Red Hat ENTERPRISE LINUX 3 - USING BINUTILS Manual

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3
Using binutils, the Gnu Binary
Utilities

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3: Using binutils, the Gnu Binary Utilities
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1
2. ar....................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Controlling aron the Command Line................................................................................ 3
2.2. Controlling arwith a Script ............................................................................................... 6
3. nm..................................................................................................................................................... 9
4. objcopy........................................................................................................................................... 13
5. objdump......................................................................................................................................... 21
6. ranlib .............................................................................................................................................. 27
7. size .................................................................................................................................................. 29
8. strings............................................................................................................................................. 31
9. strip................................................................................................................................................. 33
10. c++filt ........................................................................................................................................... 35
11. addr2line ...................................................................................................................................... 37
12. nlmconv ........................................................................................................................................ 39
13. windres ......................................................................................................................................... 41
14. Create files needed to build and use DLLs ............................................................................... 45
15. readelf........................................................................................................................................... 49
16. Selecting the Target System ....................................................................................................... 53
16.1. Target Selection.............................................................................................................. 53
16.1.1. objdumpTarget ............................................................................................... 53
16.1.2. objcopyand stripInput Target .................................................................... 53
16.1.3. objcopyand stripOutput Target.................................................................. 53
16.1.4. nm,size, and stringsTarget........................................................................ 54
16.2. Architecture Selection.................................................................................................... 54
16.2.1. objdumpArchitecture ..................................................................................... 54
16.2.2. objcopy,nm,size,stringsArchitecture ................................................... 54
17. Reporting Bugs............................................................................................................................ 55
17.1. Have You Found a Bug? ................................................................................................ 55
17.2. How to Report Bugs....................................................................................................... 55
A. GNU Free Documentation License............................................................................................. 59
A.1. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents......................................... 63
Index................................................................................................................................................... 65

Chapter 1.
Introduction
This brief manual contains documentation for the gnu binary utilities (collectively version
2.14.90.0.4):
This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

2 Chapter 1. Introduction

Chapter 2.
ar
ar [-]p[mod [relpos] [count]] archive [member...]
ar -M [

mri-script ]
The gnu ar program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. An archive is a single file holding
a collection of other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve the original individual files
(called members of the archive).
The original files’ contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and group are preserved in the
archive, and can be restored on extraction.
gnu ar can maintain archives whose members have names of any length; however, depending on how
ar is configured on your system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility
with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the limit is often 15 characters (typical
of formats related to a.out) or 16 characters (typical of formats related to coff).
ar is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort are most often used as libraries holding
commonly needed subroutines.
ar creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable object modules in the archive when you
specify the modifier s. Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever ar makes a change
to its contents (save for the qupdate operation). An archive with such an index speeds up linking to
the library, and allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to their placement in
the archive.
You may use nm -s or nm -print-armap to list this index table. If an archive lacks the table, another
form of ar called ranlib can be used to add just the table.
gnu ar is designed to be compatible with two different facilities. You can control its activity using
command-line options, like the different varieties of ar on Unix systems; or, if you specify the single
command-line option -M, you can control it with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI
"librarian" program.
2.1. Controlling aron the Command Line
ar [-X32_64] [-]p[mod [relpos] [count]] archive [member...]
When you use ar in the Unix style, ar insists on at least two arguments to execute: one keyletter
specifying the operation (optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying modifiers), and the
archive name to act on.
Most operations can also accept further member arguments, specifying particular files to operate on.
gnu ar allows you to mix the operation code pand modifier flags mod in any order, within the first
command-line argument.
If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a dash.
The pkeyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be any of the following, but you must
specify only one of them:

