes (3*)
31 Hardware configuration not set. Factory initialization required.
311 Hardware error detected.
32 BreadCrumb has been zeroized.
321 BreadCrumb is being zeroized.
33 Radio(s) not detected.
331 Radio in MANUAL compliance mode is violating country regulation.
332 Spectrum Access not granted
333 Low Battery
334 Gas gauge not initialized. To initialize, please power off unit and fully charge.
34 Cannot read /dev/nand6 information, or cannot resize or format /dev/nand6.
36 Hardware monitor missing.
37 Failed to configure ethernet port
38 Resetting radio due to error.
381 Noise floor threshold exceeded
382 Radar detection paused radio
383 Radio resumed from radar pause
385 Radio(s) failed to initialize
Code FIPS Codes (4*)
41 FIPS Power-on self-tests failed.
411 FIPS DRBG power-on self test failed.
412 FIPS DRBG continuous test failed.
413 FIPS DRBG health check failed.