Rajant Corporation BreadCrumb LX3 User manual

BreadCrumb® LX / LX3
USER GUIDE
Version: 2.91
Date: April 16, 2010
Corporate Headquarters
Rajant Corporation
400 East King Street
Malvern, PA 193
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
http://www.rajant.com
Document Part Number: 03-100101-001

FCC and IC Statements
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC ules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection
against harmful interference when the device is operated in a commercial environment. This device
generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance
with this instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of
this device in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be
required to correct the interference at their own expense.
This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003 and SS-210 rules.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe A est conforme à la norme NMB-003 et CN -210 du Canada.
WARNING: To satisfy FCC F exposure requirements a minimum safe distance of 20 cm must be
maintained between this device and all persons while the device is operating.
CAUTION: To reduce potential radio interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain
should be chosen so that the equivalent isotropically radiated power (EI P) is not more than that
permitted for successful communication.
CAUTION: Changes or modifications not expressly approved by ajant Corp. could void the user's
authority to operate the equipment.
Copyrig t Statement
You may use the software provided with the products only on personal computers owned by the
purchasing individual or entity, and may not use, load, or run any such software on any network or in
any type of service bureau, time-sharing operation, or non-purchasing individual or entity's
equipment.
BCAdmin and BCAPI are trademarks; ajant, the ajant logo, BreadCrumb, Instamesh, BC|
Commander, and Bring Your Network with You! are registered trademarks of ajant Corp. in the
United States and certain other countries.
BreadCrumb® LX / LX3 User Guide
Copyright © 2007–2010 ajant Corp. All rights reserved.

ajant Corporation BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide
03-100101-001 Version: 2.91
Table of Contents
FCC and IC Statements....................................................................................................
Copyright Statement.........................................................................................................
Preface....................................................................................................................................v
Purpose and Scope.............................................................................................................v
User Information..................................................................................................................v
Related Documentation.......................................................................................................v
1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................1
1.1 What is a BreadCrumb?...............................................................................................1
1.2 Mobility through Meshing.............................................................................................2
1.2.1 Mesh – A Definition...............................................................................................2
1.2.2 BreadCrumbs Mesh by Channel and ESSID.......................................................2
1.3 Description of BreadCrumb LX/LX3.............................................................................4
1.3.1 Radios...................................................................................................................4
1.3.2 Enclosure..............................................................................................................6
1.3.3 Antenna Connectors.............................................................................................8
1.3.4 Power and Ethernet Connectors........................................................................10
1.3. Status LED..........................................................................................................11
1.3.6 Zeroize Keys and Restore Factory Defaults / LED Configuration Switch .........12
1.3.6.1 Zeroize Keys and Restore Factory Defaults...............................................12
1.3.6.2 LED Configuration.......................................................................................13
2 Using BC|Commander or BCAdmin..............................................................................15
3 Deploying t e BreadCrumb Wireless Network............................................................17
3.1 Addressing.................................................................................................................17
3.1.1 BreadCrumb Device Addresses.........................................................................17
3.1.2 DHCP..................................................................................................................17
3.2 Channel Assignments................................................................................................17
3.2.1 Channel Assignment for Single-Radio BreadCrumb Devices............................18
3.3 Physical Placement and other Considerations..........................................................18
3.3.1 Line-of-Sight.......................................................................................................18
3.3.2 Distance..............................................................................................................18
3.3.3 Weather..............................................................................................................19
3.3.4 Interference.........................................................................................................19
3.3. Placement of BCWN Components.....................................................................19
3.4 Deployment Guidelines and Methodology.................................................................20
3.4.1 Deployment Guidelines......................................................................................20
3.4.2 Deployment Methodology...................................................................................21
4 BreadCrumb LX/LX3 USB Firmware Upgrade..............................................................23
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5 Troubles ooting..............................................................................................................25
.1 Sporadic Network Connectivity..................................................................................2
.2 BreadCrumb Device Cannot Connect to BCWN.......................................................26
Appendix A: Error and Warning Codes..........................................................................A-1
Appendix B: Using Pole Mount Bracket........................................................................B-1
List of Figures
Figure 1: All BreadCrumbs use the same ESSID..................................................................3
Figure 2: ESSID of BreadCrumb C changes to "lonely."........................................................3
Figure 3: BreadCrumb LX/LX3 Enclosure Features (Top-Front Side)...................................7
Figure 4: BreadCrumb LX/LX3 Enclosure Features (Bottom-Rear Side)..............................8
Figure : BreadCrumb LX/LX3 Ethernet and Passive PoE Connections............................11
Figure 6: LX Pole-Top Bracket with U-Bolts.......................................................................B-1
Figure 7: U-Bolts Holding the LX Pole-Top Bracket to a Pole............................................B-1
List of Tables
Table 1: 2.4 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies...............................................................4
Table 2: 900 MHz Radio Channel and Frequencies..............................................................
