Sandel ST3400 Manual

82002-PG-ERR-F4 SANDEL ST3400 PILOT’S GUIDE ERRATA PAGE 1OF 4
ST3400
Pilot’s Guide Effectivity and Errata
Insert this update ahead of the cover page of the Pilot’s Guide referenced
below.
Date:
Effectivity:
Errata:
18-AUG-2016
ST3400 Software A3.15/B3.15
Pilots Guide 82002-PG-F
With the exception of the
superseding information contained
in this document, operation of the
ST3400 is as described in the
ST3400 Pilot’s Guide referenced
above.
There are no errata applicable to this release.
82002-PG-ERR-F4 SANDEL ST3400 PILOT’S GUIDE ERRATA PAGE 2OF 4
Previous errata:
Errata update to the Revision F Pilot’s Guide:
1) The coverage area description on page 22 should be updated to
read as follows:
The internal database of the ST3400 includes terrain, charted man-made
obstacles, and airports with runways greater than 2500 feet in length.
Obstacles are not shown discretely, but are included in the terrain cell
height. This means, for instance, that flat terrain with a charted broadcast
antenna may show the terrain cell containing the antenna as yellow when
all the surrounding terrain shows as green.
Database coverage area is determined by the region currently uploaded
into the ST3400. The region is shown on the startup page.
Obstacle data is included for most countries. Please contact Sandel for the
most current coverage information.
Note: There is no guarantee that every obstacle is charted or that every
charted obstacle is in the obstacle database.
2) The Range Ring table on page 26 should be updated as follows:
RANGE RING*
View Ranges (Terrain)
FULL 1, 1.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40
ARC 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 (not available for TFC)
* = Operation in certain geographical areas may limit the maximum range
to 20nm in FULL view and 40nm in ARC view.

82002-PG-ERR-F4 SANDEL ST3400 PILOT’S GUIDE ERRATA PAGE 3OF 4
3) The following table shall be used in place of the table on page 59
of 82002-PG-F:
ADVISORY MESSAGES
Text Message Description Comment
FAN RPM Fan Failure May induce an overtemp warning.
Report to Maintenance
LAMP VOLTAGE Lamp Voltage Failed May induce a lamp failure.
Report to Maintenance
RS232-xOVFL Serial port has been detected
as being in an overflow state. X= RS232 channel number.
Report to maintenance.
4) Page 65: Appendix A, Optional Equipment
The annunciators ‘GS INH’ and ‘FLAPS INH’ should read ‘GS OVRD’
and ‘FLAPS OVRD’, respectively.
Additional Notes
ST3400 units with S/N’s between 2000 and 6-7349 are equipped
with ‘Mod-A’. ST3400 units with S/N’s 6-7350 and above are
equipped with ‘Mod-B’. These units are functionally identical
with lower serial numbers with the exception that Auto-dimming
is supported.
On the Pilot’s Menu press the MANUAL BRIGHTNESS softkey.
The mode will switch to AUTO BRIGHTNESS. When in AUTO
BRIGHTNESS, the minimum (night) brightness is adjustable
using the up/down arrow keys.
The ‘Mod-A’ or ‘Mod-B’ status is shown at the upper right of the
Pilot’s Menu.
Pilot Initiated Self-Test: During pilot initiated Self-Test, all
external annunciators are activated including optional GS OVRD
and FLAP OVRD. (In prior software, only CAUT, WARN, and
TAWS INH were activated).
FLTA audio alerts: Software version A3.10 or higher includes
selectable audio alerts for FLTA. Type A selectable alerts are
“Caution, Terrain; Caution, Terrain” for caution and “Terrain,
Terrain, Pull-Up, Pull-Up” for warning. Type B selectable alerts
are “Terrain Ahead; Terrain Ahead” for caution and “Terrain
Ahead, Pull-Up; Terrain Ahead, Pull-Up” for warning. These
82002-PG-ERR-F4 SANDEL ST3400 PILOT’S GUIDE ERRATA PAGE 4OF 4
alternate alerts are configured in the maintenance setup of the
ST3400 TAWS and are not pilot configurable.
Himalayas: When flying in the Himalayas near N27:54 E87:06
there are some terrain cells for which no data is available. These
will show up as gray ‘no data’ areas on the display. If the aircraft
is close enough to look-ahead into these areas the ‘X’ TAWS
FAIL indication will occur until the aircraft exits the area.
The airport database date shown on the startup screen is the issue
data plus 28 days.
Optional Traffic Display Interface: While on the ground, the
ST3400 will not switch automatically to the TFC display mode if
there is a TA. This is to prevent excessive switching of the
display modes while in the presence of normal airport traffic.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI Pilot’s Guide
ST3400
TAWS/RMI
with Traffic Capability
Pilot’s Guide
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 1
PILOT INFORMATION
Publication Date: February, 2004
This guide provides information on the use and operation of the ST3400
Class A TAWS/RMI and the ST3400 Class B TAWS/RMI.
Information in this manual is current as of publication or revision date.
Specifications and operational details are subject to change without notice
at the discretion of Sandel Avionics, Inc.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2002, 2003, 2004 Sandel Avionics, Inc.
May be covered by one or more pending and issued US and foreign
patents, including U.S. patent No. 6,259,378, 6,489,916 and 6,507,288.
All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored or
distributed without written permission of Sandel Avionics, Inc. Additional
copies of this manual are available from:
Sandel Avionics, Inc.
