Sensors & Software pulseEKKO Pro User manual

USER’SGUIDE
Copyright 2005 Sensors & Software Inc. 2005-00040-01
pulseEKKO PRO

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pulseEKKO, Noggin, SpiView, SnowScan, Conquest, SmartCart, SmartHandle, Conquest for Windows, Win_EKKO, EKKO_Mapper,
EKKO_3D and EKKO_Pointer are Trademarks of Sensors & Software Inc

pulseEKKO PRO Table of Contents
i
Table of Contents
1 Overview ............................................................................................................1
2 System Assembly and Startup .............................................................2
2.1 System Configurations.................................................................................2
2.1.1 Low Frequency Hand Held ..............................................................2
2.1.2 High Frequency Hand Towed..........................................................3
2.2 DVL and Control Module .............................................................................4
2.2.1 Attaching the Control Module to the DVL........................................4
2.2.2 Attaching the Fibre Optic Converters for Low frequency Antennas5
2.3 Low Frequency Transmitter, Receiver and Antenna Assembly..................6
2.3.1 Low Frequency Antennas................................................................6
2.3.2 Attaching the Sockets to the Transmitter and Receiver..................7
2.3.3 Inserting Pins into the Antennas......................................................7
2.3.4 Attaching the Mounting Blocks to the Antennas .............................8
2.3.5 Latching the Transmitter and Receiver to the Mounting Blocks .....9
2.3.6 Inserting Batteries into the Transmitter and Receiver...................10
2.3.7 Attaching Handles..........................................................................11
2.3.7.1 Attaching the Adjustable Handles ..........................................11
2.3.8 Connecting the Fibre Optic Cables ...............................................12
2.4 High Frequency Transducer Assembly .....................................................14
2.4.1 High Frequency Transducers ........................................................14
2.4.2 Mounting Transducers to the Skid Plate .......................................15
2.4.3 High Frequency Hand-Towed System ..........................................16
2.4.3.1 Attaching the Adjustable Tow Handle.....................................16
2.4.3.2 Attaching the Big Wheel Odometer ........................................17
2.4.3.3 Connecting the Odometer Cable to the Control Module...........18
2.4.3.4 Connecting the Transducer Cables ........................................19
2.5 Adding Accessories ...................................................................................20
2.5.1 Electrical Beeper/Trigger Unit........................................................20
2.5.2 Fibre Optic Beeper/Trigger Unit.....................................................20
2.5.3 DVL Carrier ....................................................................................23
2.5.4 Odometers .....................................................................................23
2.5.5 GPS................................................................................................24
2.6 Starting the pulseEKKO PRO System.......................................................25

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ii
2.6.1 Powering the DVL and Control Module.........................................25
2.6.2 Powering the Low Frequency Transmitter and Receiver..............26
2.6.3 Digital Video Logger ......................................................................26
2.6.4 Main Menu .....................................................................................27
2.6.5 Using the Software Menus ............................................................30
3 System Setup Parameters .....................................................................31
3.1 System Parameters for a Quick Start to Data Collection..........................32
3.2 GPR Parameters........................................................................................33
3.2.1 Antenna Frequency .......................................................................34
3.2.2 Time Window .................................................................................35
3.2.2.1 How Depth is Determined .....................................................35
3.2.3 Temporal Sampling Interval...........................................................36
3.2.3.1 Determining the Number of Points per Trace ..........................36
3.2.4 Antenna Separation .......................................................................37
3.2.5 Antenna Step Size .........................................................................38
3.2.6 Radar Velocity................................................................................39
3.2.7 System Stacking ............................................................................40
3.2.8 Pulser Setting.................................................................................41
3.3 Acquisition Control.....................................................................................42
3.3.1 Trigger Method...............................................................................42
3.3.1.1 Triggers ...............................................................................43
3.3.1.2 Odometer.............................................................................43
3.3.1.3 Free Run..............................................................................43
3.3.2 Beeper Activated............................................................................43
3.3.3 Free Run Trace Delay ...................................................................44
3.3.4 GPS Parameter Menu ...................................................................44
3.3.4.1 GPS Recording Mode ...........................................................45
3.3.4.2 Baud Rate............................................................................47
3.3.4.3 Stop Bits ..............................................................................47
3.3.4.4 Data Bits ..............................................................................47
3.3.4.5 Parity ...................................................................................47
3.3.4.6 Last NMEA String .................................................................47
3.3.4.7 Test GPS with Listing............................................................48
3.3.4.8 Test GPS with Plotting ..........................................................48
3.3.5 Odometer Setup Menu ..................................................................48
3.3.5.1 Odometer Calibration............................................................48

