Supero 8047R-7JRFT User manual

®
SUPER
USER'S MANUAL
Revision 1.0
SUPERSERVER
8047R-7JRFT
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The information in this User’s Manual has been carefully reviewed and is believed to be accurate.
The vendor assumes no responsibility for any inaccuracies that may be contained in this document,
makes no commitment to update or to keep current the information in this manual, or to notify any
person or organization of the updates. Please Note: For the most up-to-date version of this
manual, please see our web site at www.supermicro.com.
Super Micro Computer, Inc. ("Supermicro") reserves the right to make changes to the product
described in this manual at any time and without notice. This product, including software and
documentation, is the property of Supermicro and/or its licensors, and is supplied only under a
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SPECULATIVE OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM THE USE OR INABILITY TO
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claims will not exceed the price paid for the hardware product.
FCC Statement: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class
A digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide
reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial
environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not
installed and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruction manual, may cause harmful
interference with radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely
to cause harmful interference, in which case you will be required to correct the interference at your
own expense.
California Best Management Practices Regulations for Perchlorate Materials: This Perchlorate
warning applies only to products containing CR (Manganese Dioxide) Lithium coin cells. “Perchlorate
Material-special handling may apply. See www.dtsc.ca.gov/hazardouswaste/perchlorate”
WARNING: Handling of lead solder materials used in this
product may expose you to lead, a chemical known to
the State of California to cause birth defects and other
reproductive harm.
Manual Revision 1.0
Release Date: June 20, 2013
Unless you request and receive written permission from Super Micro Computer, Inc., you may not
copy any part of this document.
Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Other products and companies
referred to herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies or mark
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Copyright © 2013 by Super Micro Computer, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America

iii
Preface
Preface
About This Manual
This manual is written for professional system integrators and PC technicians. It
provides information for the installation and use of the SuperServer 8047R-7JRFT.
Installation and maintainance should be performed by experienced technicians only.
The SuperServer 8047R-7JRFT is a high-end server based on the SC848E16-
R1K62B 4U rackmount chassis and the quad processor X9QR7-TF-JBOD
serverboard.
Manual Organization
Chapter 1: Introduction
The first chapter provides a checklist of the main components included with the
server system and describes the main features of the X9QR7-TF-JBOD serverboard
and the SC848E16-R1K62B chassis.
Chapter 2: Server Installation
This chapter describes the steps necessary to install the SuperServer 8047R-7JRFT
into a rack and check out the server configuration prior to powering up the system.
If your server was ordered without processor and memory components, this chapter
will refer you to the appropriate sections of the manual for their installation.
Chapter 3: System Interface
Refer here for details on the system interface, which includes the functions and
information provided by the control panel on the chassis as well as other LEDs
located throughout the system.
Chapter 4: Standardized Warning Statements
You should thoroughly familiarize yourself with this chapter for a general overview
of safety precautions that should be followed when installing and servicing the
SuperServer 8047R-7JRFT.
Chapter 5: Advanced Serverboard Setup
Chapter 5 provides detailed information on the X9QR7-TF-JBOD serverboard,
including the locations and functions of connections, headers and jumpers. Refer
to this chapter when adding or removing processors or main memory and when
reconfiguring the serverboard.
Chapter 6: Advanced Chassis Setup

SUPERSERVER 8047R-7JRFT USER'S MANUAL
iv
Refer to Chapter 6 for detailed information on the SC848E16-R1K62B server
chassis. You should follow the procedures given in this chapter when installing,
removing or reconfiguring SATA or peripheral drives and when replacing system
power supply units and cooling fans.
Chapter 7: BIOS
The BIOS chapter includes an introduction to BIOS and provides detailed information
on running the CMOS Setup Utility.
Appendix A: BIOS Error Beep Codes
Appendix B: System Specifications