2401 Dogwood Way
Vista, CA 92081
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
www.sandel.com
REVISION NOTICE
The “Effectivity and Errata” page specifically lists the software to which
this Pilot’s Guide applies, corrects any errors or omissions in this revision
of the Pilot’s Guide, and will be reprinted at the time of any new software
revisions to approve use of this manual with the revised software.
OPERATIONAL AND LEGAL ISSUES
Please keep in mind that information displayed on the ST3400 is generated
by external instruments. It is the pilot’s responsibility to ensure the correct
configuration and utilization of these external devices. The ST3400 is
subject to all legal and operational limitations of the devices supplying it
data. Always refer to your approved Aircraft Flight Manual Supplement
for operation and limitations on the use of installed equipment.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 2
Note: Because aircraft vary in their installed equipment, it is important to
note that what is displayed on the ST3400 may vary depending on the
presence or absence of equipment.
APPROVALS
The ST3400 TAWS/RMI meets FAA (Federal Aviation Administration)
Class A TAWS equipment standards and Class B equipment standards for
GA (General Aviation) and commercial air carriers.
The ST3400 is approved by the FAA under the following TSO (Technical
Standard Orders):
TAWS/GPWS Functions:
TSO-C151B: TAWS (Terrain Awareness and Warning System)
Multipurpose Displays:
TSO-C113: AMED (Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays)
The following certification levels also apply to this product:
Environmental Certification Level: DO-160-D
Software Certification Level: DO-178-B level C
Jeppesen Database: DO-200-A
Installation of the ST3400 TAWS/RMI in a type-certificated aircraft must
be performed in accordance with the Sandel Avionics ST3400 TAWS/RMI
Installation Manual.
CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS MANUAL
The name of a button is placed within square brackets when the button is
described in text. For example, “…press the [VUE] selection button to …”
In some cases, the text may describe a two (or more)-button action, for
example, “…press and hold the [TERR] [VUE] selection buttons to …”.
This means that the buttons are to be pressed simultaneously.
In some cases, the text will describe a two-button sequence, for example,
“…press the [TERR] >[VUE] selection buttons to …”. This means that
the buttons are to be pressed consecutively.
This manual uses terms, which should be familiar to aviation-minded
readers, such as “selected radial” and “magnetic heading”. Terms, which
are specific to the ST3400, are listed in the glossary, for example “Current
Display Indicator”.
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 3
Revision History
Revision Date Comments
F 2/17/04
A/R 675
Revised for software v3.00
Illustrations revised throughout Pilot’s Guide
Page 9: Added traffic to description of the ST3400
Page 12: Added additional functions to Mode 5 and Mode 6 GPWS
Alerts
Page 15: Added text to description of Predictive Altitude Display.
Page 16: Added paragraph on Traffic and TCAS.
Page 23: Added TFC button to table.
Page 24: Added note on traffic.
Page 27: Added GS OVRD, FLAP OVRD and GPWS FAIL.
Page 37: New chapter on Traffic Operations.
Page 52: Added TFC OVRD.
Page 55: Added TFC OVRD. Removed TERR.
Page 56: Added TCAS FAIL
Page 59: Removed LAMP MAINTNCE advisory message.
Page 61: Removed illustration.
Page 65: Added GS INH, FLAPS INH, GPWS FAIL. Removed
illustration.
Page 74: Added RTCA, TAS, TCAS I, and TCAS II to list.
E 07/29/03
A/R 638
Revised for software v2.02.
Improved description of TAWS INH during alerts
Page 25: Added note on flight plan display with Bendix/King GPS
receivers.
Page 26: Added new map ranges for FULL and ARC map views.
Page 27: Modified section on Ground Operations
Page 40: Added ‘(minimum 5 nm)’ in second paragraph.
Page 46: Modified section on Flaps Override.
Page 48: Modified Invalid/Failed Equipment table.
Page 52: Added new advisory messages:
‘CONFIG MODULE ERR
‘LOCAL CFG CRC’
‘REMOTE CFG CRC’
Added comments to error table
D 02/20/03
Revised for software v2.00
Added GPS altitude and OAT info.
Mode 3 refs to NCAT removed.
Changed description of suppression during ground OPS.