pulseEKKO PRO Table of Contents
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3.3.5.2 Set Odometer Manually ........................................................49
3.3.5.3 Odometer Direction...............................................................49
3.3.6 Fibre Optic Testing.........................................................................49
3.4 Survey Parameters ....................................................................................50
3.4.1 Start Position..................................................................................50
3.4.2 Antenna Step Size .........................................................................50
3.4.3 Positional Units ..............................................................................50
3.4.4 Data Directory Number ..................................................................51
3.4.5 Survey Type...................................................................................51
3.4.6 GPR Grid Type ..............................................................................51
3.4.7 X Line Spacing...............................................................................55
3.4.8 Y Line Spacing...............................................................................55
3.5 Display Parameters....................................................................................56
3.5.1 Trace Plotting Type........................................................................56
3.5.2 Gain Type Applied and Gain Applied ............................................58
3.5.2.1 AGC Gain ............................................................................58
3.5.2.2 SEC Gain.............................................................................60
3.5.2.3 Constant Gain ......................................................................61
3.6 DVL Setup Menu........................................................................................63
3.6.1 Set DVL Time and Date.................................................................63
3.6.2 Set DVL Transfer Mode.................................................................63
3.6.3 Set DVL into Upgrade Mode..........................................................63
3.6.4 Select Display Info Mode...............................................................64
3.7 View Complete Setup ................................................................................64
3.8 Return ........................................................................................................64
4 Running in Scope Mode .........................................................................65
4.1 Scope Screen ............................................................................................66
4.1.1 Adjusting Timezero (Offset)...........................................................66
5 Data Collection Mode ...............................................................................69
5.1 Data Directory ............................................................................................69
5.2 Select Line Number ...................................................................................69
5.3 Data Collection...........................................................................................70
5.4 Fiducial Markers.........................................................................................72
5.4.1 Fiducial Markers for Rubberbanding .............................................73

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5.4.2 Fiducial Markers for GPS...............................................................73
5.5 Data Collection Pause Menu .....................................................................73
5.5.1 Exit .................................................................................................73
5.5.2 Continue.........................................................................................73
5.5.3 Scale ..............................................................................................73
5.5.4 Calib - Velocity Calibration.............................................................75
5.5.4.1 Hyperbola Matching..............................................................75
5.5.4.2 Identifying Air Reflections ......................................................77
5.5.4.3 Target of Known Depth .........................................................78
5.6 Collect Grid Data........................................................................................79
5.6.1 Select Line Direction......................................................................79
5.6.2 Select Grid Line Number ...............................................................79
5.7 View Previously Collected Lines................................................................80
5.8 Collect Data (No Save) ..............................................................................81
6 Surveying Techniques .............................................................................82
6.1 Low Frequency Reflection (Profiling) Mode ..............................................82
6.1.1 Two Person Operation...................................................................82
6.1.2 One Person Operation...................................................................83
6.1.3 Strain Relief for Fibre Optic Cables...............................................84
6.1.4 Maintaining Proper Antenna Separation .......................................84
6.1.5 Antenna Movement........................................................................85
6.2 High Frequency Reflection (Profiling) Mode .............................................85
6.2.1 Tow Mode Operation .....................................................................85
6.3 Antenna Orientation...................................................................................86
6.4 Triggers ......................................................................................................87
6.5 Free Run ....................................................................................................87
6.6 Odometer Data Acquisition........................................................................88
6.6.1 Skipping Traces .............................................................................88
6.6.2 Backing up to Pinpoint Target Positions........................................89
6.7 Signal Polarity ............................................................................................89
6.8 Spatially Aliasing the Data.........................................................................89
6.9 Creating a Test Line for Data Quality ........................................................90
6.10 Adding GPS for Positioning .......................................................................90
6.11 Common Mid-Point (CMP) Survey ............................................................91
6.12 Transillumination Surveys..........................................................................93