v
SUPERSERVER 8047R-7JRFT USER'S MANUAL
Notes

vi
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1-1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 1-1
1-2 Serverboard Features ..................................................................................... 1-2
Processors ...................................................................................................... 1-2
Memory ........................................................................................................... 1-2
Serial ATA ....................................................................................................... 1-2
SAS ................................................................................................................. 1-2
PCI Expansion Slots ....................................................................................... 1-3
Onboard Controllers/Ports .............................................................................. 1-3
Graphics Controller ......................................................................................... 1-3
Other Features ................................................................................................ 1-3
1-3 Server Chassis Features ................................................................................ 1-3
System Power ................................................................................................. 1-3
SATA Subsystem............................................................................................. 1-4
Front Control Panel......................................................................................... 1-4
I/O Ports.......................................................................................................... 1-4
Cooling System ............................................................................................... 1-4
Air Shrouds ..................................................................................................... 1-4
Mounting Rails ................................................................................................ 1-4
1-4 Advanced Power Management....................................................................... 1-5
Intel® Intelligent Power Node Manager (NM)................................................. 1-5
Manageability Engine (ME)............................................................................. 1-5
1-5 Contacting Supermicro.................................................................................... 1-7
Chapter 2 Rack Installation
2-1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 2-1
2-2 Unpacking the System .................................................................................... 2-1
2-3 Preparing for Setup......................................................................................... 2-1
Choosing a Setup Location............................................................................. 2-1
2-4 Warnings and Precautions.............................................................................. 2-2
Rack Precautions ............................................................................................ 2-2
General Server Precautions............................................................................ 2-2
Rack Mounting Considerations ....................................................................... 2-3
Ambient Operating Temperature ................................................................ 2-3
Reduced Airflow ......................................................................................... 2-3
Mechanical Loading ................................................................................... 2-3
Circuit Overloading..................................................................................... 2-3
SUPERSERVER 8047R-7JRFT USER'S MANUAL

vii
Reliable Ground ......................................................................................... 2-3
2-5 Rack Mounting Instructions............................................................................. 2-4
Identifying the Sections of the Rack Rails...................................................... 2-4
Locking Tabs ................................................................................................... 2-5
Releasing the Inner Rail ................................................................................. 2-5
Installing The Inner Rails on the Chassis....................................................... 2-6
Installing the Outer Rails on the Rack............................................................ 2-7
Standard Chassis Installation ......................................................................... 2-9
Optional Quick Installation Method ................................................................. 2-9
Chapter 3 System Interface
3-1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 3-1
3-2 Control Panel Buttons ..................................................................................... 3-2
3-3 Control Panel LEDs ........................................................................................ 3-2
3-4 Drive Carrier LEDs.......................................................................................... 3-4
SAS/SATA Drives ............................................................................................ 3-4
SCSI Drives..................................................................................................... 3-4
Chapter 4 Standardized Warning Statements for AC Systems
4-1 About Standardized Warning Statements....................................................... 4-1
Warning Definition........................................................................................... 4-1
Installation Instructions.................................................................................... 4-4
Circuit Breaker ................................................................................................ 4-5
Power Disconnection Warning ........................................................................ 4-6
Equipment Installation..................................................................................... 4-8
Restricted Area................................................................................................ 4-9
Battery Handling............................................................................................ 4-10
Redundant Power Supplies .......................................................................... 4-12
Backplane Voltage ........................................................................................ 4-13
Comply with Local and National Electrical Codes........................................ 4-14
Product Disposal ........................................................................................... 4-15
Hot Swap Fan Warning................................................................................. 4-16
Power Cable and AC Adapter ...................................................................... 4-18
Chapter 5 Advanced Serverboard Setup
5-1 Handling the Serverboard ............................................................................... 5-1
Precautions ..................................................................................................... 5-1
Unpacking ....................................................................................................... 5-1
5-2 Connecting Cables.......................................................................................... 5-2
Connecting Data Cables ................................................................................. 5-2
5-3 Control Panel Connectors and I/O Ports ........................................................ 5-3
Table of Contents