Table 3: GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies...................................................................
Table 4: 4.9 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies...............................................................6
Table : BreadCrumb LX Radio/Antenna Configurations......................................................9
Table 6: BreadCrumb LX3 Radio/Antenna Configurations....................................................9
Table 7: Status LED Color Codes........................................................................................12
Table 8: Default and alternate display states of the Status LED..........................................13
Table 9: Sporadic Network Connectivity Issues...................................................................2
Table 10: BreadCrumb to BCWN Connectivity Issues.........................................................26
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Preface
Purpose and Scope
This manual provides information and guidance to all personnel who are involved with and use
ajant Corporation’s BreadCrumb LX/LX3 product.
This manual begins with an introduction to the BreadCrumb Wireless Network (BCWN). It then
characterizes the features of the BreadCrumb LX/LX3. Finally, it describes common deployment
scenarios and provides concise step-by-step instructions for each scenario.
User Information
The user of this manual is encouraged to submit comments and recommended changes to improve
this manual. Please send any comments or changes to [email protected]. Be sure to include the
version number of the manual you are using and please provide the page numbers related to your
comments wherever possible
Related Documentation
For additional BreadCrumb LX/LX3 information, refer to these documents:
•Rajant BC|Commander® User Guide: This document contains information on the BC|
Commander management application, which is used to configure BreadCrumbs before or
during a deployment.
•BreadCrumb® Wireless Network User Guide For the BreadCrumb®Wireless Network
Release 9.0: This document contains information relevant to the old BreadCrumb®
firmware release v9, and the BCAdmin application, which is used to manage a v9 network.
•BreadCrumb® Video Guide
•BreadCrumb® VLAN Guide
•Rajant Troubleshooting Range User Guide
•RF Component Installation and Verification in BreadCrumb® Networks
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1 Introduction
ajant Corporation's (http://www.rajant.com) BreadCrumb LX/LX3 utilizes the IEEE 802.11a and
802.11g wireless networking standards to form a wireless mesh network. The network is mobile,
self-integrating, self-meshing, self-healing, full-duplex and secure. The focus is on flexibility,
adaptability, and simplicity.
The BreadCrumb Wireless Network (BCWN) is intended for rapid deployment of a broadband
wireless network into a situation or “hot zone.” The network can be deployed as a stand-alone
wireless network, or bridged to another network (such as the Internet) utilizing available reach-back
communication links (such as a DSL, cable, or satellite modem).
BreadCrumb LX/LX3 provides high bandwidth applications to stream video, audio as well as data
over large distances. The network traffic can be secured by using different security features offered
by the BCWN. This makes the network optimal for tactical deployments as well as emergency
response situations since it offers robustness, stability and ease of setup in mission critical activities.
Note
Throughout this document, unless otherwise stated, the term LX is used to refer to
Rajant BreadCrumb LX, the term LX3 is used to refer to Rajant BreadCrumb LX3,
and the term BreadCrumb is used to refer to both Rajant BreadCrumb LX and
Rajant Breadcrumb LX3.