4 Chapter 2. ar
d
Delete modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to be deleted as member. . . ; the
archive is untouched if you specify no files to delete.
If you specify the vmodifier, ar lists each module as it is deleted.
m
Use this operation to move members in an archive.
The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how programs are linked using
the library, if a symbol is defined in more than one member.
If no modifiers are used with m, any members you name in the member arguments are moved to
the end of the archive; you can use the a,b, or imodifiers to move them to a specified place
instead.
p
Print the specified members of the archive, to the standard output file. If the vmodifier is speci-
fied, show the member name before copying its contents to standard output.
If you specify no member arguments, all the files in the archive are printed.
q
Quick append; Historically, add the files member. . . to the end of archive, without checking
for replacement.
The modifiers a,b, and ido not affect this operation; new members are always placed at the end
of the archive.
The modifier vmakes ar list each file as it is appended.
Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive’s symbol table index is not updated, even
if it already existed; you can use ar s or ranlib explicitly to update the symbol table index.
However, too many different systems assume quick append rebuilds the index, so gnu ar imple-
ments qas a synonym for r.
r
Insert the files member. . . into archive (with replacement). This operation differs from qin
that any previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being added.
If one of the files named in member. . . does not exist, ar displays an error message, and leaves
undisturbed any existing members of the archive matching that name.
By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may use one of the modifiers
a,b, or ito request placement relative to some existing member.
The modifier vused with this operation elicits a line of output for each file inserted, along with
one of the letters aor rto indicate whether the file was appended (no old member deleted) or
replaced.
t
Display a table listing the contents of archive, or those of the files listed in member. . . that are
present in the archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to see the
modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can request that by also specifying
the vmodifier.
If you do not specify a member, all files in the archive are listed.

Chapter 2. ar 5
If there is more than one file with the same name (say, fie) in an archive (say b.a), ar t b.a
fie lists only the first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete listing--in our
example, ar t b.a.
x
Extract members (named member) from the archive. You can use the vmodifier with this opera-
tion, to request that ar list each name as it extracts it.
If you do not specify a member, all files in the archive are extracted.
A number of modifiers (mod) may immediately follow the pkeyletter, to specify variations on an
operation’s behavior:
a
Add new files after an existing member of the archive. If you use the modifier a, the name
of an existing archive member must be present as the relpos argument, before the archive
specification.
b
Add new files before an existing member of the archive. If you use the modifier b, the name
of an existing archive member must be present as the relpos argument, before the archive
specification. (same as i).
c
Create the archive. The specified archive is always created if it did not exist, when you request
an update. But a warning is issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by
using this modifier.
f
Truncate names in the archive. gnu ar will normally permit file names of any length. This will
cause it to create archives which are not compatible with the native ar program on some systems.
If this is a concern, the fmodifier may be used to truncate file names when putting them in the
archive.
i
Insert new files before an existing member of the archive. If you use the modifier i, the name
of an existing archive member must be present as the relpos argument, before the archive
specification. (same as b).
l
This modifier is accepted but not used.
N
Uses the count parameter. This is used if there are multiple entries in the archive with the same
name. Extract or delete instance count of the given name from the archive.
o
Preserve the original dates of members when extracting them. If you do not specify this modifier,
files extracted from the archive are stamped with the time of extraction.
P
Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. gnu ar can not create an archive
with a full path name (such archives are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can.

6 Chapter 2. ar
This option will cause gnu ar to match file names using a complete path name, which can be
convenient when extracting a single file from an archive created by another tool.
s
Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one, even if no other change is
made to the archive. You may use this modifier flag either with any operation, or alone. Running
ar s on an archive is equivalent to running ranlib on it.
S
Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up building a large library in several
steps. The resulting archive can not be used with the linker. In order to build a symbol table, you
must omit the Smodifier on the last execution of ar, or you must run ranlib on the archive.
u
Normally, ar r. . . inserts all files listed into the archive. If you would like to insert only those of
the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same names, use this modifier. The
umodifier is allowed only for the operation r(replace). In particular, the combination qu is not
allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed advantage from the operation q.
v
This modifier requests the verbose version of an operation. Many operations display additional
information, such as filenames processed, when the modifier vis appended.
V
This modifier shows the version number of ar.
ar ignores an initial option spelt -X32_64, for compatibility with AIX. The behaviour produced by
this option is the default for gnu ar.ar does not support any of the other -X options; in particular, it
does not support -X32 which is the default for AIX ar.
2.2. Controlling arwith a Script
ar -M [