viii
Connecting the Control Panel......................................................................... 5-4
5-4 Processor and Heatsink Installation................................................................ 5-5
Installing the LGA2011 Processor ................................................................. 5-5
Installing a Passive CPU Heatsink ............................................................... 5-10
Removing the Heatsink..................................................................................5-11
5-5 Installing Memory .......................................................................................... 5-12
Installing Memory .......................................................................................... 5-12
Memory Support............................................................................................ 5-12
Maximum Memory......................................................................................... 5-12
DIMM Module Population Configuration .................................................. 5-14
5-6 Adding PCI Expansion Cards ....................................................................... 5-16
5-7 Serverboard Details ...................................................................................... 5-17
5-8 Connector Definitions.................................................................................... 5-20
5-9 Jumper Settings ............................................................................................ 5-28
Explanation of Jumpers ................................................................................ 5-28
5-10 Onboard Indicators........................................................................................ 5-30
5-11 SAS/Serial ATA Ports .................................................................................... 5-32
5-12 Installing Drivers............................................................................................ 5-33
Supero Doctor III........................................................................................... 5-34
5-13 Onboard Battery............................................................................................ 5-36
Chapter 6 Chassis Setup and Maintenance
6-1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 6-1
6-2 Installing and Removing Hard Drives ............................................................. 6-2
6-3 Accessing the Inside of the System................................................................ 6-5
Removing the Chassis Cover ......................................................................... 6-5
Add-on Card/Expansion Slot Setup ................................................................ 6-6
6-4 Installing the Air Shroud.................................................................................. 6-7
6-5 System Fans ................................................................................................... 6-8
6-6 Power Supply ............................................................................................... 6-10
Power Supply Replacement.......................................................................... 6-10
Chapter 7 BIOS
7-1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 7-1
Starting BIOS Setup Utility.............................................................................. 7-1
How To Change the Configuration Data ......................................................... 7-2
Starting the Setup Utility ................................................................................. 7-2
7-2 Main Setup...................................................................................................... 7-2
7-3 Advanced Setup Configurations...................................................................... 7-4
7-4 Event Logs .................................................................................................... 7-26
SUPERSERVER 8047R-7JRFT USER'S MANUAL

7-5 IPMI............................................................................................................... 7-28
7-6 Boot............................................................................................................... 7-30
7-7 Security......................................................................................................... 7-31
7-8 Save & Exit ................................................................................................... 7-32
Appendix A BIOS Error Beep Codes
Appendix B System Specifications
ix
Table of Contents

x
Notes
SUPERSERVER 8047R-7JRFT USER'S MANUAL

Chapter 1
Introduction
1-1 Overview
The SuperServer 8047R-7JRFT is a high-end server comprised of two main
subsystems: the SC848E16-R1K62B 4U server chassis and the X9QR7-TF-JBOD
quad processor serverboard. Please refer to our web site for information on operating
systems that have been certified for use with the system (www.supermicro.com).
In addition to the serverboard and chassis, various hardware components have been
included with the SuperServer 8047R-7JRFT server, as listed below:
• Four 2U passive narrow ILM CPU heatsinks (SNK-P0048PS)
• One Mylar air shroud (MCP-310-84805-0B)
• Four 92x92x38-mm, 7.5K RPM, PWM fans (FAN-0115L4)
• One 80x80x38-mm, 7K RPM, PWM Chassis Rear Fan (FAN-0126L4)
• One 80x80x38mm, 7K RPM Chassis Fan (FAN-0128L4)
• SATA Backplane
One Backplane for twenty-four (24) 3.5" HDD (BPN-SAS2-846EL1)
Twenty-four hot-swap 3.5" HDD trays (MCP-220-00075-0B)
One 39-cm PBF IPASS TO IPASS cable (CBL-0108L-02)
One 55-cm PBF IPASS TO IPASS cable (CBL-0421L)
• Optional: One 4U Rail set (MCP-290-00057-0N)
• Optional: Two Rear Fan Kit (MCP-320-0046-0N-KIT)
Note: a complete list of safety warnings is provided on the Supermicro web site at
http://www.supermicro.com/about/policies/safety_information.cfm
Chapter 1: Introduction
1-1