1.1 What is a BreadCrumb?
A BreadCrumb is an IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) and Ethernet compatible networking device which has the
capacity to connect to other BreadCrumbs or networking devices to form a BreadCrumb network. A
BreadCrumb is specifically designed for the following scenarios:
Temporary Wireless Networks
Networks that must be established quickly and with minimal effort for short-term use (e.g., a
network established to provide First esponder support at the site of a disaster).
Mobile Wireless Networks
Networks in which the network infrastructure itself is mobile, in addition to client devices (e.g., a
convoy viewing a video stream from a UAV).
Wireless Network Extension
Networks in which a wireless network must be quickly extended around or through obstacles that
block wireless communications (e.g., urban canyon networks, tunnels/caves, etc.)
Wired Network Extension
Networks in which two or more wired LANs at different locations must be connected wirelessly
(e.g., to securely connect combat service support computers with logistics bases)
Any Combination of the Above
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Most BreadCrumb deployments include elements from more than one of the above scenarios.
In many cases, BreadCrumbs will perform all of these tasks as shipped with no configuration
necessary at all, providing an instant TAN (Tactical Area Network). Moreover, because
BreadCrumbs use industry-standard 802.11 communications, client devices such as laptops or
handheld computers require no special hardware, software, or configuration to access a BCWN.
1.2 obility through eshing
The key component to a BCWN is a technique known as Meshing. While this is generally handled
automatically by BreadCrumbs, complex deployment scenarios require a basic understanding of how
BreadCrumbs establish and maintain a mesh.
1.2.1 Mes – A Definition
A mesh is a collection of network devices (in our case, BreadCrumbs), each of which is linked to one
or more other BreadCrumbs. Data can move between BreadCrumbs via these links, possibly passing
through several intermediate BreadCrumbs before arriving at its final destination.
The intelligence of a BCWN is in how it adapts rapidly to the creation or destruction of the links in
the mesh as devices are moved, switched OFF or ON, blocked by obstructions, interfered with by
other devices, or otherwise affected. This adaptation takes place automatically and immediately as
needed.
Note
Although all BreadCrumbs can be access points, most access points do not provide
mesh capability. Traditional access points simply allow wireless devices within
range to connect to a wired network; they do not extend range through other access
points.
1.2.2 BreadCrumbs Mes by C annel and ESSID
Two BreadCrumbs establish a mesh link to each other when they share both a radio channel and an
ESSID. An ESSID is essentially a name for a wireless network. By default, BreadCrumbs use the
ESSID "breadcrumb54" if programmed with v9 firmware, and “breadcrumb54-v10” if programmed
with v10 firmware. The following examples illustrate the use of channels and ESSIDs:
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Example 1:
Suppose you have three BreadCrumbs, called A, B, and C. Each has two radios. BreadCrumb A’s
radios are on channels 1 and 8, B’s are on 8 and 11, and C’s are on 1 and 11. All three BreadCrumbs
are using the default ESSID of "breadcrumb54-v10." Assuming that all three BreadCrumbs are
within radio range of one another, the network will be connected, as shown below:
Example 2:
Now suppose that you change the ESSID of BreadCrumb C to "lonely". The network will adjust to
this change, resulting in the following configuration:
Note that BreadCrumb C can no longer communicate with A or B, and vice versa.
3
Figure 1: All BreadCrumbs use the same ESSID.
CHANNEL 1
CHANNEL 11
CHANNEL 8
RADIO 2
BREADCRUMB B
RADIO 1
RADIO 1
BREADCRUMB C
RADIO 2RADIO 1
BREADCRUMB A
RADIO 2
Figure 2: ESSID of BreadCrumb C changes to "lonely."