script ]
If you use the single command-line option -M with ar, you can control its operation with a rudimen-
tary command language. This form of ar operates interactively if standard input is coming directly
from a terminal. During interactive use, ar prompts for input (the prompt is AR

), and continues
executing even after errors. If you redirect standard input to a script file, no prompts are issued, and
ar abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code) on any error.
The ar command language is not designed to be equivalent to the command-line options; in fact,
it provides somewhat less control over archives. The only purpose of the command language is to
ease the transition to gnu ar for developers who already have scripts written for the MRI "librarian"
program.
The syntax for the ar command language is straightforward:
•Commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, LIST is the same as list. In the
following descriptions, commands are shown in upper case for clarity.
•A single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the line.
•Empty lines are allowed, and have no effect.

Chapter 2. ar 7
•Comments are allowed; text after either of the characters *or ;is ignored.
•Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an ar command, you can separate the
individual names with either commas or blanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for
clarity.
•+is used as a line continuation character; if +appears at the end of a line, the text on the following
line is considered part of the current command.
Here are the commands you can use in ar scripts, or when using ar interactively. Three of them have
special significance:
OPEN or CREATE specify a current archive, which is a temporary file required for most of the other
commands.
SAVE commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior to SAVE, commands affect only the
temporary copy of the current archive.
ADDLIB archive
ADDLIB archive (module,module, ... module)
Add all the contents of archive (or, if specified, each named module from archive) to the
current archive.
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
ADDMOD member,member, ... member
Add each named member as a module in the current archive.
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
CLEAR
Discard the contents of the current archive, canceling the effect of any operations since the last
SAVE. May be executed (with no effect) even if no current archive is specified.
CREATE archive
Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for many other commands). The
new archive is created with a temporary name; it is not actually saved as archive until you
use SAVE. You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any existing file named
archive will not be destroyed until SAVE.
DELETE module,module, ... module
Delete each listed module from the current archive; equivalent to ar -d archive module ...
module.
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
DIRECTORY archive (module, ... module)
DIRECTORY archive (module, ... module)outputfile
List each named module present in archive. The separate command VERBOSE specifies the
form of the output: when verbose output is off, output is like that of ar -t archive module....
When verbose output is on, the listing is like ar -tv archive module....
Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you specify outputfile as a
final argument, ar directs the output to that file.

8 Chapter 2. ar
END
Exit from ar, with a 0exit code to indicate successful completion. This command does not save
the output file; if you have changed the current archive since the last SAVE command, those
changes are lost.
EXTRACT module,module, ... module
Extract each named module from the current archive, writing them into the current directory as
separate files. Equivalent to ar -x archive module....
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
LIST
Display full contents of the current archive, in "verbose" style regardless of the state of VERBOSE.
The effect is like ar tv archive. (This single command is a gnu ar enhancement, rather than
present for MRI compatibility.)
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
OPEN archive
Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required for many other commands).
Any changes as the result of subsequent commands will not actually affect archive until you
next use SAVE.
REPLACE module,module, ... module
In the current archive, replace each existing module (named in the REPLACE arguments) from
files in the current working directory. To execute this command without errors, both the file, and
the module in the current archive, must exist.
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.
VERBOSE
Toggle an internal flag governing the output from DIRECTORY. When the flag is on, DIRECTORY
output matches output from ar -tv ....
SAVE
Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as a file with the name specified
in the last CREATE or OPEN command.
Requires prior use of OPEN or CREATE.