pulseEKKO PRO Table of Contents
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6.12.1 Borehole GPR................................................................................93
6.12.2 Walls, Pillars and Monument Surveys...........................................94
7 Troubleshooting ..........................................................................................95
7.1 Power Supply.............................................................................................96
7.1.1 DVL and Control Module Power Requirements ............................96
7.1.2 Transducer Power Requirements..................................................97
7.1.3 Transmitter and Receiver Power Requirements ...........................97
7.1.4 Testing Transmitter and Receiver Batteries..................................98
7.2 Testing Fibre Optic Cables ........................................................................99
7.3 Control Module Related Errors ................................................................101
7.4 Receiver Related Errors ..........................................................................101
7.5 Transmitter Problem: No Signal on Screen.............................................101
7.6 System Overheating ................................................................................102
7.7 DVL Problem............................................................................................102
7.8 Timezero Jitter .........................................................................................102
7.9 System Runs But Data Does Not Look Right..........................................103
7.10 Contacting Sensors & Software Inc.........................................................103
8 File Management .......................................................................................104
8.1 Connecting the DVL to a PC ...................................................................105
8.2 Installing and Running the WinPXFER Software on a PC......................106
8.3 Transfer Directory ....................................................................................106
8.4 Transfer File.............................................................................................107
8.5 Delete Directory .......................................................................................108
8.6 Delete File ................................................................................................109
8.7 View Disk Space ......................................................................................110
8.8 Viewing Data Files on the External PC ...................................................110
9 Care and Maintenance ...........................................................................111
9.1 General ....................................................................................................111
9.2 Electronic Spares.....................................................................................111
9.3 Radar Unit ................................................................................................112
9.4 Antenna Electronics Connection Pins .....................................................112
9.5 Fibre Optics Cables .................................................................................112
9.6 Fibre Optics Cable Repair .......................................................................113

Table of Contents pulseEKKO PRO
vi
10 Helpful Hints ................................................................................................117
10.1 Batteries ...................................................................................................117
10.2 Measuring Position ..................................................................................117
10.3 Data Files .................................................................................................117
10.4 Spares......................................................................................................117
Appendix A: Data File Formats.................................................................. A-1
Appendix B: GPR Signal Processing Artifacts ...................................... B-1
Appendix C: Excerpts from the HP Fiber Optic Handbook................ C-1
Appendix D: Health & Safety Certification .............................................D-1
Appendix E: FCC Regulations .................................................................. E-1
Appendix F: Instrument Interference ....................................................... F-1
Appendix G: Safety Around Explosive Devices ....................................G-1