CHANNEL 8
RADIO 2
BREADCRUMB B
RADIO 1
RADIO 1
BREADCRUMB C
RADIO 2RADIO 2
BREADCRUMB A
RADIO 1

BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide ajant Corporation
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1.3 Description of BreadCrumb LX/LX3
1.3.1 Radios
BreadCrumb LX offers two radios, while BreadCrumb LX3 offers three radios. 802.11g radios are
used in the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands, and 802.11a radios are used in the 4.9 GHz and 5 GHz
bands. The radios support the following channels and frequencies in the United States and Canada:
Note
Not all channels are allowed for use everywhere around the world. Check with the
corresponding wireless spectrum regulatory body to determine the subset of
channels authorized for use in your country.
Table 1: 2.4 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies.
Channel Number Center Frequency MHz)
1 2412
2 2417
3 2422
4 2427
5 2432
6 2437
7 2442
8 2447
9 2452
10 2457
11 2462
The default channel for a 2.4 GHz BreadCrumb radio is 11 (2462 MHz).
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Table 2: 900 Hz Radio Channel and Frequencies.
Channel Number Center Frequency MHz)
5 912
6 917
The default channel for a 900 MHz BreadCrumb radio is 6 (917 MHz).
Table 3: 5 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies.
Band Channel Center Frequency MHz) Turbo Capability
U-NII Upper Band
(5725 - 5825 MHz
/
ISM Band
(5725 - 5875 MHz
149 5745 No
152 5760 Static Turbo
153 5765 No
157 5785 No
160 5800 Static Turbo
161 5805 No
165 5825 No
The default channel for a 5 GHz BreadCrumb radio is 152 (5760 MHz). Note that this and some
other 5 GHz channels support a feature called Static Turbo mode. In this mode, the radio binds two
standard 20 MHz channels to obtain a wider bandwidth 40 MHz channel. The end result is
improved throughput and/or communication range for the radio.
Caution
Most 5 GHz antennas only support a subset of the 802.11a 5 GHz frequency
channels the ajant radio is capable of operating at. Before changing the channel of
a 5 GHz radio, verify that the channel is supported by the connected antenna.
Caution
Since the radios operate at different frequencies, you must be careful to use the
correct type of antenna with each radio. As an example, a 2.4 GHz antenna will not
work with a 5 GHz radio and vice versa.
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Table 4: 4.9 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies.
Channel Number Center Frequency MHz)
20 4950.0
25 4952.5
30 4955.0
35 4957.5
40 4960.0
45 4962.5
50 4965.0
55 4967.5
60 4970.0
65 4972.5
70 4975.0
75 4977.5
80 4980.0
The default channel for a 4.9 GHz BreadCrumb radio is 40 (4960.0 MHz).
One antenna port per radio is utilized. The antenna ports are accessed through Type N F
connectors mounted on the LX/LX3 enclosure.
1.3.2 Enclosure
The LX/LX3 enclosure has been designed to operate in extreme conditions. The Ingress Protection
(IP) rating of the enclosure has been tested per IEC 60529. The enclosure has demonstrated
performance compliant to IP67 requirements, providing complete protection against ingress of dust
(6) as well as protection against immersion in water (7).
The external features of the enclosure are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
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A: USB Port. (LX and LX3)
B: Status LED. (LX and LX3)
C: ETH0/PW J45 Port. (LX and LX3)
D: ETH1 J45 Port. (LX and LX3)
E: Zeroize Keys and estore Factory Defaults / LED Configuration Switch (LX and LX3)
F: Type N F Connector for the 2.4 GHz Antenna. (LX and LX3)
Figure 3: BreadCrumb LX/LX3 Enclosure Features (Top-Front Side).

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1.3.3 Antenna Connectors
The BreadCrumb LX provides two Type N female antenna connectors. The connector located on the
front side of the enclosure (see F in Figure 3) interfaces to the 2.4 GHz antenna. The connector
located on the the back side of the enclosure (see B in Figure 4) interfaces to the 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz,
4.9 GHz or 5 GHz antenna depending on the BreadCrumb LX model.
8
A: ½” Closure Plug (Not Utilized). (LX)
Type N F Connector for the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz Antenna (Not Shown). (LX3)
B: Type N F Connector for the 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9 GHz or 5 GHz Antenna. (LX)
Type N F Connector for the 900 MHz or 5GHz Antenna (LX3)
Figure 4: BreadCrumb LX/LX3 Enclosure Features (Bottom-Rear Side).