Chapter 3.
nm
nm [-a|--debug-syms] [-g|--extern-only]
[-B] [-C|--demangle[=style]] [-D|--dynamic]
[-S|--print-size] [-s|--print-armap]
[-A|-o|--print-file-name]
[-n|-v|--numeric-sort] [-p|--no-sort]
[-r|--reverse-sort] [--size-sort] [-u|--undefined-only]
[-t radix|--radix=radix] [-P|--portability]
[--target=bfdname] [-fformat|--format=format]
[--defined-only] [-l|--line-numbers] [--no-demangle]
[-V|--version] [-X 32_64] [--help] [objfile...]
gnu nm lists the symbols from object files objfile. . . . If no object files are listed as arguments, nm
assumes the file a.out.
For each symbol, nm shows:
•The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or hexadecimal by default.
•The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as well, depending on the object
file format. If lowercase, the symbol is local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external).
A
The symbol’s value is absolute, and will not be changed by further linking.
B
The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as BSS).
C
The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When linking, multiple com-
mon symbols may appear with the same name. If the symbol is defined anywhere, the common
symbols are treated as undefined references. For more details on common symbols, see the dis-
cussion of -warn-common in .
D
The symbol is in the initialized data section.
G
The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some object file formats permit
more efficient access to small data objects, such as a global int variable as opposed to a large
global array.
I
The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol. This is a gnu extension to the a.out
object file format that is rarely used.

10 Chapter 3. nm
N
The symbol is a debugging symbol.
R
The symbol is in a read only data section.
S
The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects.
T
The symbol is in the text (code) section.
U
The symbol is undefined.
V
The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal defined
symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. When a weak undefined symbol is
linked and the symbol is not defined, the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error.
W
The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a weak object symbol.
When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal defined symbol, the normal defined
symbol is used with no error. When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not
defined, the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error.
-
The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the next values printed are
the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold
debugging information. For more information, see .
?
The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific.
•The symbol name.
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are equivalent.
-A
-o
-print-file-name
Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member) in which it was found,
rather than identifying the input file once only, before all of its symbols.
-a
-debug-syms
Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not listed.
-B
The same as -format=bsd (for compatibility with the MIPS nm).

Chapter 3. nm 11
-C
-demangle[=style]
Decode (demangle) low-level symbol names into user-level names. Besides removing any initial
underscore prepended by the system, this makes C++ function names readable. Different com-
pilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. Refer to Chapter 10 c++filt for more
information on demangling.
-no-demangle
Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
-D
-dynamic
Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is only meaningful for dy-
namic objects, such as certain types of shared libraries.
-f format
-format=format
Use the output format format, which can be bsd,sysv, or posix. The default is bsd. Only the
first character of format is significant; it can be either upper or lower case.
-g
-extern-only
Display only external symbols.
-l
-line-numbers
For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and line number. For a
defined symbol, look for the line number of the address of the symbol. For an undefined sym-
bol, look for the line number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number
information can be found, print it after the other symbol information.
-n
-v
-numeric-sort
Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically by their names.
-p
-no-sort
Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order encountered.
-P
-portability
Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format. Equivalent to -f posix.
-S
-print-size
Print size, not the value, of defined symbols for the bsd output format.

12 Chapter 3. nm
-s
-print-armap
When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping (stored in the archive
by ar or ranlib) of which modules contain definitions for which names.
-r
-reverse-sort
Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the last come first.
-size-sort
Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference between the value of the symbol
and the value of the symbol with the next higher value. If the bsd output format is used the size
of the symbol is printed, rather than the value, and -S must be used in order both size and value
to be printed.
-t radix
-radix=radix
Use radix as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be dfor decimal, ofor octal, or x
for hexadecimal.
-target=bfdname
Specify an object code format other than your system’s default format. Refer to Section 16.1
Target Selection for more information.
-u
-undefined-only
Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).
-defined-only
Display only defined symbols for each object file.
-V
-version
Show the version number of nm and exit.
-X
This option is ignored for compatibility with the AIX version of nm. It takes one parameter
which must be the string 32_64. The default mode of AIX nm corresponds to -X 32, which is
not supported by gnu nm.
-help
Show a summary of the options to nm and exit.