pulseEKKO PRO 1-Overview
1
1 Overview
This manual describes how to set up and run a pulseEKKO PRO LF (low frequency) Ground Penetrating
Radar (GPR) system connected to a Digital Video Logger (DVL) for data display and storage.
System Assembly Section 2 System Assembly and Startup on page 2 details the
& Startup: step by step procedure for assembling the pulseEKKO PRO system. It also
describes how to start up the DVL and navigate around the menus.
Setting Data Collection Section 3 System Setup Parameters on page 31 covers the procedure for
Parameters: selecting appropriate data collection parameters. Although every effort has
been made to make the software as transparent and user friendly as possible,
this section explains in greater detail each of the options and menu items in
the data collection program.
To get up and running quickly see Section 3.1 System Parameters for a Quick
Start to Data Collection on page 32.
Scope Mode: Section 4 Running in Scope Mode on page 65 describes how to set timezero
to ensure the system is ready for data collection.
Data Collection: Section 5 Data Collection Mode on page 69 describes running the radar sys-
tem and collecting data.
Surveying Techniques: Section 6 Surveying Techniques on page 82 describes system configurations
and offers hints for properly collecting data in field conditions.
Troubleshooting: Section 7 Troubleshooting on page 95 presents some simple steps the user
should go through when things do not work as they should.
File Management: Section 8 File Management on page 104 describes how to transfer data from
the DVL to a PC and how to delete files and directories from the DVL.
Care and Maintenance: Section 9 Care and Maintenance on page 111 discusses procedures for the
care and maintenance of your pulseEKKO PRO system.
Helpful Hints: Section 10 Helpful Hints on page 117 lists some helpful hints, based on years
of experience, to help make data collection and field operations run as
smooth as possible.

2-System Assembly and Startup pulseEKKO PRO
2
2 System Assembly and Startup
2.1 System Configurations
The modular design of the pulseEKKO PRO GPR makes the system very flexible and readily field-portable
in a number of configurations. This section details the steps for assembling the Low Frequency Hand Held
(Figure 2-1) and High Frequency Hand Towed (Figure 2-2) configurations.
2.1.1 Low Frequency Hand Held
There are four essential components to the low frequency radar system: the Digital Video Logger (DVL),
the control module, the transmitter assembly and the receiver assembly. The control module is attached to
the back of the DVL. The transmitter and receiver assemblies are connected to the control module via
appropriate fibre optics cables (Figure 2-1).
Complete system configurations for data acquisition are shown later (Section 6.1: P82).
Figure 2-1: The complete low frequency pulseEKKO PRO hand held Assembly

pulseEKKO PRO 2-System Assembly and Startup
3
2.1.2 High Frequency Hand Towed
There are four essential components to the high frequency radar system: the Digital Video Logger (DVL),
the control module, the transmitting transducer and the receiving transducer. The control module is
attached to the back of the DVL. The transducers are connected to the control module via the transducer
cables (Figure 2-2).
Figure 2-2: The complete high frequency pulseEKKO PRO tow mode assembly.

2-System Assembly and Startup pulseEKKO PRO
4
2.2 DVL and Control Module
The DVL and Control Module are common to all configurations.
2.2.1 Attaching the Control Module to the DVL
The control module unit must be attached to the back of the DVL (Figure 2-3). This may already have been
done at the factory. Proceed to the next section, if this is the case.
Figure 2-3: The DVL with the control module attached to the back.
Figure 2-4: Remove the 4 yellow caps and the 4 screws from the back of the DVL (left) and place the control module on the back
of the DVL (right). Make sure that the 37 pin connector is aligned properly with the 37 socket connector on the control module.

pulseEKKO PRO 2-System Assembly and Startup
5
Figure 2-5: Attach the control module to the DVL using the 4 screws supplied (left) and a Phillips screwdriver (not supplied).
Tighten the 37 pin connectors into place (right) with a small slotted screwdriver (not supplied).
2.2.2 Attaching the Fibre Optic Converters for Low frequency Antennas
Low frequency, unshielded antennas in the frequency range from 12.5 to 200 MHz require fibre optic
cables to connect the transmitter and receiver to the control module. Higher frequency, shielded antennas
use electrical cables to connect the transmitter and receiver to the control module. The control module is
designed to accept both types of cables.
For low frequency antennas, the Electronic to Fibre Optic Converters must be attached to the control
module and secured using the latches (Figure 2-6).
Figure 2-6: Low frequency antennas (12.5 to 200 MHz) require the electrical to fibre optic converters to be attached to the con-
trol module and secured using the latches.