Changed description of color bands
TAWS INH description ground ops note
C 06/14/02 Revised for software v1.04
B 05/19/02 Revised for software v1.03
A 04/10/02 Initial release

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 4 82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 5
CHAPTER 1. WELCOME TO THE ST3400 TAWS/RMI 9
WHAT IS THE ST3400 9
CLASS AAND CLASS B 10
CLASS B WITHOUT RADAR ALTITUDE AND/OR AIRDATA 10
ALERTS AND ADVISORIES 11
GPWS ALERTS 11
CHAPTER 2. ST3400 SMART FEATURES 13
RUNWAY AWARENESS¥13
VIRTUAL APPROACH PATH¥AND SAFE OPERATING AREA¥14
PREDICTIVE ALTITUDE¥DISPLAY 15
TOPOGRAPHIC DISPLAY 15
FLIGHT PLANS 15
AIRPORTS AND RUNWAYS 15
COLD WEATHER OPERATION 16
TRAFFIC AND TCAS 16
CHAPTER 3. TAWS FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 17
TAWS REQUIRED EQUIPMENT 18
WHAT AIRCRAFT ARE REQUIRED TO INSTALL TAWS EQUIPMENT 19
WHY ARE THERE TWO DIFFERENT CLASSES OF TAWS 19
THE ST3400 RMI FUNCTION 19
CHAPTER 4. SYSTEM OVERVIEW 21
HOW DOES IT WORK 21
UNDERSTANDING ALERTS, WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS 21
COVERAGE AREA OF THE DATABASE 22
DATABASE UPDATES 22
CHAPTER 5. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 23
CURRENT DISPLAY MODE 25
FLIGHT PLAN 25
LUBBER LINE AND DIRECTIONAL SOURCE READOUT 25

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 6
RANGE RING 26
DISPLAY DURING ALERTS 27
EXTERNAL SWITCH/ANNUNCIATORS 27
TERRAIN DISPLAY DURING GROUND OPERATIONS 28
CHAPTER 6. TERR SELECTION BUTTON 29
COLOR ZONES FOR RELATIVE AND PREDICTED ALTITUDE DISPLAYS 29
REL (RELATIVE ALTITUDE) DISPLAY 31
PRED (PREDICTIVE ALTITUDE) DISPLAY 32
CHAPTER 7. TOPO SELECTION BUTTON 35
CHAPTER 8. TRAFFIC SELECTION BUTTON 37
TRAFFIC SYMBOLOGY 37
STANDARD TRAFFIC DISPLAY 38
Current Display Mode 39
TCAS Status 39
Altitude Display Mode 39
Altitude Mode Select 39
Absolute Altitude 40
Range Ring/Range Indicator 40
Inner 2nm Range Ring 40
TRAFFIC OVERLAY WITH TERRAIN 41
Traffic Override 41
Traffic Advisory Indicator 42
GPWS/TAWS Alerts and Traffic 42
CHAPTER 9. RMI SELECTION BUTTON 43
COMPASS ROSE 43
BEARING POINTERS 44
CHAPTER 10. TERRAIN ALERTS 45
RESPONDING TO AN ALERT 47
ALERT CIRCLE 48
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 7
TAWS INHIBIT 48
CHAPTER 11. PILOT’S MENU 51
MSG SOFTKEY 51
TEST SOFTKEY 51
GLIDESLOPE OVERRIDE SOFTKEY 52
FLAPS OVERRIDE SOFTKEY 52
TFC OVERRIDE SOFTKEY 52
TAWS INHIBIT SOFTKEY 52
MANUAL BRIGHTNESS SOFTKEYS 52
MSG DISPLAY 53
ONSCREEN ANNUNCIATION 55
SYSTEM SELF-TESTS REQUIRING PILOT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 57
CHAPTER 12. TAWS SYSTEM ERROR DISPLAY 61
CHAPTER 13. TROUBLESHOOTING 63
BEARING POINTERS NOT DISPLAYED 63
NUISANCE ALERTS 63
GRAY TERRAIN CELLS 63
APPENDIX A. OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT 65
SWITCH/ANNUNCIATOR OPTION 65
BACK COURSE INHIBIT 65
GLOSSARY 67
AVIONICS ACRONYMS 71
LIMITED WARRANTY 77
CONDITIONS OF LIMITED WARRANTY 77
OWNERS RESPONSIBILITIES 79
EXCLUSIONS 79

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 8
(This page intentionally left blank)
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 9
CHAPTER 1. WELCOME TO THE ST3400 TAWS/RMI
What is the ST3400
The ST3400 is a multi-function display with a self-contained TAWS
(Terrain Awareness Warning System) system. It includes a TAWS
computer, graphics symbol generator and an integrated full-color screen,
built within a standard 3-inch instrument chassis. It includes bearing-
pointer features to directly replace an existing mechanical RMI (Radio
Magnetic Indicator), and has the optional capability of acting as a Primary
or secondary Traffic indicator, showing traffic either in standard TCAS
format or overlaid on terrain when connected to an external traffic
detection system.
Terrain protection is enabled during all airborne phases of flight -
Departure, Enroute, Terminal, and Approach and in any selected display
mode.
The ST3400 is a situational awareness tool and an alerting and warning
device. It is not intended to be used for primary navigation of the aircraft.
During normal flight operations the system remains essentially silent. It
uses GPS, radar altitude, barometric altitude, and other relevant data in
combination with its internal database information to provide the pilot with
a full-time terrain display. The look ahead function compares the aircraft
flight path to terrain and obstacle database information and distance to
known runways.
Runway Awareness¥, Virtual Approach Path¥ Safe Operating Area¥,
and Predictive Altitude¥are smart and exclusive Sandel features that
provide the pilot with fast access to usable information, maximizing
relevant data and reducing nuisance alerts. Pilot workload in interacting
with the system during normal flight is minimal. In PRED (Predictive)
mode, the ST3400 can show only terrain that represents a potential threat
during an emergency climb in an easily interpreted format.
The ST3400 includes a built-in caution and warning system providing
annunciation and aural alerts. Provision is made for all the
traditional/standard Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) alerts,
new enhanced terrain alerts, and various advisories. All of the alerts are
automatically displayed. The unit supports optional external caution and
warning annunciators.
An internal recorder automatically records a minimum of the last ten hours
of flight data. Oldest data is automatically overwritten with most recent
data. This data can be used by Sandel Customer Support to analyze recent
alert activity.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 10
The ST3400 TAWS/RMI uses Sandel’s patented rear-projection display
technology. This technology allows the displayed image to extend to the
edges of the instrument’s bezel. Therefore, even though the Sandel display
is in a 3-inch form factor, its image is approximately the size of a 4”
primary display.
Class A and Class B
Various ST3400 models may be installed as “Class A” systems or as
“Class B” systems.