1-2
SUPERSERVER 8047R-7JRFT USER'S MANUAL
1-2 Serverboard Features
At the heart of the SuperServer 8047R-7JRFT lies the X9QR7-TF-JBOD, a quad
processor serverboard based on the Intel® C602 chipset and designed to provide
maximum performance, mounted in the SC848E16-R1K62B chassis.
The sections below cover the main features of the X9QR7-TF-JBOD serverboard
(see Figure 1-1 for a block diagram of the chipset).
Processors
The X9QR7-TF-JBOD supports up to four Intel® Xeon® E5-4600 series processors
(Socket R LGA 2011). Please refer to the serverboard description pages on our web
site for a complete listing of supported processors (www.supermicro.com).
Memory
The X9QR7-TF-JBOD has twenty-four (24) DIMM slots supporting up to 768 GB
of DDR3-1600/1333/1066/800 MHz speed RDIMM/LDIMM registered ECC, 1 GB,
2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB or 32 GB sizes at 1.35V or 1.5V voltages. See Chapter
5 for details.
Note: Check the Supermicro website (www.supermicro.com) for the latest memory
support information.
Serial ATA
A Serial ATA controller is integrated into the C602 to provide two (2) SATA 3.0 ports
(I-SATA 0/1) and eight (8) SATA 2.0 ports (I-SATA 2~5, I-SATA 6~9 from SCU) that
support RAID 0, 1, 5 and 10. The SATA drives are hot-swappable units.
Note: The operating system you use must have RAID support to enable the hot-
swap capability and RAID function of the SATA drives.
SAS
An LSI®SAS2308 SAS2 controller is integrated into the BPN-SAS2-846EL1
backplane to provide sixteen 6 Gb/s SAS 3.0 (Serial Attached SCSI) ports (L-SAS
0~3, L-SAS 4~7 (JS14/15); L-SASA 0~3, L-SASA 4~7 (JS1/2)). The system supports
a JBOD solution. The SAS drives are hot-swappable units.
Note: The operating system you use must have RAID support to enable the
hotswap capability and RAID function of the SAS drives.

1-3
Chapter 1: Introduction
PCI Expansion Slots
The SuperServer 8047R-7JRFT has seven (7) PCI Express 3.0 x16 slots (CPU1_
Slot1, CPU4_Slots3/4, CPU3_Slots5/6, CPU2_Slots7/8) and one (1) PCI Express
3.0 x8 in x16 slot (CPU1_Slot1) on the X9QR7-TF-JBOD serverboard.
Onboard Controllers/Ports
Two Fast UART 16550 serial ports and an Intel X540 10G Ethernet Dual-Channel
Controller for two TLAN (TLAN 1/TLAN 2) ports are located on the serverboard.
The Nuvoton WPCM450 Base-board Controller (BMC) supports a single IPMI_LAN
2.0 dedicated IPMI LAN port.
The color-coded I/O ports in the rear include one COM port, a VGA (monitor) port,
four USB 2.0 ports (USB0/1 and USB2/3), an IPMI dedicated LAN port and two
Ethernet ports.
Note: For IPMI Configuration Instructions, please refer to the Embedded BMC
Configuration User's Guide available @ http://www.supermicro.com/support/
manuals/.
Graphics Controller
The X9QR7-TF-JBOD features an integrated Matrox G200eW Video Controller.
Other Features
Other onboard features that promote system health include onboard voltage
monitors, a chassis intrusion header, auto-switching voltage regulators, chassis and
CPU overheat sensors, virus protection and BIOS rescue.
1-3 Server Chassis Features
The following is a general outline of the main features of the SC848 server chassis.
System Power
Each SC848 chassis model includes a high-efficiency 80-plus Platinum certified
power supply, rated at 1620 Watts plus one redundant backup power supply.
In the unlikely event your power supply fails, replacement is simple and can be
accomplished without tools.