2-System Assembly and Startup pulseEKKO PRO
6
2.3 Low Frequency Transmitter, Receiver and Antenna Assembly
2.3.1 Low Frequency Antennas
The pulseEKKO PRO can be used with many different antennas. There are 5 low frequency, unshielded,
bistatic antennas available: 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 MHz (Figure 2-7). The best frequency of antenna to
use on a survey depends on the survey objectives (Section 3.2.1: P34).
Figure 2-7: Low frequency, unshielded, bistatic antennas available for the pulseEKKO PRO. The antennas come in pairs; one
transmitting antenna and one receiving antenna. The shortest antennas, the 200 MHz, are 0.5 metres long while the longest, the
12.5 MHz are 8 metres long.
The procedure for attaching the transmitter and receiver to any low frequency antenna is outlined below.

pulseEKKO PRO 2-System Assembly and Startup
7
2.3.2 Attaching the Sockets to the Transmitter and Receiver
Insert and tighten the two female brass antenna sockets into the bottom of the transmitter and receiver
electronic boxes (Figure 2-8). Tighten the sockets finger-tight. DO NOT APPLY UNDUE FORCE!
Figure 2-8: Hand tighten the brass sockets into the bottom of the transmitter and receiver.
2.3.3 Inserting Pins into the Antennas
Insert the two male brass antenna pins into the two threaded holes in the center of the antennas. Tighten
the pins finger-tight (Figure 2-9). DO NOT APPLY UNDUE FORCE!
Figure 2-9: Insert the male brass antenna pins into the holes on the top of the antenna and finger-tighten.

2-System Assembly and Startup pulseEKKO PRO
8
2.3.4 Attaching the Mounting Blocks to the Antennas
Attach the antenna mounting blocks to the antennas by using the flathead screwdriver to tighten the 4
(four) quarter-turn fasteners, ensuring that the male brass antenna pins protrude up the center holes of the
mounting blocks (Figure 2-10). Quarter-turn fasteners work by aligning the screw in the socket and then
pressing downward and tightening a quarter of a turn. DO NOT APPLY UNDUE FORCE. It is usually best
to have all four of the quarter-turn fasteners properly aligned in their sockets before tightening them. To do
this, put slight pressure on the quarter-turn fastener and rotate it until you feel it drop into the socket. Then
align the other three quarter-turn fasteners in the same manner. Once complete, go back and tighten all of
them.
Figure 2-10: Attach the mounting blocks to the top of the antenna using the 4 quarter-turn fasteners. Before doing so, make sure
that the 2 male brass antenna pins have been screwed into the top of the antenna first.

pulseEKKO PRO 2-System Assembly and Startup
9
2.3.5 Latching the Transmitter and Receiver to the Mounting Blocks
Carefully place the transmitter and receiver electronic boxes down onto the mounting blocks such that both
brass pins fully connect (Figure 2-11 Left). Then use the 2 plastic draw latch connectors to hold the
electronics boxes onto the mounting block (Figure 2-11 Right).
Figure 2-11: Attaching the Transmitter and Receiver to the antennas.

2-System Assembly and Startup pulseEKKO PRO
10
2.3.6 Inserting Batteries into the Transmitter and Receiver
With the transmitter and receiver power switched OFF, unlatch the 2 battery covers on the sides of the
electronics and open (Figure 2-12). Place one 12-volt battery on each side on the electronics boxes
making sure the positive (+) terminal faces inward toward the electronics (Figure 2-13). The battery is
“keyed” with a notch in one side so it only fits properly in this orientation. Close and latch the battery
covers.
Figure 2-12: Opening the battery compartment doors.
Figure 2-13: Insert the 12 Volt battery into the battery compartment making sure that battery polarity is correct. The positive (+)
terminal faces inward. The battery is “keyed” so it will only seat properly in the compartment if it is in the correct orientation.