A Class A system requires airdata and radar altitude as system inputs and
provides the full complement of GPWS, FLTA and PDA alerting (see
following sections for a description). At the time of publication, a Class A
installation requires an STC and Class A is required for certain larger
classes of aircraft.
Class B installations, required for some smaller aircraft, have the same
FLTA and PDA capability but are not required to have the full complement
of GPWS alerts. However, some ST3400 models support enhanced Class
A alerting features even when installed on a Class B basis. One advantage
of Class B installations is that they may be installed as follow-on
installations without an STC.
The ST3400 supports the use of GPS altitude without airdata using
approved receivers; these represent the easiest installations and contain all
of the system features except some GPWS alerting modes.
If both GPS altitude and airdata are available in the aircraft, then both can
be supplied to the ST3400 for redundancy. GPS altitude will be used as
the primary source of altitude for TAWS alerts. Airdata will be used as the
primary source of altitude for GPWS alerts.
See your Airplane Flight Manual Supplement for the details of the specific
installation in your aircraft. When installed as Class B, consult your flight
manual supplement to determine what particular alerting modes your
ST3400 does or does not support.
Class B Without Radar Altitude and/or Airdata
In this POH, there are references to radar altitude, barometric altitude and
other airdata. If your aircraft is not so equipped, the ST3400 will substitute
GPS altitude and Height Above Terrain Cell from its database when
possible to supply the maximum alerting capability. The general
descriptions of ST3400 functions will remain the same.
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 11
Alerts and Advisories
The ST3400 annunciates alerts for the following table of conditions, and
provides alert messages to the airplane audio system. Optional external
annunciators are also supported for these conditions. There are six
traditional/standard GPWS modes. One mode is based on downward
deviation from the ILS glideslope. The other five are based on altitude
above the terrain directly beneath the aircraft. The altitude clearance is
measured by radar altitude and/or by barometric altitude compared with the
terrain height below the airplane.
There are two terrain modes that determine safe proximity to terrain based
on location to a suitable airport (PDA) and the distance to and closure to
the terrain based on the airplane flight path (FLTA). In common usage
these two terrain database modes are generically called “TAWS modes” in
distinction to the “GPWS modes” because they rely on the terrain database
whereas the classic GPWS modes do not.
GPWS ALERTS
ERD Mode 1 (Excessive Rate of Descent)
Uses a combination of barometric altitude and radar altitude,
alerts excessive barometric rate of descent when close to the
ground. When radar altitude is not available, the calculated
height above terrain from the terrain database is substituted.
ECRT Mode 2 (Excessive Closure Rate to Terrain)
Alerts on high rates of change of radar altitude when close to the
ground. (Radar Altitude equipped aircraft only)
ALAT Mode 3 (Altitude Loss After Takeoff or Missed Approach)
Uses radar altitude and barometric altitude to detect accumulated
altitude loss after take off or a missed approach. The height
above takeoff altitude is used. The takeoff alert is disabled after
climbing 770’ above takeoff elevation; the go-around alert is
disabled when reaching 1000’ radar altitude (radar altitude
equipped aircraft only).
FITNL Mode 4 (Flight Into Terrain Not in Landing Configuration)
Uses radar altitude to detect too low an altitude without gear
and/or flaps in landing configuration. (Radar Altitude equipped
aircraft only)
EDGSD Mode 5 (Excessive Downward Glideslope Deviation)
When in landing configuration, provides an alert in the event of
an excessive downward deviation from an ILS Glideslope when

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 12
below 950’ radar altitude. In a Class B installation without radar
altitude, the calculated height above terrain from the terrain
database is substituted. Note: In your installations, Mode 5 may
automatically inhibited when flying a back course approach
through interconnection to the HSI or Flight Control System.
VC Mode 6 (Altitude Callout). Provides a voice callout “Five
Hundred” when the aircraft descends through 500 feet radar
altitude with the gear down. In a Class B installation without
radar altimeter, this callout will occur 500 feet above the runway
elevation using aircraft altitude compared to the nearest runway
touchdown zone elevation.
Mode 6 Enhanced: On Radar Altitude equipped aircraft,
additional voice callouts at 400, 300, 200, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20,
and 10 feet of radar altitude may be enabled during installation.
Please refer to the AFMS for details on the specific installation
in your aircraft. (Radar Altitude equipped aircraft only)
On equipped aircraft, a voice callout of “Minimums, Minimums’
can be provided triggered by an external decision-height setter.
Please refer to the AFMS for details on the specific installation
in your aircraft.
Note: The “Minimums” callout is inhibited for 40 seconds after
power-up, and will only occur when the aircraft is airborne.
TAWS ALERTS
FLTA (Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance)
Looks ahead of the aircraft along the lateral and vertical flight
path against the terrain database to provide an alert if a potential
terrain threat exists.
PDA (Premature Decent Alert)
Uses the vertical and lateral position of the aircraft compared to
the proximity of the nearest airport to determine if the aircraft is
abnormally below a reasonable altitude.
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 13
CHAPTER 2. ST3400 SMART FEATURES
One characteristic of terrain displays is that they become more cluttered as
the aircraft approaches the ground, even during a normal approach. This
characteristic – more and more detail with more and more colors – may
have the unwanted effect of producing less and less information.
The concept of the ST3400 is “don’t show everything all the time”.
Instead, during normal conditions, the ST3400 allows the pilot to select
different views of the same terrain information specifically tailored to the
pilot’s needs and appropriate to emergency conditions. This concept is a
very direct way to reduce information overload during normal flight or
emergencies and assist the pilot in making the right choices.