1-4
SUPERSERVER 8047R-7JRFT USER'S MANUAL
SATA Subsystem
The SC848 supports up to twenty-four (24) 3.5" hot-swap SAS/SATA drives. These
drives are hot-swappable units and are connected to a backplane that provides
power and control.
Note: The operating system you use must have RAID support to enable the hot-
swap capability of the drives.
Front Control Panel
The SC848E16-R1K62B chassis includes a front control panel on the chassis which
controls the system. This control panel on the SuperServer 8047R-7JRFT provides
you with system monitoring and control. LEDs indicate system power, HDD activity,
network activity, system overheat and power supply failure. A main power button
and a system reset button are also included.
I/O Ports
The SC848 is a proprietary form factor chassis designed to be used in a 4U
rackmount configuration. The SC848 chassis provides eight full-height, full-length
expansion card slots, a COM port, a VGA port, four USB 2.0 ports, one IPMI Ethernet
port and two 10-gigabit Ethernet ports.
Cooling System
The SC848 chassis accepts four 9-cm and two 8-cm system fans powered from
the chassis and controlled through the IPMI system.
Air Shrouds
The SC848 chassis includes one mylar air shroud that directs the airflow where
cooling is needed on the serverboard. Always use the air shroud included with the
system.
Mounting Rails
The SC848 includes a set of quick-release rails, and can be placed in a rack for
secure storage and use. To setup your rack, follow the step-by-step instructions
included in this manual.

1-5
Chapter 1: Introduction
1-4 Advanced Power Management
Intel® Intelligent Power Node Manager (NM)
The Intel® Intelligent Power Node Manager (IPNM) provides your system with
real-time thermal control and power management for maximum energy efficiency.
Although IPNM Specification Version 1.5 is supported by the BMC (Baseboard
Management Controller), your system must also have IPNM-compatible
Manageability Engine (ME) firmware installed to use this feature.
Manageability Engine (ME)
The Manageability Engine, which is an ARC controller embedded in the IOH (I/O
Hub), provides Server Platform Services (SPS) to your system. The services
provided by SPS are different from those proveded by the ME on client platforms.

1-6
SUPERSERVER 8047R-7JRFT USER'S MANUAL
Figure 1-1. Intel C602 Chipset:
System Block Diagram
Note: This is a general block diagram and may not exactly repre-
sent the features on your serverboard. See the previous pages for
the actual specifications of your serverboard. This block diagram is
intended for your reference only.
REAR
HDR 2X5
1
0
REAR
4,5
HDR 2X5
6,7
TYPE-A
8
TYPE-A
9
CPU REAR
CPU4
P4-DIMMP1
PCIE4
DDR3 DIMM
P4-DIMMN1
DDR3 DIMM
QPI
QPI
x16 to PCIE3
PCI-E x16 SLOT
x16 to PCIE4 x16 to PCIE5 x16 to PCIE6
P1
x16
From CPU4
PCIE3
PCI-E x16 SLOT
x16
From CPU4
PCIE2
PCI-E x16 SLOT
x16
From CPU1
PCIE1
PCI-E x16 SLOT
x8
From CPU1
PCIE8
PCI-E x16 SLOT
x16
From CPU2
PCIE7
PCI-E x16 SLOT
x16
From CPU2
PCIE6
PCI-E x16 SLOT
x16
From CPU3
PCIE5
PCI-E x16 SLOT
x16
From CPU3
P0
DMI
QPI
P4-DIMMT1
DDR3 DIMM
P4-DIMMR1
DDR3 DIMM
CPU REAR
CPU3
P3-DIMMK1
DDR3 DIMM
P3-DIMMJ1
DDR3 DIMM
P1
DMI PE1 PE2 PE3
P0
P3-DIMMM1
DDR3 DIMM
P3-DIMML1
DDR3 DIMM
CPU FRONT
C602
SSB
CPU1
E5-4600 Series
P1-DIMMD1
P1-DIMMD2
DDR3 DIMM
P1-DIMMC1
P1-DIMMC2
DDR3 DIMM
P0 P1
X8 to INTEL
X8 to LSI2308-1
x16 to PCIE2
x16 to PCIE8
x16 to PCIE7
x8 to LSI2308-2
x8 to PCIE1
X540 10G
Controller
From CPU1 PCIE x8
RJ45
RJ45
LSI2308-1
From CPU1 PCIE x8
I-PASS
I-PASS
Windbond
WPCM450
PCI
FAN x 8
VGA CONN
HWM
SIO
W83527
TPM
TPM Header
X540 10G
controller
P1-DIMMB1
P1-DIMMB2
DDR3 DIMM
P1-DIMMA1
P1-DIMMA2
DDR3 DIMM
CPU FRONT
CPU2
P2-DIMMH1
P2-DIMMH2
DDR3 DIMM
P2-DIMMG1
P2-DIMMG2
DDR3 DIMM
P0 P1
P2-DIMMF1
P2-DIMMF2
DDR3 DIMM
P2-DIMME1
P2-DIMME2
DDR3 DIMM
RTL0201F
Dedicated
LAN CONN
SATA5, gen2 SATA4, gen2 SATA3, gen2 SATA2, gen2 SATA1, gen3 SATA0, gen3
SPI
DMI
PCI
USB
USB
LPC
[10:11]
SATA
SAS
SYSTEM
BIOS
SATA9, gen2 SATA8, gen2 SATA7, gen2 SATA6, gen2
DDR2
3
2
E5-4600 Series
E5-4600 SeriesE5-4600 Series
LSI2308-2
From CPU2 PCIE x8
I-PASS
I-PASS
PS2 KB/MS