Chapter 4.
objcopy
objcopy [-F bfdname|--target=bfdname]
[-I bfdname|--input-target=bfdname]
[-O bfdname|--output-target=bfdname]
[-B bfdarch|--binary-architecture=bfdarch]
[-S|--strip-all] [-g|--strip-debug]
[-K symbolname|--keep-symbol=symbolname]
[-N symbolname|--strip-symbol=symbolname]
[-G symbolname|--keep-global-symbol=symbolname]
[-L symbolname|--localize-symbol=symbolname]
[-W symbolname|--weaken-symbol=symbolname]
[-x|--discard-all] [-X|--discard-locals]
[-b byte|--byte=byte]
[-i interleave|--interleave=interleave]
[-j sectionname|--only-section=sectionname]
[-R sectionname|--remove-section=sectionname]
[-p|--preserve-dates]
[--debugging]
[--gap-fill=val] [--pad-to=address]
[--set-start=val] [--adjust-start=incr]
[--change-addresses=incr]
[--change-section-address section{=,+,-}val]
[--change-section-lma section{=,+,-}val]
[--change-section-vma section{=,+,-}val]
[--change-warnings] [--no-change-warnings]
[--set-section-flags section=flags]
[--add-section sectionname=filename]
[--rename-section oldname=newname[,flags]]
[--change-leading-char ] [--remove-leading-char]
[--srec-len=ival ] [--srec-forceS3]
[--redefine-sym old=new ]
[--weaken]
[--keep-symbols=filename]
[--strip-symbols=filename]
[--keep-global-symbols=filename]
[--localize-symbols=filename]
[--weaken-symbols=filename]
[--alt-machine-code=index]
[--prefix-symbols=string]
[--prefix-sections=string]
[--prefix-alloc-sections=string]
[-v|--verbose]
[-V|--version]
[--help] [--info]
infile [outfile]
The gnu objcopy utility copies the contents of an object file to another. objcopy uses the gnu bfd
Library to read and write the object files. It can write the destination object file in a format different
from that of the source object file. The exact behavior of objcopy is controlled by command-line
options. Note that objcopy should be able to copy a fully linked file between any two formats.
However, copying a relocatable object file between any two formats may not work as expected.

14 Chapter 4. objcopy
objcopy creates temporary files to do its translations and deletes them afterward. objcopy uses bfd
to do all its translation work; it has access to all the formats described in bfd and thus is able to
recognize most formats without being told explicitly. .
objcopy can be used to generate S-records by using an output target of srec (e.g., use -O srec).
objcopy can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an output target of binary (e.g., use -O
binary). When objcopy generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce a memory dump of
the contents of the input object file. All symbols and relocation information will be discarded. The
memory dump will start at the load address of the lowest section copied into the output file.
When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to use -S to remove sections
containing debugging information. In some cases -R will be useful to remove sections which contain
information that is not needed by the binary file.
Note--objcopy is not able to change the endianness of its input files. If the input format has an
endianness (some formats do not), objcopy can only copy the inputs into file formats that have the
same endianness or which have no endianness (e.g., srec).
infile
outfile
The input and output files, respectively. If you do not specify outfile,objcopy creates a
temporary file and destructively renames the result with the name of infile.
-I bfdname
-input-target=bfdname
Consider the source file’s object format to be bfdname, rather than attempting to deduce it. Refer
to Section 16.1 Target Selection for more information.
-O bfdname
-output-target=bfdname
Write the output file using the object format bfdname. Refer to Section 16.1 Target Selection for
more information.
-F bfdname
-target=bfdname
Use bfdname as the object format for both the input and the output file; that is, simply transfer
data from source to destination with no translation. Refer to Section 16.1 Target Selection for
more information.
-B bfdarch
-binary-architecture=bfdarch
Useful when transforming a raw binary input file into an object file. In this case the output
architecture can be set to bfdarch. This option will be ignored if the input file has a known
bfdarch. You can access this binary data inside a program by referencing the special symbols
that are created by the conversion process. These symbols are called _binary_objfile_start,
_binary_objfile_end and _binary_objfile_size. e.g. you can transform a picture file into an
object file and then access it in your code using these symbols.
-j sectionname
-only-section=sectionname
Copy only the named section from the input file to the output file. This option may be given more
than once. Note that using this option inappropriately may make the output file unusable.