Runway Awareness¥
The conventional way to implement Terrain Warning is to use ever rising
concentric circles around the ARP (Airport Reference Point) and use these
to inhibit terrain alerts. The goal is to reduce nuisance alerts when
maneuvering or landing at airports.
Instead, the ST3400 recognizes each and every runway and tracks the
aircraft’s approach and landing to the touchdown zone. The ST3400
internal database contains the safe approach path – based on TERPS terrain
clearances – to every charted runway, whether it has an instrument
approach or not.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 14
Virtual Approach Path¥and Safe Operating Area¥
The ST3400 uses a VAP (Virtual Approach Path) to produce, internally, a
SOA (Safe Operating Area) within which the aircraft will normally fly on
approach to the runway. In this way the ST3400 can be actively scanning
terrain outside the normal approach path while minimizing false alerts
inside the approach path.
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 15
Predictive Altitude¥Display
The ST3400 implements a new display mode called PRED (Predictive
Altitude). It is especially useful in climbs where you want to know what
terrain you are actually out-climbing in the current aircraft configuration –
and what terrain you are not out-climbing. PRED displays the terrain
clearances in relation to the angle of the flight path of the aircraft. In
effect, you see what your terrain clearance will be in the future instead of
the present. This feature can be extremely beneficial in emergency climbs
in the vicinity of terrain.
During descents, the predictive altitude display has the benefit of showing,
well ahead of time, what terrain you are descending into. This may be
valuable when descending into a terminal area prior to landing or at any
time during a descent.
Topographic Display
The ST3400 also supports a TOPO (Topographic) view of terrain, in
sectional-chart colors. This display is useful to show the terrain situation
when at enroute altitudes when the other displays show no information. It
can also be a useful clue to turbulence encounters at altitude if the pilot is
aware of the wind direction.
Flight Plans
The ST3400 overlays the GPS/FMS flight plan over any terrain view, if a
flight plan has previously been entered into the GPS/FMS. The flight plan
overlay is for position awareness only and the information in the flight plan
is not used in the logic to control alerts or other functions. Because this
information is not used for this purpose, the ST3400 logic works equally
well during on-flight plan or off-flight plan operations without pilot
intervention. The flight plan is not shown when displaying the RMI or the
TFC screens.
In installations where the #1 GPS/FMS does not supply flight plan data to
the display, the flight plan from the #2 GPS/FMS will automatically be
displayed. Please refer to the AFMS for details on the specific installation
in your aircraft.
Airports and Runways
The ST3400 shows airports with runways greater than 2500 feet within
20nm of the aircraft position. In lower zoom ranges, the airport runways

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 16
and runway numbers are depicted on-screen. The presence of an airport
and/or runway on the display can be used to verify that the airport is
contained in the ST3400 database.
Cold Weather Operation
Colder than standard air temperature can cause barometric altimeters to
indicate a higher altitude than actual. For installations using corrected
barometric altitude (altitude from the altimeter) the ST3400 must be
connected to an outside air temperature (OAT) probe to correct the
barometric altimeter reading to ensure correct terrain alerts. In installations
that use an air data computer to provide altitude information, the ST3400
will add a correction factor to the supplied altitude when the outside air
temperature is greater than 20qC below standard temperature. The
message “OAT BELOW STANDARD” will be displayed on the ST3400
when correction factors are being applied. Please refer to the AIM for
more information on altimeter errors caused by cold weather.
Traffic and TCAS
The ST3400 can display nearby transponder equipped aircraft when
interfaced with compatible TAS or TCAS processors. Standard TCAS
symbology is used to display the relative location and altitude of traffic.
The traffic information can be displayed overlaid on terrain or a dedicated
TFC display mode (without terrain) can be viewed. As a display, the
ST3400 will operate in accordance with the Pilots Operating Handbook of
the installed Traffic Processor as a primary traffic display.
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 17
CHAPTER 3. TAWS FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
The ST3400 can be configured either as a Class A TAWS system or as a
Class B TAWS system. An aircraft with radar altimeter may be certified
as Class A or as Class B.
Note: It may be easier and less expensive, given the same equipment, to
certify an aircraft for Class B. The aircraft may be later promoted to Class
A with additional inspections and paperwork and ST3400 upgrade.
CLASS A TAWS FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Mode Function
FLTA Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance
PDA Premature Descent Alert
GPWS Mode 1 Excessive Rate of Descent
GPWS Mode 2 Excessive Closure Rate to Terrain
GPWS Mode 3 Altitude Loss After Takeoff or missed approach
GPWS Mode 4 Flight Into Terrain Not in Landing Configuration
GPWS Mode 5 Excessive Downward Deviation from Glide Slope
GPWS Mode 6 Voice callout “Five Hundred” when the aircraft descends
through 500 feet radar altitude
Class A TAWS requires a display, which shows the aircraft in relation to the
terrain. Satisfied by the ST3400 dedicated display.
Class A TAWS requires a radar altimeter and barometric vertical speed and
pressure altitude for GPWS functions.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 18
CLASS B TAWS FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Mode Function
FLTA Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance
PDA Premature Descent Alert
GPWS Mode 1 Excessive Rate of Descent
GPWS Mode 3 Altitude Loss After Takeoff
GPWS Mode 6 Voice callout “Five Hundred” when the aircraft descends
to 500 feet above the nearest runway elevation
When configured as a Class B TAWS system, the ST3400 exceeds the FAA
Class B TAWS requirements. Even in Class B mode without radar altimeter, the
ST3400 includes Class A features such as a terrain display and an excessive
glide slope deviation alert, when so installed and configured.