1-7
Chapter 1: Introduction
1-5 Contacting Supermicro
Headquarters
Address: Super Micro Computer, Inc.
980 Rock Ave.
San Jose, CA 95131 U.S.A.
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected] (General Information)
[email protected] (Technical Support)
Web Site: www.supermicro.com
Europe
Address: Super Micro Computer B.V.
Het Sterrenbeeld 28, 5215 ML
's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected] (General Information)
[email protected] (Technical Support)
[email protected] (Customer Support)
Asia-Pacific
Address: Super Micro Computer, Inc.
3F, No. 150, Jian 1st Rd.
Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 23511
Taiwan (R.O.C)
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Web Site: www.supermicro.com.tw
Technical Support:
Email: [email protected]
Tel: [phone]

1-8
SUPERSERVER 8047R-7JRFT USER'S MANUAL
Notes

2-1
Chapter 2: Server Installation
Chapter 2
Rack Installation
2-1 Overview
This chapter provides a quick setup checklist to get your chassis up and running.
Following these steps in the order given should enable you to have the system
operational within a minimal amount of time.
2-2 Unpacking the System
You should inspect the box which the chassis was shipped in and note if it was
damaged in any way. If the chassis itself shows damage, you should file a damage
claim with the carrier who delivered it.
Decide on a suitable location for the rack unit that will hold your chassis. It should
be situated in a clean, dust-free area that is well ventilated. Avoid areas where
heat, electrical noise and electromagnetic fields are generated. The system needs
to be placed near a grounded power outlet. Be sure to read the Rack and Server
Precautions in the next section.
2-3 Preparing for Setup
The box your chassis was shipped in should include two sets of rail assemblies and
the mounting screws needed for installing the system into the rack. Also included
is an optional square hole to round hole converter bracket, for use in racks with
round mounting holes. Please read this section in its entirety before you begin the
installation procedure outlined in the sections that follow.
Choosing a Setup Location
• Leave enough clearance in front of the rack to enable you to open the front
door completely (~25 inches).
• Leave approximately 30 inches of clearance in the back of the rack to allow for
sufficient airflow and ease in servicing.
• This product is for installation only in a Restricted Access Location (dedicated
equipment rooms, service closets and the like).

2-2
SUPERSERVER 8047R-7JRFT USER'S MANUAL
2-4 Warnings and Precautions
Rack Precautions
• Ensure that the leveling jacks on the bottom of the rack are fully extended to
the floor with the full weight of the rack resting on them.
• In single rack installations, stabilizers should be attached to the rack.
• In multiple rack installations, the racks should be coupled together.
• Always make sure that the rack is stable before extending a component from
the rack.
• You should extend only one component at a time - extending two or more si-
multaneously may cause the rack to become unstable.
General Server Precautions
• Review the electrical and general safety precautions that came with the com-
ponents you are adding to your chassis.
• Determine the placement of each component in the rack before you install the
rails.
• Install the heaviest server components on the bottom of the rack first, and then
work upwards.
• Use a regulating uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to protect the server from
power surges, voltage spikes and to keep your system operating in case of a
power failure.
• Allow the hot plug hard drives and power supply modules to cool before touch-
ing them.
• Always keep the rack's front door and all panels and components on the servers
closed when not servicing to maintain proper cooling.