Chapter 4. objcopy 15
-R sectionname
-remove-section=sectionname
Remove any section named sectionname from the output file. This option may be given more
than once. Note that using this option inappropriately may make the output file unusable.
-S
-strip-all
Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file.
-g
-strip-debug
Do not copy debugging symbols from the source file.
-strip-unneeded
Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing.
-K symbolname
-keep-symbol=symbolname
Copy only symbol symbolname from the source file. This option may be given more than once.
-N symbolname
-strip-symbol=symbolname
Do not copy symbol symbolname from the source file. This option may be given more than
once.
-G symbolname
-keep-global-symbol=symbolname
Keep only symbol symbolname global. Make all other symbols local to the file, so that they are
not visible externally. This option may be given more than once.
-L symbolname
-localize-symbol=symbolname
Make symbol symbolname local to the file, so that it is not visible externally. This option may
be given more than once.
-W symbolname
-weaken-symbol=symbolname
Make symbol symbolname weak. This option may be given more than once.
-x
-discard-all
Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file.
-X
-discard-locals
Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols. (These usually start with Lor ..)
-b byte
-byte=byte
Keep only every byteth byte of the input file (header data is not affected). byte can be in the
range from 0 to interleave-1, where interleave is given by the -i or -interleave option,

16 Chapter 4. objcopy
or the default of 4. This option is useful for creating files to program rom. It is typically used with
an srec output target.
-i interleave
-interleave=interleave
Only copy one out of every interleave bytes. Select which byte to copy with the -b or -byte
option. The default is 4. objcopy ignores this option if you do not specify either -b or -byte.
-p
-preserve-dates
Set the access and modification dates of the output file to be the same as those of the input file.
-debugging
Convert debugging information, if possible. This is not the default because only certain debug-
ging formats are supported, and the conversion process can be time consuming.
-gap-fill val
Fill gaps between sections with val. This operation applies to the load address (LMA) of the
sections. It is done by increasing the size of the section with the lower address, and filling in the
extra space created with val.
-pad-to address
Pad the output file up to the load address address. This is done by increasing the size of the last
section. The extra space is filled in with the value specified by -gap-fill (default zero).
-set-start val
Set the start address of the new file to val. Not all object file formats support setting the start
address.
-change-start incr
-adjust-start incr
Change the start address by adding incr. Not all object file formats support setting the start
address.
-change-addresses incr
-adjust-vma incr
Change the VMA and LMA addresses of all sections, as well as the start address, by adding
incr. Some object file formats do not permit section addresses to be changed arbitrarily. Note
that this does not relocate the sections; if the program expects sections to be loaded at a certain
address, and this option is used to change the sections such that they are loaded at a different
address, the program may fail.
-change-section-address section{=,+,-}val
-adjust-section-vma section{=,+,-}val
Set or change both the VMA address and the LMA address of the named section. If =is used,
the section address is set to val. Otherwise, val is added to or subtracted from the section
address. See the comments under -change-addresses, above. If section does not exist in
the input file, a warning will be issued, unless -no-change-warnings is used.
-change-section-lma section{=,+,-}val
Set or change the LMA address of the named section. The LMA address is the address where
the section will be loaded into memory at program load time. Normally this is the same as the