TAWS Required Equipment
The ST3400 uses the following equipment to meet TAWS Class A and
Class B requirements.
ST3400 TAWS EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
Equipment Class A Class B
Terrain Display Integrated Integrated
Radar Altimeter Required Optional
GPS or FMS System Required Required
Heading System Required Required
Audio Panel Required Required
Air Data Computer Required Required if GPS
altitude is not
available
Remote Annunciators Optional in single pilot aircraft:
required in two-crew aircraft
Optional
Flap Position Required Required only if fixed-
gear or installed with
radar altimeter
Gear Position Required Recommended
ILS Receiver Required Recommended
NAV Optional (for RMI) Optional (for RMI)
ADF Optional (for RMI) Optional (for RMI)
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 19
What aircraft are required to install TAWS equipment
The FAA has mandated that all U.S. registered turbine powered aircraft
that have six or more passenger seats be equipped with a TAWS no later
than March 29, 2005.
Depending on the number of seats and the type of operation, the TAWS
requirement will be for a Class A system or a Class B system.
FAA TAWS REQUIREMENT BY TYPE OF OPERATION
Class Type of Operation Number of Passenger Seats
Class A FAR Part 121 ALL
Class A FAR Part 135 10 or more
Class B FAR Part 135 6-9
Class B FAR Part 91 6 or more
Why are there two different classes of TAWS
The Class B TAWS system was intended to allow smaller aircraft to meet
the TAWS minimum safety requirements at a lower cost, by eliminating
the requirements for a terrain display, radar altimeter, and airdata.
An ST3400 Class B TAWS system exceeds FAA Class B TAWS
requirements. Some ST3400 Class B models may include all Class A
features when so installed.
The ST3400 RMI Function
The ST3400 RMI function is provided to allow the ST3400 function as the
primary RMI by replacing an existing installed electromechanical RMI.
The Sandel RMI displays aircraft heading information on a calibrated
compass card read against a fixed lubber line.
Bearing is provided to both a primary pointer and a secondary pointer,
each of which is read against the compass card.
Each pointer may be switched independently to any installed navigation
source, which may be a VOR, ADF, or the GPS/FMS waypoint. The
ability to assign the GPS/FMS to a bearing pointer is unique to the ST3400
RMI.
If the navigation source has an invalid state available, the associated
bearing pointer will be removed completely from the display instead of
being parked at 90° as is common in mechanical RMIs.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 20
(This page intentionally left blank)
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 21
CHAPTER 4. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
How does it work
In addition to the six GPWS alerts, the ST3400 provides predictive “look
ahead” warnings by comparing its internal terrain and obstacle database to
position information provided by the GPS or FMS navigator.
The internal terrain and obstacle database provides the basis to look ahead
of the aircraft and detect terrain or obstacle conflicts. This is accomplished
based on aircraft position, phase of flight, flight path angle, track, and
speed relative to the terrain database image forward of the aircraft.
Through sophisticated look-ahead algorithms, alerts are generated if terrain
or an obstacle conflict with the flight path angle of the aircraft. This
potential conflict area projects forward and to the side of the aircraft.
During enroute operations, a caution typically occurs approximately 60
seconds ahead of the terrain conflict. A caution will turn into a warning if
evasive action is not taken. During other operations the alert times are
shorter but cautions are always designed to occur prior to warnings. A
warning does not indicate a higher severity of threat, but simply that less
time exists for evasive action.
Topographic (TOPO) and Predictive Altitude (PRED) features provide the
pilot with fast access to new types of useful information maximizing the
pilot’s understanding of the relationship between the aircraft and the
ground in different flight situations. An image of the surrounding terrain is
represented in various colors. Terrain (inclusive of obstacles) forward,
behind and to the side of the aircraft is displayed.
Understanding Alerts, Warnings and Cautions
If any terrain alert occurs, the TAWS Alert text is shown at the bottom of
the screen and an audible alert message will occur on the cockpit audio
system. The REL (RELative Altitude) terrain display screen is
automatically selected at an appropriate range to put the alerting terrain on-
screen. This action occurs on any alert, including GPWS. If the pilot has
previously selected TAWS INH, GPWS alerts are still enabled but no
terrain will be shown.
Pilots should train to react properly to all alerts, cautions and warnings, just
as one would train to react to an aircraft stall, engine failure or any other
potential or actual emergency situation.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 22
Pilot reactions to alerts and warnings differ according to weather
conditions, visibility, type of warning, phase of flight and aircraft
performance considerations. Pilots should be thoroughly familiar with
FAA, company, or other approved operational procedures as required by
their aircraft and type of operation.
The ST3400 is not the pilot or the pilot’s judgment; it is a display and
computer. However, because it is designed to only alert when the aircraft
is outside normal flight envelopes in relation to terrain, we recommend that
all alerts should result in immediate and appropriate action by the pilot. A
Warning should always result in an evasive maneuver. Please see the
section on Cautions and Warnings.
Note: If the ST3400 is interfaced to TCAS, the TCAS processor itself
generates the alerts and these are only displayed on the ST3400.
Coverage area of the database
The internal database of the ST3400 includes terrain, charted man-made
obstacles, and airports with runways greater than 2500 feet in length.
Obstacles are not shown discretely, but are included in the terrain cell
height. This means, for instance, that flat terrain with a charted broadcast
antenna may show the terrain cell containing the antenna as yellow when
all the surrounding terrain shows as green.