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Table 5: BreadCrumb LX Radio/Antenna Configurations.
LX Model Front Side Antenna Back Side Antenna
LX-2409 2.4 GHz 900 MHz
LX-2424 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz
LX-2449 2.4 GHz 4.9 GHz
LX-2450 2.4 GHz 5 GHz
The BreadCrumb LX3 provides three Type N female antenna connectors. The connector located on
the front side of the enclosure (see F in Figure 3) interfaces to the 2.4 GHz antenna. The connector
located on the the back side of the enclosure, on opposite corner of the front side antenna (see B in
Figure 4), interfaces to the 900 MHz or 5 GHz antenna depending on the BreadCrumb LX3 model.
Finally, the remaining connector on the back side of the enclosure (see A in Figure 4) interfaces to
the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz antenna depending on the BreadCrumb LX3 model.
Table 6: BreadCrumb LX3 Radio/Antenna Configurations.
LX3 Model Front Side Antenna Back Side Antenna 1 Back Side Antenna 2
LX3-2495 2.4 GHz 900 MHz 5 GHz
LX3-2209 2.4 GHz 900 MHz 2.4 GHz
LX3-2250 2.4 GHz 5 GHz 2.4 GHz
Because the antennas are mounted top and bottom and on opposite corners of the unit, the only
viable means of using the LX/LX3 with all antennas attached is by using the pole mount option.
Care should be taken to make sure the pole is mounted plumb (or possibly carefully tilted to account
for altitude differences) for reasons noted below:
•The 802.11a 5 GHz Vertically Polarized Omni antenna (OD5WM-6) has an extremely
narrow coverage plane. It only extends 5 degrees above and below the center-line, even at
relatively short range. This means that two units using these antennas will have to be at the
same altitude with the antennas plumb to see each other.
•The 802.11g 2.4 GHz Vertically Polarized Omni antenna (OD24M-7) covers a more lenient
18 degrees above and below center at distance and an even wider range up close. Therefore,
it is much more forgiving of imperfect placement than the 802.11a antenna.
Warning To avoid possible damage to the BreadCrumb radio(s), always connect or
disconnect external antennas with the power to the BreadCrumb LX/LX3 off.
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1.3.4 Power and Et ernet Connectors
The BreadCrumb LX/LX3 contains two 10/100 Base-TX Ethernet ports named ETH0/PW J45
and ETH1 J45 (see Figure 3). Both ports support Auto-MDI/MDIX allowing the use of either
straight-through or crossover data cables for connections to the ports. Use of the supplied data cable
is recommended for outdoor installations. The supplied data cable features a ruggedized J45
connector which provides an environmental seal when connected to the ETH0/PW J45 port on
the BreadCrumb LX/LX3.
The ETH0/PW J45 connector also supports Passive Power over Ethernet (Passive PoE), and
therefore acts as a dual function Ethernet and DC power input port for the BreadCrumb LX/LX3.
An external inline injector is used to merge DC power for the BreadCrumb LX/LX3 with data from a
LAN port or a wired client.
To ensure proper operation of the BreadCrumb LX, the inline injector must output a DC voltage
between 18 VDC to 48 VDC @ 20 W minimum (1.1 A @18 VDC). For BreadCrumb LX3, the
inline injector must output a DC voltage between 18 VDC to 48 VDC @ 25 W minimum (1.4 A @18
VDC). Using a higher output voltage facilitates longer cable runs between the inline injector and the
ETH0/PW J45 port on the BreadCrumb LX/LX3.
The BreadCrumb LX/LX3 ships with a standard 48 V AC/DC Passive PoE injector. The ajant
VHDC-24 is an optional accessory, and supports powering the Breadcrumb LX/LX3 from an
unregulated DC supply.