The terrain and airport database coverage is provided by geographical area.
Coverage is currently limited to those areas between 70qN and 70qS
latitude.
Obstacle data is included for most countries. Please contact Sandel for the
most current coverage information.
Note: There is no guarantee that every obstacle is charted or that every
charted obstacle is in the obstacle database.
Database updates
Updates to the coverage area database can be obtained on CD-ROM or
downloaded from the Sandel web site. They are used in conjunction with a
Sandel Data Loader program that runs on a laptop computer. The terrain
data is downloaded from the PC into the ST3400 through a USB port
located on the front right corner of the ST3400.
The coverage area database can be updated during normal maintenance to
the aircraft.
Note: The Sandel Data Loader program is compatible with Windows 98,
2000 and XP operating systems.
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 23
CHAPTER 5. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW
During normal flight, terrain information and the active flight plan from
the GPS/FMS are presented on a full-color display.
Use [TOPO] or [TERR] Display Selection buttons to select the display that
is appropriate for current flight operations.
Use the Range Up/Down buttons to increase or decrease the range.
Use the view button to select a 360° FULL view or a 70° ARC view. The
distance to display ratio is maintained when toggling between FULL and
ARC.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 24
DISPLAY SELECTION BUTTONS
Button View Description
TERR RELative Altitude
PREDictive Altitude
Color coded above/below aircraft current
altitude; flight plan displayed. This
selection pops-up from any other
selection in the event of a terrain alert.
Color coded above/below aircraft flight
path angle (predicted altitude)
TOPO TOPOgraphic Topographic view of the terrain without
regard to aircraft altitude; flight plan
displayed.
TFC Traffic Traffic is displayed. No terrain or flight
plan is displayed.
RMI RMI Compass rose is displayed, no terrain or
flight plan is displayed
VUE FULL
ARC
360-degree view
70-degree view (not available for TFC)
Size of terrain cells is maintained when
toggling between FULL view and ARC
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 25
Press to increase the range in REL,
PRED, TOPO or TFC view
Press to decrease the range in REL,
PRED, TOPO or TFCview
M MENU Press to display the Pilot’s Menu
Current Display Mode
This indication in the upper left corner identifies the current display mode:
PRED, REL, TOPO, TFC, or RMI. Flashes for 5 seconds whenever it
changes to REL or PRED mode.
Flight Plan
Each flight plan segment of the GPS/FMS flight plan consists of a line
between consecutive waypoints. The active flight plan segment is colored
magenta and the rest of the flight plan is colored white. When the RMI
bearing pointer is selected to GPS, the bearing pointer will be point to the
direction of the next waypoint on the magenta segment.
Note: When Bendix/King GPS receivers are in OBS mode, no course line
will be shown on the ST3400 display.
Lubber Line and Directional Source Readout
The lubber line is the direction reference for the compass card in RMI
mode. It is shown as an inverted solid triangle stationary at the top of the
display; the compass rose/arc rotates when the aircraft’s track changes
The directional source (HDG/TRK) for all modes is shown within a box at
the top of the display and flashes for 5 seconds whenever it should change
between heading and track. Terrain views are based on TRK (where you
are going) and RMI is based on HDG (where you are pointed).
Note: Traffic is always referenced to the nose of the aircraft, even when
terrain data is referenced to TRK.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 26
DIRECTIONAL SOURCE READOUT
Display Indicator Description
TRK Aircraft’s magnetic track. When TRK is not available,
as when stationary on the ramp, changes to HDG.
HDG Aircraft’s magnetic heading. Displayed when
aircraft’s track is not available or in RMI mode.
NO DIR Displayed when both aircraft track and aircraft
heading are not available or invalid.
DIRECTIONAL SOURCE READOUT AND DISPLAY ORIENTATION
Input Data
TRK HDG Readout Display Orientation
No No NO DIR No Display
Yes No TRK Trk, unsmoothed
Yes Yes TRK Trk, smoothed
TRK = Magnetic ground track HDG = Magnetic heading
Range Ring
The Range Ring displays the current terrain or TFC range in NM (Nautical
Miles). The Range Ring is a full circle in the FULL view mode and a 70°
arc in the ARC view mode. Switching between FULL and ARC view
maintains the terrain cells the same size during range changes. Range is
not displayed in the RMI display mode.
Press the [] button to increase the current range.
Press the [] button to decrease the current range.
RANGE RING
View Ranges (Terrain)
FULL 1, 1.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40
ARC 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 (not available for TFC)
The TFC display maintains its own range memory. Thus when switching
between terrain and TFC, two different ranges may be pre-selected. The
maximum range for TFC is dictated by the type of equipment installed; it
may be less than 40 miles. ARC mode is not available on the TFC screen.
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 27
Display During Alerts
Unless TAWS INH has been selected, if an alert occurs the REL terrain
view is displayed in ARC view at an appropriate range to put the terrain
conflict on the screen.
If TAWS INH has been previously selected, classic GPWS alerts are still
enabled but terrain is not shown and is replaced by a yellow ‘X’ in the
REL and PRED display modes.
External Switch/Annunciators
External Switch/Annunciators may be installed, if required or desired.
The supported external annunciators are CAUT, WARN and GPWS FAIL.
The support external switch/annunciators are TAWS INH, GS OVRD and
FLAP OVRD.
CAUT illuminates simultaneously whenever an amber caution is
present on the ST3400 display.
WARN illuminates simultaneously whenever a red warning is
present on the ST3400 display.
GPWS FAIL illuminates whenever the GPWS FAIL indication is
shown on the ST3400 display.
TAWS INH illuminates whenever TAWS INH is shown on the
ST3400 display. It also illuminates when TAWS alerts are
inhibited for any other reason, such as loss of GPS signal, no
terrain data, etc. This will correspond with a flagged terrain
display. (Expect this condition on initial power-up while the
terrain database is being initialized.)
GS OVRD illuminates whenever GS OVRD is shown on the
ST3400 display.
FLAP OVRD illuminates whenever FLAP OVRD is shown on the
ST3400 display.
Pressing external TAWS INH, GS OVRD, or FLAP OVRD has the same
function as the Pilot’s Menu TAWS INH, GS OVRD, or FLAP OVRD,
respectively.
Note: External annunciators for CAUT and WARN are only required for a
two pilot aircraft equipped with a single ST3400. Please refer to the
AFMS for details on the specific installation in your aircraft.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 28
Terrain Display During Ground Operations
When connected to Bendix/King and Universal GPS/FMS receivers, the
ST3400 will not display terrain data until the aircraft starts taxiing. This
prevents the display from showing terrain data when these receivers are in
self-test mode, which is not indicated in the receiver data stream.
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 29
CHAPTER 6. TERR SELECTION BUTTON
The TERRain button toggles the display between RELative altitude mode,
which color-codes terrain above and below the current aircraft altitude, and
PREDictive altitude mode, which color-codes based on the aircraft’s future
altitude.
Press the [TERR] button to display the REL view of terrain.
Press again to display the PRED view of terrain.
When in REL or PRED view, the [VUE] button to toggles the display
between FULL view and ARC view.
Bearing pointer indications may be overlaid on the terrain display with the
BRG1 or BRG2 buttons.
Color Zones for RELative and PREDicted Altitude Displays
On the RELative and PREDicted altitude displays, terrain that is farthest
below the aircraft altitude is shown in black. Terrain closer to the aircraft
altitude is shown in green. Terrain even closer to the aircraft altitude is
shown in yellow. Terrain above the aircraft altitude is shown in light red.
Terrain way above the aircraft altitude is shown in dark red.
On an approach to the airport, the color bands become compressed; in
effect the yellow/green bands shrink as the aircraft gets closer to the
runway. Within 1nm of the airport (during flight) and when on the ground,
green and yellow are suppressed. Red is used to depict terrain above the
aircraft.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 30
During enroute flight (not on approach to a runway or airport) the nominal
color coding is:
Dark Red: Greater than 1500’ above the aircraft
Light Red: Within 100’ of the aircraft to 1500’ above the aircraft
Yellow: Between 1000’ and 100’ separation below the aircraft
Green: Between 2000’ and 1000’ separation below the aircraft
Black: Greater than 2000’ separation below the aircraft
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 31
REL (Relative Altitude) Display
The REL (Relative Altitude) display mode shows the terrain above and
below the aircraft’s current altitude, regardless of climb or descent rates. It
is most useful to answer the question of what is “above” and what is
“below”; and also, what is “somewhat” below.
During an alert this display will be automatically selected and shown in
ARC view unless the pilot has previously selected TAWS INH.
The display mode may be overridden by the pilot after the automatic
switching occurs.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 32
PRED (Predictive Altitude) Display
The Predictive Altitude Display Area is a circular conic up to 13 nm in
radius within which the future altitude of the aircraft (based on current
conditions) is compared to the terrain heights and then color coded. In
FULL display mode, the terrain behind the aircraft will be shown as if the
airplane were to have turned in that direction at the current climb or
descent profile.
The 13nm limit is shown by a solid cyan circle. No terrain at all will show
beyond this 13nm limit in PRED display mode.
PRED is useful when used in climbs and descents by visually presenting
the terrain situation farther into the future than FLTA alert itself. This
provides the pilot a means to avoid alerts before they occur. In a climb,
PRED will clearly show the terrain the aircraft is out-climbing in its
current configuration. This feature can give useful information during an
engine-failure scenario in a terrain-rich environment. The pilot should be
aware that PRED shows this information in regard to the current climb
rate. Therefore if the aircraft climb rate is degrading the display will show
a more optimistic view than it will show once the steady-state climb rate is
finally achieved.
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 33
In PRED mode a red cell will always produce an FLTA alert when close
enough to and on the aircraft’s flight path. A yellow cell may produce an
alert if it meets the alerting criteria; the alerting criteria are lower than the
color coding criteria by a few hundred feet. For this reason not every cell
colored “yellow” will produce an alert. A green or black cell will never
cause an alert.

82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 34
(This page intentionally left blank)
82002-PG-F ST3400 TAWS/RMI PILOT’S GUIDE PAGE 35
CHAPTER 7. TOPO SELECTION BUTTON
The [TOPO] selection button is used to display a topographical view of the
terrain in sectional chart colors. A color scale guide is provided on the
right side of the display as a helpful on-screen guide to relative color
coding.
Ocean is shown as a special blue color. Other water topology is not shown
uniquely in blue; it is shown only by its elevation using the normal color
coding.
A flight plan is always displayed if received from GPS/FMS and the
bearing pointers will display if selected using the BRG1 or BRG2 buttons.
If an alert occurs while in TOPO, the display mode will change to REL, in
ARC view, at an appropriate range to put the terrain conflict on the screen
as long as the pilot has not previously selected TAWS INH.