Figure 5 shows the connection of the BreadCrumb LX/LX3 to the AC/DC POE inline injector. The
data/power output of the inline injector is connected to the ETH0/PW J45 port of the
BreadCrumb LX/LX3. To avoid damage to the contacts of the ETH0/PW J45 port, apply power
to the inline injector after connecting the data cable to the ETH0/PW J45 port.
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Warning In order to avoid sparking and possible damage to the unit, be sure to connect the
powered Ethernet cable to the BreadCrumb LX/LX3 before applying power to the
power supply.
1.3.5 Status LED
The Status LED indicates the current status of a BreadCrumb. The Status LED combines the three
base colors of red, green and blue to display a broader spectrum of colors. The meanings of the
color code indicators are given in the table below:
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Figure 5: BreadCrumb LX/LX3 Ethernet and Passive PoE Connections.

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Table 7: Status LED Color Codes.
Color Status
Solid ed Booting
Blinking ed 1 Error
Solid Blue eady, but no peers
Solid Green At least one 24 Mbps or higher peer
Blinking Green At least one peer
Blinking Yellow
(at a constant rate) Progress
Blinking Yellow 1
(with short and long pauses between blinks) Warning
All Status LED colors scrolling in succession Success/Completion
1.3.6 Zeroize Keys and Restore Factory Defaults / LED Configuration
Switc
The Zeroize Keys and estore Factory Defaults / LED Configuration Switch (see Figure 3) has two
modes of operation. The modes are set by the length of time the switch is asserted. The modes are:
•Zeroize Keys and estore Factory Defaults
•LED Configuration
1.3.6.1 Zeroize Keys and Restore Factory Defaults
This mode is is used to erase the security protocol keys of a BreadCrumb LX/LX3 and to restore its
software configuration to the factory default state. To operate this switch follow these procedures:
•Ensure that the BreadCrumb is powered on, has fully booted-up and its Status LED (see
Figure 3) color is green or blue (see Table 7).
•Press the switch and hold the switch for approximately 10 seconds until the Status LED
changes to the error indicator of blinking red. See code 32 in Appendix A for a description
of the blinking red color sequence.
•elease the switch. The BreadCrumb will then reboot using the factory default configuration.
1 For a list of error and warning codes refer to Appendix A at the end of this document.
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Tip
The process of zeroizing keys and restoring factory defaults can also be performed
remotely from within the BC|Commander/BCAdmin management software. For
details on this alternative method, refer to the BC|Commander/BCAdmin user
guide.
1.3.6.2 LED Configuration
This mode is used to control the default and alternate display states of the Status LED. The LED
Configuration function is accessed by pressing the switch and releasing it after a two second hold.
The default state of the Status LED is defined as the state that the LED is in after a BreadCrumb has
been reset and has completed its boot process. The user can then toggle between the alternate and
default states of the Status LED by pressing the switch and activating the LED Configuration
function.
The default display state of the Status LED is dictated by the LED mode setting that is configured
from BC|Commander (please refer to the BC|Commander User Guide document for a more detailed
description of the LED mode setting).
Table 8 illustrates the possible default and alternate display states of the Status LED.
Table 8: Default and alternate display states of the Status LED.
Default State Alternate State
ON OFF
ALE TS ONLY ON
OFF ON
Note that state changes can occur only between options in the same rows of the table above. For
example, it is possible to toggle the state back and forth between ALE TS ONLY and ON, but not
between ALE TS ONLY and OFF. Transitioning from ALE TS ONLY to OFF would require
changing the LED mode setting in BC|Commander.
The Status LED is capable of displaying alerts, error codes, and link states. When the LED is ON,
errors, warnings, and link status are displayed. When the LED is OFF, errors, warnings, and link
states are not displayed. When the LED is set for ALE TS ONLY mode, only warnings and errors
are displayed.
Warning The LED remains active until the completion of the boot process. The LED may
display information during the boot process even with the LED mode set to OFF.
The LED must be physically masked (such as adding tape to the LED lens) to
guarantee that no light is emitted at any time.
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